Hydrodynamic Forces on the Walls of Forebay due to Horizontal Earthquakes

Based on Westergaard Formula (ADVANCE DAM ENGINEERING (1988 edition), For Design Construction and
Rehabilitation, by Robert B. Jansen)

Westergaard formula for computing hydrodynamic pressure (forces), using the parabolic apporoximation:

P e = C e a √ hy psf .
Input Data:
a = Seismic Coefficient (a fraction of g) m 0.15
h = Total depth of water (ft.) 14.25 46.75197 ft.
Ce = Factor depending principally on the height of the dam and the eathquake period, t e, in seconds
k = Hydrodynamic pressure coefficient
te = Earthquake period, in seconds (often assumed as one second) 1 Sec.
q = Angle of wall face from vertical 0 Degrees.
51
Ce =
√1 − 0 . 72 (h /1000 t e )2
Values of Ce for different slopes

Wall Slope Angle from the Vertical

0o 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o
k 1 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.63 0.51 0.405 0.285
Ce 51.040 46.957 42.363 37.259 32.155 26.030 20.671 14.546

HydroDynamic Pressure Pe (lbs/ft2) on the Vertical and Sloping Faces Due to Horz. E.quakes

Wall Slope Angle from the Vertical

0o 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o
1 357.934 329.300 297.085 261.292 225.499 182.547 144.963 102.011
0.95 348.871 320.962 289.563 254.676 219.789 177.924 141.293 99.428
0.9 339.566 312.401 281.840 247.883 213.927 173.179 137.524 96.776
0.85 329.999 303.599 273.899 240.899 207.899 168.300 133.650 94.050
0.8 320.146 294.535 265.721 233.707 201.692 163.275 129.659 91.242
0.75 309.980 285.182 257.284 226.286 195.288 158.090 125.542 88.344
y/h=Distance below Surface/Total depth of reservior

0.7 299.469 275.512 248.560 218.613 188.666 152.729 121.285 85.349

0.65 288.576 265.490 239.518 210.660 181.803 147.174 116.873 82.244
0.6 277.255 255.074 230.121 202.396 174.670 141.400 112.288 79.018
0.55 265.451 244.215 220.324 193.779 167.234 135.380 107.508 75.654
0.5 253.098 232.850 210.071 184.761 159.452 129.080 102.505 72.133
0.45 240.110 220.901 199.291 175.280 151.269 122.456 97.244 68.431
0.4 226.378 208.267 187.893 165.256 142.618 115.453 91.683 64.518
0.35 211.757 194.816 175.758 154.582 133.407 107.996 85.762 60.351
0.3 196.049 180.365 162.720 143.116 123.511 99.985 79.400 55.874
0.25 178.967 164.650 148.543 130.646 112.749 91.273 72.482 51.006
0.2 160.073 147.267 132.861 116.853 100.846 81.637 64.830 45.621
0.15 138.627 127.537 115.061 101.198 87.335 70.700 56.144 39.509
0.1 113.189 104.134 93.947 82.628 71.309 57.726 45.841 32.259
0.05 80.037 73.634 66.430 58.427 50.423 40.819 32.415 22.810
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 HydroDynamic Pressure Due to Horz. EQuake
400
Pe=C e a (hy) 0.5
375
350
325
Ce=51/(1-0.72(h/1000 t e))0.5
300
275
250
Pressure, Pe (psf.)

225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.0 2.3 4.7 7.0 9.4 11.7 14.0 16.4 18.7 21.0Y (ft.,
Depth, 23.4From
25.7 28.1
Top) 30.4 32.7 35.1 37.4 39.7 42.1 44.4 46.8
 Hydrodynamic Forces on the Walls of Forebay due to Horizontal Earthquakes
Based on ZANGER Procedure (Handbook of Applied Hydraulics, by C.V. Davis & K.E.Sorenson)

Zanger Formula for Compution of Hydrodynamic Pressure exerted on vertical an sloping faces by
Horizontal Earthquakes
Pe= C λ w h
Input Data:
l = Earthquake Intensity (Coefficient of g) 0.15
w = Unit weight of water (pcf) 62.4 lbs./ft3.
h = Total depth of water (ft.) 46.75 ft.
C =Dimensionless less coefficient giving the distribution and magnitude of pressures
Cm = The maximum value of C
q = Angle of wall face from vertical 0 Degrees.

