Cell biology |mt 636 histology lecture

CELL 7. LYSOSOME
- Not membrane-bounded; found in the cytosol
- Basic structural, morphologic, developmental,
- “-alytic:” lyses material
functional unit of living organisms
- contains enzymes that digests materials taken
- Mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus is
into the cell
eccentric
- Smallest biological entity capable on 8. MICROFILAMENTS
- supports cytoplasm
INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE
- assists in cell division
o Independent: can perform specific
- holds organelles in place
function
- forms components of cilia and flagella
▪ E.g. Sperm cell, egg cell
o CILIA
- IDEAL/PERFECT CELL
▪ Increase cell’s surface area
o No ideal cell, just a hypothetical one
o A cell so constructed by the imagination that it • For absorption and reabsorption
includes parts which can be found in other ▪ Found in the respiratory tract:
cells trachea
▪ Facilitate passageway of egg cell
o FLAGELLA: only in sperm cell
PARTS OF THE CELL
9. CENTRIOLE
1. CYTOPLASM
- Sends signal that cell is ready for mitotic
o Contains various organelles/structures of
division
different functions
- Cylindrical structures found in animal cells
2. NUCLEUS
- Composed of groupings of microtubules
o Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and
arranged in 9+3 pattern
nucleoli
- Help organize the assembly of microtubules
o Site of ribosomes and messenger RNA
during cell division
Synthesis
10. GOLGI APPARATUS
3. NUCLEOLUS
- Modify protein structures and packages
o Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis and
proteins in secretory vesicles
ribosomal sub-unit assembly
▪ 50s, 30s, 80s: S -> Svedberg
11. SECRETORY VESICLES
- Contains materials produced in the cell
4. MITOCHONDRION/MITOCHONDRIA
formed by Golgi Apparatus
o site of aerobic respiration
- secreted through exocytosis
o major site of ATP Synthesis
12. CELL MEMBRANE
5. RIBOSOMES
- Structural integrity of the cell: protects
o attached to RER: protein
internal structure
6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Has a selective barrier; fluid mosaic model,
o assembly point/passageway for newly
phospholipid bilayer
synthesized peptides
- Recognition: recognizes which substances can
a. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
be transported in and out of the cell
o many ribosomes are attached to RER
o Powered by proteins (integral &
o Site of Protein Synthesis: manufacturing of
peripheral)
the different amino acids
- Regulates passage of ions and substances in
b. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
and out of the cell
RETICULUM
- Adhesion: cell-to-cell interaction
o for detoxification: resynthesize byproducts
- Transport systems
to lessen toxins for cell absorption &
- Permeability barrier allows cell to maintain an
reabsorption
interior composition far different from that of
o site of lipid and fatty acid synthesis
the extracellular matrix

