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Spin Gradient Demagnetization Cooling of Ultracold Atoms: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.195301
Spin Gradient Demagnetization Cooling of Ultracold Atoms: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.195301
Attainment of lower temperatures has often enabled changed slowly enough, the spin system is fully equili-
discovery of new phenomena, from superconductivity to brated and can absorb entropy from other degrees of free-
Bose-Einstein condensation. Currently, there is much in- dom, cooling the whole sample. As shown in Fig. 1,
terest in the possibility of observing correlated magnetic reduction of the gradient after (before) the optical lattice
quantum phases in lattice-trapped ultracold atoms [1–3]. has been raised realizes the regime of isolated (equili-
The relevant critical temperatures are on the order of brated) spins.
200 pK, lower than any previously achieved temperature First, we discuss isolated spins, of which atoms in a Mott
[4,5]. Realization of this temperature scale requires the insulating state are an almost ideal realization. Spin dis-
development of new methods of refrigeration which can tributions relax by two atoms exchanging sites through a
be applied to ultracold atoms. Many such techniques have second-order tunneling process. The time scale of this
been proposed [6–13] but await experimental realization. relaxation is typically 1 s, and the gradient can easily be
The cooling method we demonstrate here opens up a varied much faster. The equilibrium spin distribution de-
previously inaccessible temperature regime and provides pends only on the ratio of the applied gradient rjBj and
a realistic path to the observation of magnetic quantum temperature T. When rjBj is changed, the effective tem-
phase transitions in optical lattices. perature of the decoupled spin degrees of freedom (spin
The new cooling method is applied to an optically temperature) is rescaled proportionally. This enables the
trapped cloud of cold atoms in a mixture of two internal realization of spin distributions with a very low positive
states with different magnetic moments [14]. Application (or, if the sign of the gradient is changed, negative) effec-
of a strong magnetic field gradient results in almost com- tive temperature. Negative temperatures can occur only for
plete spatial segregation of the two spin components. The systems with an upper bound on the energy and correspond
‘‘mixed region’’ of spins between the pure-spin domains
has a width which is proportional to the temperature T and
inversely proportional to the applied gradient. Reducing
the gradient mixes the two components, and due to the
mixing entropy the temperature is dramatically reduced.
Since Mott insulators can be prepared with an entropy per
particle much lower than kB ln2, our scheme is a practical
way of creating a low entropy mixture in the regime where
magnetic ordering is expected. This cooling scheme intro-
duces several new concepts. It implements demagnetiza-
tion cooling with spin transport instead of spin flips, allows
decoupling of the spin and kinetic temperatures, and en- FIG. 1. Two different cooling protocols realizing the cases of
isolated and equilibrated spin systems. (a) Experimental ‘‘phase
ables the realization of negative spin temperatures. Long
diagram’’ of lattice depth vs applied gradient. Dashed lines show
tunneling times in the lattice allow two different imple- two different paths which connect the high-gradient superfluid
mentations of our cooling scheme. state and the low-gradient Mott insulating state. (b) and (c) show
When the gradient is changed faster than the spin re- the lattice depth (solid line) and gradient strength (dashed line)
laxation rate, the spin system is effectively isolated from all vs time for the two cases (equilibrated spins and isolated spins,
other degrees of freedom, and very low spin temperatures respectively) in (a). The shape of the lattice ramp-up is designed
can be achieved. Contrastingly, when the gradient is to ensure maximum equilibration.
to an inverted Boltzmann distribution with the largest of the whole system in a manner locally analogous to
population in the highest-energy state [15]. standard single-shot adiabatic demagnetization refrigera-
Figure 2 shows the results of experiments on isolated tion [21,22]. The kinetic excitations of a trapped Mott
spins. Fits to data on equilibrated spins indicate an initial insulator are particle-hole excitations [4,23]. On a micro-
temperature of 6.3 nK (see Figs. 3 and 4). While reduction scopic level, particle-hole excitations can couple directly
of the gradient by a factor of 1000 would be expected to to spin excitations if a particle and a hole on opposite sides
reduce the effective temperature of the isolated spins to of the spin domain boundary annihilate. Energy may be
6.3 pK, our finite optical resolution allows us only to assert absorbed by quasiparticles in the first band or by the spin
an upper bound of 50 20 pK. We have held the spins for excitations themselves [24]. In the superfluid phase and
up to several seconds in the lattice. No heating is observed during lattice ramp-up, the kinetic excitations are different
during a 1-s hold, but after 3 s the 50 pK distribution is and entropy transfer is expected to occur faster and in more
observed to heat to about 70 pK. Similarly, at small nega- complex ways. Experimentally, it is easier to maintain
tive gradients, we observe a negative-temperature distribu- adiabaticity if most of the path along which the gradient
tion with a temperature closer to zero than 50 20 pK. is changed is in a regime of fast relaxation times [e.g., the
Since the total energy is monotonic in 1=T, these are lower path in Fig. 1(a)]. Thermodynamically, this adiabatic
among the most extreme thermodynamic states ever mea- cooling method is a redistribution of entropy from the
sured in any system [16,17]. Very low condensate release kinetic degrees of freedom to the entropy which results
energies (not temperatures) have been observed previously from partially mixing the two initially segregated spin
[18]. Note that the spin temperatures we report are much domains.
lower than those attainable by magnetic trapping or opti- It is easily possible for the mixed region to absorb nearly
cally pumping a system into a single spin state: Even for a all of the entropy of the system. In a one-component
fractional population of 106 in other spin states caused harmonically trapped Mott insulator which is at a tempera-
by imperfect pumping or spin-flip collisions [19], the spin ture low enough for the particle-hole approximation to
temperature in a bias field of 100 mG is 500 nK, assuming hold, the approximate total entropy is kB lnð2Þ times the
a magnetic moment of one Bohr magneton. In our experi- volume of the ‘‘shells’’ between the Mott plateaux [4]. The
ment, the energy scale is set by the product of the Bohr maximum entropy of the mixed region is realized when, at
magneton with the magnetic field gradient and the lattice low gradient, it is broadened to a substantial fraction of the
spacing, and it is the relative ease of achieving very small total size. In that situation, the entropy per site approaches
values of this parameter (corresponding to B times a field kB lnðn þ 1Þ, where n is the local number of indistinguish-
of less than 1 G) which allows us to reach such low spin able bosons per site (in our samples, n varies across the trap
temperatures.
The mixed-spin region comprises a spectrum of spin
excitations, the energy of which can be tuned by adjusting
the strength of the gradient [20]. A spin excitation consists
of a spin-up atom swapping places with a spin-down atom
on the other side of the zero-temperature spin domain
boundary. Reduction of the gradient reduces the energy
of spin excitations. In the regime of equilibrated spins, this
causes entropy to flow into the mixed-spin region from
other degrees of freedom. This lowers the temperature
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PRL 106, 195301 (2011) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 13 MAY 2011
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PRL 106, 195301 (2011) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 13 MAY 2011
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