La Immaculada Concepcion School

LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL
Chapter III:
Research Methodology
A. RESEARCH METHOD
The study employed the quantitative approach in obtaining the data needed. Five-
page questionnaires covering the respondent’s profile, awareness, and perception on
human rights based on the 1987 Philippine Constitution Bill of Rights and paralleled with
the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights were distributed to a total of
200 respondents in Pinagbuhatan, Pasig City. The respondents were chosen randomly
without any preference to their age, gender, and occupation.
A piloting was conducted to ensure the efficiency of the survey questionnaires
once administered to the research locale. The piloting served as a basis for spotting
inconsistences and ambiguities in the questionnaire before completely disseminating
them the respondents to provide precise and clear instructions and understanding.
B. RESEARCH LOCALE
The study was conducted in the community of Pinagbuhatan, Pasig City,with a
population of 151,979.
C. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
In gathering the data, the researchers have used snowball sampling method.
Snowball sampling (also known as chain-referral sampling method) is where people are
sampled and then asked to help identify other people to sample and this process continues
until enough samples are collected.
This sampling method involves primary data sources nominating another
potential primary data source to be used in the research. In other words, snowball
sampling method is based on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional

subjects. Therefore, when applying this sampling method members of the sample group
are recruited via chain referral.
D. DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNIQUE
In making use of survey questionnaires, this study mainly focused on the
quantitative approach of research. The survey was employed to gather data on the
residents’ existing knowledge about their human rights and their opinion or notion on
how it affects them.
E. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
Respondents’ Profile
The profile of the respondents in terms of age, status, gender, occupation,
address, income, number of people inside the household, type of house and educational
background is presented in the succeeding tables.
a. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Age
The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in
terms of their age is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Age
Age Range Frequency Percent

15-18 57 28.5
19-30 57 28.5
31-45 42 21.0
46-60 34 17.0
above 60 10 5.0
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, majority of the respondents came from the
age groups of 15-18 and 19-30, with a percentage of 28.5% each for a total of
57%. The least number of respondents came from the age group of above 60,
with makes up 5% of the total number of respondents.
b. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Status
terms of their status is presented in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2. Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Status
Status Frequency Percent

Single 124 62.0
Married 60 30.0
Separated 7 3.5
Widow/er 9 4.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 124 of the respondents are single with a
percentage of 62%. The least number of respondents came from the status group
is separated, with a 3.5% of the total number of respondents.
c. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Gender

terms of their gender is presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Gender
Gender Frequency Percent
Male 86 43.0
Female 99 49.5
LGBT 15 7.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 99 of the respondents are female with a
percentage of 49.5%. The least number of respondents came from the gender
group is LGBT, which makes up of 7.5% of the total number of respondents.
d. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of
Occupation
terms of their occupation is presented in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percent
Student 57 28.5
Stay at home 30 15.0
Blue collared 50 25.0
White collared 38 19.0
No job 25 12.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 57 of the respondents are students with a
percentage of 28.5%. The least number of respondents came from the occupation
group is no job, with a 12.5% of the total number of respondents.
e. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of
Address
terms of their gender is presented in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Address
Address Frequency Percent
Acacia 64 32.0
Royal 40 20.0
Dona Aurora 7 3.5
Isla Homes 6 3.0
Yakal 4 2.0
Villa Cuana 2 1.0
Kenneth Talipapa 8 4.0
San Sebastian 2 1.0
Nagpayong 4 2.0
Suarez Ville 2 1.0
Centennial 1 .5
Bolante 1 .5
Villa Alegre 4 2.0
Unspecified 55 27.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 64 of the respondents who lives in Acacia
with a percentage of 32%. The least number of respondents came from the
address group of above 1 are Centennial and Bolante, which makes up .5% of the
total number of respondents.
f. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of
Monthly Income
The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in terms of their
monthly income is presented in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Monthly Income
Monthly Income Frequency Percent
Below 10,000 36 18.0
10,000-20,000 36 18.0
21,000-30,000 23 11.5
31,000-40,000 16 8.0
41,000 and above 8 4.0
No income 81 40.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 81 of the respondents who has no income
with a percentage of 40.5%. The least number of respondents came from the
monthly income group of 8 respondents are 41,000 and above, which makes up
of 4% of the total number of respondents.

g. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of
Number of People in the Household
terms of the number of people in their household in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of No. of People in the

Household
No. of People Frequency Percent
1-3 38 19.0
4-6 98 49.0
7-10 40 20.0
11-15 17 8.5
16 and above 7 3.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 98 of the respondents have 4-6 numbers of
people in their household with a percentage of 49%%. The least number of

respondents came from the number of people in their household group is 7, with
makes up 3.5% of the total number of respondents.
h. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Type of
House
terms of their type of house is presented in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Type of

House
Type Frequency Percent
Owned 147 73.5
Rented 53 26.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 147 of the respondents owned with a
percentage of 73.5%. The least number of respondents came from the age group
is rented with the frequency number 53, with makes up 26.5% of the total
number of respondents.
i. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of
Educational Background
terms of their educational background is presented in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Educational

Background
Frequency Percent
No formal schooling 4 2.0
Still studying 58 29.0
Elementary graduate 9 4.5
High school graduate 43 21.5
Vocational 34 17.0
Bachelor 49 24.5
Masters/Doctoral 3 1.5
Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 58 of the respondents are still studying with
a percentage of 29%. The least number of respondents came from the educational
background group is masters/doctoral, with makes up 1.5% of the total number of
respondents.
F. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A survey questionnaire was used as the main tool in data gathering. The
questionnaire was designed by the researchers to effectively acquire the data needed for
the study. The questionnaire is divided into three main sections: respondent’s profile,
awareness on human rights, and perception on human rights.

