wnfaqmufjyKvkyEf ikd faom pwD;

tqufrsm;twGuf 'DZikd f;vrf;nTef

Singapore ႏုိင္ငံ SSSS အသင္းမွ ထုတ္ေ၀ေသာ

စာအုပ္အား ပုိမုိရွင္းလင္း လြယ္ကူေအာင္ ေလ့လာ
ႏုိင္ေစျခင္းငွာ ျပန္လည္စီစဥ္ တင္ဆက္ ထားပါသည္။
အပုိက႑ကုိလည္း ပါ၀င္ထည့္သြင္းထားသည္။ Min Zaw Moe
 Contents
ျပဳစုတင္ဆက္သူ၏ အမွာစာ

1. INTRODUCTION (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း)
1.1 About this design guide (ဤ ