Tutorial 4

(Part A)

1. Individual Risk is defined as frequency at which every individual may be expected to

sustain a given level of harm from realization of hazard.
2. Fatality accident rate (FAR) is defined as deaths per 108 exposure hours.
3. Societal risk are expressed as F-N Curve.
4. As per Frank & Morgan model, the relative risk of the department with highest risk index
is
5. According to UK health and safety executive, acceptable FAR is 1
6. If the hazard evaluation show low probability and minimum consequence, then the
system is called Acceptable.

(Part B)

1. Write a short note on safety assurance and safety assessment.

Answer:
Safety assurance - A formal management process within the Safety management
System that systematically provides confidence that an organization meet or exceed
safety requirements.

Safety Assessment – Assessment of risk from hazards which have potential to cause
harm to personnel or asset or environment. This is normally classified into Individual
Risk (IR-Risk Contours) and Societal Risk (F-N Curve).

2. Discuss the F-N curve shown using ALARP triangle.

Answer:
The risk is falling with the maximum & minimum risk criteria, hence it is in ALARP region.

3. What are the steps involved in an accident? How can you defeat an accident.
Answer:
Accident Steps:
 Initiation
 Propagation
 Termination
Initiation of Accident can be controlled by
 Altering the design (i.e. selection of less hazardous technology available)
 Prepare and follow Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for start-up, shutdown
and maintenance activity to avoid human error
Propagation of Accident can be controlled by
 Minimizing hydrocarbon inventories in the facility
 Emergency depressurization (e.g. dump valve)
 Implement ESD system, inventory isolations
 Passive fire protection (e.g. fire proofing)
Termination of Accident can be achieved by
 Active Fire fighting system
 Clean agent system
 Spray / sprinkler system
 Relief systems
 (Part C)
1. Calculate the risk ranking for each department using Frank and Morgan model?
Exposure Hazard Control Property Business Composite Score
Dept. Score Score Value interruption
(x 103) (x 103) Personnel Exposure
Dollars
A 250 310 2900 1400 900 5200
B 75 240 890 1200 650 2700
C 180 185 1700 720 1600 3400
D 150 240 1200 900 1900 2800
F 90 150 800 1050 2100 6300
G 100 200 750 450 850 8000

Solution

Risk Index = Control Score – Hazard Score

Relative Risk = Risk Index – Maximum Risk Index (i.e. Department C)
% Risk Index = {Relative Risk / (sum of Relative risk)} x 100
Composite Risk = Composite Exposure x % Risk Index

All the calculations are given in below table.

Exposure Risk Relative % Risk Composite Composite Risk

Dept. Index Risk Index Exposure Risk Ranking
(x 103) (x 103)
-
A 60 -105 5200 1070.58824 2
20.5882353
B 165 0 0 2700 0 6
C 5 -160 -31.372549 3400 1066.66667 3
-
D 90 -75 2800 411.764706 5
14.7058824
-
F 60 -105 6300 1297.05882 1
20.5882353
G 100 -65 -12.745098 8000 1019.60784 4

Risk ranking was done based on the department having highest composite risk.
Department F has been given as Risk Ranking “1”.