The respondent’s profile requires the respondents to fill in their age, gender,
occupation, monthly income, highest educational background attained, and other
household background information. The directions and choices are written in English and
Filipino to cater to respondents of any background.
The awareness on human rights section of the questionnaire is comprised of 16
statements, written in English and Filipino, which were adapted from the 1987 Philippine
Constitution Bill of Rights. Respondents were asked to choose among five levels of
agreement: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree.
The perception on human rights section focuses on how the respondents view
their rights. It is comprised of seven statements, each statement having sub-statements,
for a total of 29 statements which makes use of the five levels of agreement: strongly
agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree.

The questionnaire has been validated by eligible individuals to ensure that it is
clear, unbiased, and adequate to be used as a research instrument.
G. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Through the use of the questionnaire, data was gathered from 200
randomly chosen male, female, and members of the LGBT community residents
of Barangay Pinagbuhatan, Pasig City. The survey questionnaires were distributed
through house to house visitations. Permission from the respondents was greatly
considered before asking them to answer the questionnaires.
H. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

In the analysis of the data collected, the following statistical techniques
and procedures were used. These methods determine the relationship established
in the study.
a. Chi-Square Test
Chi-square was used in determining whether to accept or reject the
null hypothesis. It allowed the researchers to establish confidence in the
relationship between the independent variables in the study.
The formula for Chi-square Test is:

( E−O)2
χ 2=∑
E
Where:
χ 2 = chi-square
∑ = summation
E = expected
O = observed
b. Weighted Mean
The weighted mean was used to evaluate the respondents’ self-
assessment of the rate of recurrent of them performing the different statements in
the questionnaire.
∑ ( fW )
x́=
N
Where:
x́ ̅ = Weighted Mean
fW = Sum of the products of the frequency and the unit weight
∑ = Summation
N = Total number of Respondents
c. Percentage
Questionnaires were tallied and computations were facilitated through
the use of the table of frequency and percentage. The formula was:
P= ( Nn ) 100
Where:
P= percentage
n= Number of respondents
N=Total number of respondents

100 = Constant
d. SPSS
SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to perform
data entry and analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS is capable of
Figure 3.1 SPSS

handling large amounts of data and can perform all the analysis covered in
the study.
The items were verbally interpreted using a 5-point Likert Scale method as the
criterion that served as the basis for interpretation of data. The weighted mean values and
verbal interpretation are:
Numerical Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

5 4.50- 5.00 Strongly Disagree
4 3.49- 4.49 Disagree

3 2.50- 3.49 Neutral
2 1.50- 2.49 Agree
1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Agree
Table 3.10 Verbal Interpretation for Likert Scale

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LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL

LA IMMACULADA CONCEPCION SCHOOL

page questionnaires covering the respondent’s profile, awareness, and perception on

without any preference to their age, gender, and occupation.

A piloting was conducted to ensure the efficiency of the survey questionnaires

inconsistences and ambiguities in the questionnaire before completely disseminating

The study was conducted in the community of Pinagbuhatan, Pasig City,with a

C. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

until enough samples are collected.

This sampling method involves primary data sources nominating another

sampling method is based on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional

are recruited via chain referral.

D. DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNIQUE

In making use of survey questionnaires, this study mainly focused on the

how it affects them.

E. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS

The profile of the respondents in terms of age, status, gender, occupation,

background is presented in the succeeding tables.

a. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Age

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in

terms of their age is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Age

Age Range Frequency Percent

Total 200 100.0

with makes up 5% of the total number of respondents.

b. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Status

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in

terms of their status is presented in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2. Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Status

Status Frequency Percent

Total 200 100.0

is separated, with a 3.5% of the total number of respondents.

c. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of Gender

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in

terms of their gender is presented in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Gender

Gender Frequency Percent

Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 99 of the respondents are female with a

group is LGBT, which makes up of 7.5% of the total number of respondents.

d. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in

terms of their occupation is presented in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Occupation

Stay at home 30 15.0

Blue collared 50 25.0

White collared 38 19.0

Total 200 100.0

As shown in the table above, 57 of the respondents are students with a

group is no job, with a 12.5% of the total number of respondents.

e. Distribution of the Respondents as to their Profile in Terms of

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in

terms of their gender is presented in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Address

Address Frequency Percent

Dona Aurora 7 3.5

Isla Homes 6 3.0

Villa Cuana 2 1.0

Kenneth Talipapa 8 4.0

San Sebastian 2 1.0

Suarez Ville 2 1.0

Villa Alegre 4 2.0