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o Integral Protein: penetrates the cell
o Peripheral Proteins: in basal layer
- Made up of GLYCOLIPIDS: proteins + fatty
acids
- GLYCOCALYX: carbohydrate enriched
coating that covers the outside of many
eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
(bacteria)
PROPOSED CELL MEMBRANCE STRUCTURE
✓ Davson & Danielli
o Trilaminar structure
▪ Bilayer is sandwiched between two
layers of proteins
✓ Singer & Nicholson: FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
- GLOBULAR PROTEINS are compared to
icebergs floating on the sea of lipids
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
- semipermeable layer consists of phospholipid
bilayer and membrane proteins that are free
to move laterally within the plane of one
leaflet
- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
o UNIPORT: single molecule transport
o SYNPORT: many molecules are being
transported (sabay-sabay)
o ANTIPORT: transport in opposite
directions
o SIMPLE DIFFUSION: Net movement of
molecules from higher to lower
concentration
o ACTIVE DIFFUSION: Requires energy (in
ATP) to transport molecules against the
concentration gradient
o FACILITATED DIFFUSION: occurs in
designated ion channels or via protein
carrier
FLUIDITY AND FLEXIBILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
- Due to the presence of fatty acids
1. UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
- Double/triple-bonded fatty acid that creates
kinks which prevents the close packing of
hydrophobic tails (inside)
2. SATURATED FATTY ACID
Cell biology |mt 636 histology lecture
- Single-bonded fatty acid
- Solid in room temperature
3. CHOLESTEROL
- stabilizes and regulates fluidity of the
phospholipid bilayer
- properties:
o decrease fluidity
o decrease permeability to small H2O
soluble molecules
- GLYCOLIPIDS
o Carbohydrate moieties (small molecules
of carbohydrates) functions as
receptors(binders) or antigens
▪ RBC: contains glycolipids
• Connected to fructose ->
galactose which determines
blood types
• Composed of glucose and
galactose
Structural Formula of Hydrophilic Heads
➢ HEAD: Choline bonded to Phosphate
(Lecitine) then bonded to Glycerol
➢ TAIL: Fatty Acids
Membrane PROTEINS
1. PERIPHERAL PROTEINS: found in basal
layer
o Cytoplasmic side of inner leaflet
2. INTRINSIC/INTEGRAL PROTEINS
o May have a segment embedded in one of
the leaflets with a lipid structure
o Usually on the cytoplasmic side
3. TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS
o Span the entire lipid bilayer and are
functional on both sides of the bilayer
o Channel for proteins or transport of ions
CELLS ARE POLARIZED
1. APICAL REGION
o Faces a lumen (opening) that connects to
the ducts and has channels
o Goblets and microvilli
2. BASOLATERAL REGION
o Faces capillaries
o Contains tissues and capillary bloodwork
3. LATERAL REGION
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o Communicates/connects to cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
1. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MITOCHONDRIA
o Granular appearance due to bounded
ribosomes
o Primary site of secretory protein synthesis
2. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
o Smooth due to lack of ribosomes
o Site for lipid synthesis, steroid hormone
synthesis, intracellular calcium storage,
and detoxification of noxious metabolites
GOLGI APPARATUS CYTOSKELETAL COMPONENTS
- Consists of 4-6 stacked saucer-shaped
cisternae and involved in the following:
o Sorts and dispatches proteins synthesized
in the ER
- Factory Assembly of Golgi Apparatus:
o CIS FACE: inner convex-forming face, site
for integration of vesicles from the RER;
receiving face/region
o MEDIAL/INTERMEDIATE FACE:
flattened, curve, and stacked cisternae
o TRANS FACE: concave, ready to mature
proteins in vesicles are transported to the
extracellular space to the cell
CELL NUCLEUS
membrane/intracellular organelles;
shipping face/region
LYSOSOMES
- Contains enzymes
- Sites for intracellular digestions and turnover of cell
components COMPONENTS OF NUCLEUS
- UNIQUE FEATURES:
o Presence of Hydrogen pumps powered by ATP
o Heavily glycosylated membrane proteins
a. PRIMARY LYSOSOMES
▪ Small, membrane-bound vesicles
containing hydrolytic enzymes
b. SECONDARY LYSOSOMES
▪ Composite structure formed by the
function of primary lysosomes and
phagocytized foreign bodies
PEROXISOMES
- degrading of hydrogen peroxide powered by
catalysts
Cell biology |mt 636 histology lecture
o too much proteins and fatty acids =
hydrogen peroxide
- mobile powerhouse of the cell
- compartments:
o OUTER MEMBRANE
o INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE)
o INTRAMEMBRANOUS SPACE
o MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX: together
with the inner membrane are the sites of
aerobic respiration
1. MICROFILAMENTS: very tiny strands of
actin filaments important in cell movement
and endocytosis
2. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS: purely for
structural function
3. MICROTUBULES
o development and maintenance of cell
shape
o transport of organelles and vesicles within
the cells and development of complex
cytoplasmic components
- dictates what will happen to the cell
- directs all cellular processes/activities
- contains the cell’s genetic makeup (DNA)
- NUCLEOLUS: synthesizes nucleic acid
1. CHROMATIN
- Contains histones, DNA, DNA binding
proteins, RNA
- Coils during cell division to become
Chromosomes
- Fibrous material; coiled strands of DNA
2. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
- Forms a selectively permeable barrier
between the nuclear and cytoplasmic
components
- TWO CONCENTRIC MEMBRANES separated by a
PERINUCLEAR SPACE
o OUTER NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
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 Cell biology |mt 636 histology lecture

o INNER NUCLEAR MEMBRANE a. G1 PHASE

▪ NUCLEAR LAMINA: organized ▪ First growth phase
meshwork of proteins that stabilizes ▪ Growth and normal metabolic
the nuclear envelope proteins
•Major component: LAMINS ▪ 8 or more hours
(intermediate filament proteins b. SYNTHESIS PHASE
that bind to membrane proteins ▪ S phase
and associate with chromatic in ▪ DNA replication occurs
nondividing cells) ▪ 6-8 hours
- Membranes are bridged at nuclear pore c. G2 PHASE
complexes ▪ Second growth phase
o NUCLEOPORINS: core proteins of a ▪ Growth and preparation for mitosis
nuclear pore complex ▪ 2-5 hours
o NUCLEAR PORES: allow materials to go o Checkpoints are present in between
in and out of the nucleus phases in the interphase
2. MITOTIC PHASE
3. HUMAN GENE: segment of DNA that codes a. PROPHASE: 1-3 hours
for a polypeptide b. METAPHASE
4. CHROMOSOMES: a condensed, 3D structure c. ANAPHASE
Cytokinesis
o Parts: Telomere, centromere, arm d. TELOPHASE

TYPES OF CHROMATIN
1. HETEROCHROMATIN
o transcriptionally inactive
o highly condensed form
o Methylated DNA
o Located near the centromere and
telomeres
o Makes up 10% of Chromatin present in
the interphase
o DNA replicated late in the S phase
2. EUCHROMATIN
o transcriptionally active
o Less condensed; loosely packed
o Unmethylated DNA
o Comprises 90% of Chromatin in the
Interphase
o DNA replicated early in the S phase

HOW IS DNA CONDENSED INTO CHROMOSOMES?

- Wrapping around a histone protein and forms
compressed loops of DNA

CELL CYCLE
1. INTERPHASE

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