Chapter 1: Atoms

Objectives:

• Describe the empty- space structure of the atom

• List the characteristics of each fundamental particle of
the atom
• Describe the electronic configuration of the atom
• Study of the periodic table of the elements
• Use the mole when treating the quantitative aspects of
matter
 1.1- Atomic Structure

Objectives of 1.1
• Describe the empty- space structure of the
atom
• List the characteristics of each fundamental
particle of the atom
First Activity: Diagnostic Quiz on Socrative (5 min)

• Watch the 6 min video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xazQRcSCRaY
Second Activity:
Total Time: 5 minutes
• Person 1 :read I and II
• Person 2: read I and II
• Person 3: read III and IV
• person 4: read V

Third Activity:
Total Time: 15 minutes
Mission: Form groups A, B, C, D, E and F
• Person 1 and 2: explain your findings to the your group members (5 min)
• Person 3: explain your understanding to the your group members (5 min)
• Person 4: explain your understanding to the your group members (5 min)

Fourth Activity: Quiz on Socrative (5 min)

H.W.: Book p:50- 51 # 7, 8, 11(part a) + Moodle: worksheet: Problems on Isotopes
 I- Atoms – the building blocks

All substances are made from very tiny particles called atoms.
.

The yellow blobs in this image are

individual gold atoms, as seen
through an electron microscope.
Elements – different types of atom

Each element is made up of just one type of atom,

Copper is an
element made up of
copper atoms only.

Carbon is an
element made up of
carbon atoms only.
How small is an atom?
Atoms are extremely small – they are about 0.00000001 cm
wide.
To make an atom the size of a football it would have to be
enlarged by about 3,000,000,000 times.

N X3,000,000,000

If a football was enlarged

by the same amount it
would stretch from the
UK to the USA.
 II- Atomic Theory
• Because we can not see atoms, we use
models to teach and learn about atoms.
• The atomic theory has changed over time
as new technologies have become
available.

– Remember: Scientific knowledge builds on past research

and experimentation.
Scientist Information Model

John All matter is made of

Dalton atoms. Atoms are too
1803 small to see, indivisible
and indestructible. All
atoms of a given element
are identical.
 Scientist Information Model

Discovered the negative

J.J electron, and predicted
Thompson that there also must be a
1898
positive particle to hold
the electrons in place.

Metals can emit a

beam of electrons
when subjected to
a high potential of
heat or light.
Electrons leave a
visible spot on a
fluorescent screen
Thompson designed the Plum Pudding model of
an atom. Electrons must be held by a positive
background.
 Scientist Information Model

Ernest Discovered the nucleus of an

Rutherford atom and named the positive
particles in the nucleus “protons”.
Concluded that electrons are
scattered in empty space around
the nucleus.

A radiaoactive
source emits a beam
of positively charged
α
particles towards a
gold foil.
Most of the α pass
through without
deviation leaving a
fuorecent spot on a
screen. The rest α
particles are largely
deviated due to
repulsion.
Results of foil experiment if Plum Pudding model
had been correct.
Actual Results.
 Scientist Information Model

Neils Concluded that electrons

Bohr are located in planet-like
1913 orbits around the nucleus in
certain energy levels.

Scientist Information Model

Neutrons

James Discovered that neutrons were

Chadwick also located in the nucleus of
1932 an atoms and that they
contain no charge.
 Scientist Information Model
(Many Electrons do not orbit the
Scientists!)
The Modern nucleus in neat planet-like
Atomic orbits but move at high
Theory
speeds in an electron cloud
around the nucleus.
 III- Atomic Structure

Atoms are composed of subatomic particles

1-protons – positively charged particles
2-neutrons – neutral particles
3-electrons – negatively charged particles

Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus

and are called neucleons. Electrons are found
in orbitals surrounding the nucleus.
Subatomic Particles

Mass Charge Charge

Particle
(g) (Coulombs) (units)

Electron (e-) 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19 -1

Proton (p) 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1

Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24 0 0

mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

What is the structure of an atom?
Protons, neutrons and electrons are not evenly distributed
in an atom.

The protons and neutrons

exist in a dense core at the
centre of the atom. This is
called the nucleus.