Values of C for Diffenert Slopes and Diffenert Frations of Height

C=
1
2
Cm
y
h[2−
y
(
h
+ ) √ y
h(2−
y
h )]
Wall Slope Angle from the Vertical
0o 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o
Cm 0.73 0.665 0.59 0.52 0.449 0.375 0.3 0.215
1 0.730 0.665 0.590 0.520 0.449 0.375 0.300 0.215
0.95 0.729 0.664 0.589 0.519 0.448 0.374 0.299 0.215
0.9 0.725 0.660 0.586 0.516 0.446 0.372 0.298 0.213
0.85 0.718 0.654 0.580 0.511 0.441 0.369 0.295 0.211
0.8 0.708 0.645 0.572 0.504 0.435 0.364 0.291 0.209
0.75 0.696 0.634 0.562 0.495 0.428 0.357 0.286 0.205
y/h=Distance below Surface/Total depth of reservior

0.7 0.680 0.620 0.550 0.485 0.418 0.349 0.280 0.200

0.65 0.662 0.603 0.535 0.472 0.407 0.340 0.272 0.195
0.6 0.641 0.584 0.518 0.457 0.394 0.329 0.263 0.189
0.55 0.617 0.562 0.499 0.440 0.380 0.317 0.254 0.182
0.5 0.590 0.537 0.477 0.420 0.363 0.303 0.242 0.174
0.45 0.559 0.510 0.452 0.398 0.344 0.287 0.230 0.165
0.4 0.526 0.479 0.425 0.374 0.323 0.270 0.216 0.155
0.35 0.488 0.445 0.395 0.348 0.300 0.251 0.201 0.144
0.3 0.447 0.407 0.361 0.318 0.275 0.230 0.184 0.132
0.25 0.401 0.365 0.324 0.286 0.247 0.206 0.165 0.118
0.2 0.350 0.319 0.283 0.250 0.216 0.180 0.144 0.103
0.15 0.294 0.267 0.237 0.209 0.181 0.151 0.121 0.086
0.1 0.228 0.208 0.185 0.163 0.141 0.117 0.094 0.067
0.05 0.150 0.136 0.121 0.107 0.092 0.077 0.061 0.044
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

HydroDynamic Pressure Pe (lbs./ft2.) on the Vertical and Sloping Faces Due to Horz. E.quakes
Wall Slope Angle from the Vertical
0o 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o
1 319.433 290.991 258.172 227.542 196.473 164.093 131.274 94.080
0.95 302.893 275.923 244.804 215.759 186.300 155.596 124.476 89.208
0.9 285.332 259.926 230.611 203.250 175.499 146.575 117.260 84.036
0.85 266.928 243.160 215.736 190.140 164.179 137.120 109.696 78.616
0.8 247.854 225.785 200.321 176.554 152.447 127.322 101.858 72.998
0.75 228.285 207.958 184.504 162.614 140.411 117.269 93.816 67.234
y/h=Distance below Surface/Total depth of reservior

0.7 208.392 189.836 168.426 148.443 128.175 107.050 85.640 61.376

0.65 188.348 171.577 152.226 134.166 115.847 96.754 77.403 55.472
0.6 168.327 153.339 136.045 119.904 103.533 86.469 69.175 49.576
0.55 148.503 135.280 120.023 105.783 91.340 76.286 61.029 43.737
0.5 129.053 117.562 104.303 91.928 79.377 66.294 53.036 38.009
0.45 110.156 100.348 89.031 78.468 67.754 56.587 45.270 32.443
0.4 91.997 83.805 74.354 65.532 56.584 47.259 37.807 27.095
0.35 74.764 68.107 60.425 53.256 45.985 38.406 30.725 22.019
0.3 58.655 53.432 47.406 41.782 36.077 30.131 24.105 17.275
0.25 43.880 39.973 35.464 31.257 26.989 22.541 18.033 12.923
0.2 30.666 27.935 24.785 21.844 18.861 15.753 12.602 9.032
0.15 19.269 17.553 15.573 13.726 11.852 9.898 7.919 5.675
0.1 9.997 9.106 8.079 7.121 6.149 5.135 4.108 2.944
0.05 3.272 2.981 2.645 2.331 2.013 1.681 1.345 0.964
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 HydroDynamic Pressure Due to Horz. EQuake
350
Pe=C l w h 325

300
C=0.5Cm(y/h(2-y/h)+(y/h(2-h/h)) 0.5)
275

250

225
Pressure, Pe (psf.)

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

0
0.0 2.3 4.7 7.0 9.3 11.7 14.0 16.4 18.7
Depth,21.0
Y (ft.,23.4
From 25.7
Top) 28.1 30.4 32.7 35.1 37.4 39.7 42.1 44.4 46.8