The electrons are

spread out around the
edge of the atom. They
orbit the nucleus in
layers called shells.
Properties of subatomic particles
 IV- Atom Representation

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

MASS NUMBER (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
What’s the atomic number?
What are the atomic numbers of these elements?

sodium iron tin fluorine

11 26 50 9
What’s the mass number?
What are the mass numbers of these elements?

sodium iron tin fluorine

23 56 119 19
What’s the mass number?
How many neutrons in each of the following?

sodium iron tin fluorine

12 30 69 10
Atoms and electrical charge
An important feature of subatomic particles is their electrical
charge:
Particle proton neutron electron
Charge +1 0 -1
Atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons, which
means their overall charge is zero.

For example, fluorine:

9 protons = +9
9 electrons = -9
10 neutrons = 0
Total charge = 0
 V- Isotopes of chlorine
What do you notice about these atoms of chlorine?

17 protons 17 protons
18 neutrons 20 neutrons
17 electrons 17 electrons
Isotopes of carbon
What do you notice about these three carbon atoms?

6 protons 6 protons 6 protons

6 neutrons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons
6 electrons 6 electrons 6 electrons
What is an isotope?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element

that have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons.

mass number is
different

atomic number is the

same
Isotopes of hydrogen
What are the atomic numbers and the mass numbers of each
of the following..

hydrogen deuterium tritium

1 proton 1 proton 1 proton
0 neutrons 1 neutron 2 neutrons
1 electron 1 electron 1 electron
Atomic Mass
Atomic mass is the weighted average
mass of all the atomic masses of the
isotopes of that atom.

LecturePLUS Timberlake 29
Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element
• is listed below the symbol of each element
on the periodic table. Na
• gives the mass of an “average” atom of 22.99
each element compared to 12C.

• is not the same as the mass number.

30
Atomic Mass for Cl
The atomic mass of chlorine is
• due to all the Cl isotopes.
• not a whole number.
• the average of two isotopes:
35Cl and 37Cl.

31
Calculating Atomic Mass for Cl
35Cl has atomic mass 34.97 amu (75.76%) and 37C
has atomic mass 36.97 amu (24.24%).
• Use atomic mass and percent of each isotope to
calculate the contribution of each isotope to the
weighted average.
34.97 x 75.76 = 26.49 amu
100
36.97 x 24.24 = 8.961 amu
100
• Sum is atomic mass of Cl 35.45 amu

32
Atomic Mass of Magnesium
The atomic mass of Mg
• is due to all the Mg
isotopes.
• is a weighted average.
• is not a whole number.

33
Calculating Atomic Mass Mg
Isotope Mass Abundance

24Mg = 23.99 amu x 78.70/100 = 18.88 amu

25Mg = 24.99 amu x 10.13/100 = 2.531 amu
26Mg = 25.98 amu x 11.17/100 = 2.902 amu

Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.31 amu

34
 Calculating Atomic Mass

The calculation for atomic mass requires the

• percent(%) abundance of each isotope.
• atomic mass of each isotope of that element.
• sum of the weighted averages.

mass of isotope(1)x (%) + mass of isotope(2) x (%) +

100 100

35
Learning Check
1- Using the periodic table on the second slide,
specify the atomic mass of
each element.
A. calcium __________
B. aluminum __________
C. lead __________
D. barium __________
E. iron __________

36
Learning Check

2- Gallium is an element found in lasers used in

compact disc players. In a sample of gallium, there is
60.10% of 69Ga (atomic mass 68.926) atoms and
39.90% of 71Ga (atomic mass 70.925) atoms.

What is the atomic mass of gallium?

38
Multiple-choice quiz
Solution of 1-

Using the periodic table, specify the atomic mass of

each element:
A. calcium 40.08 amu
B. aluminum 26.98 amu
C. lead 207.2 amu
D. barium 137.3 amu
E. iron 55.85 amu

40
Solution of 2

2- 69Ga
68.926 amu x 60.10 = 41.42 amu (from 69Ga)
100
71Ga

70.925 amu x 39.90 = 28.30 amu (from 71Ga)

100
31
Atomic mass Ga = 69.72 amu
Ga
69.72

41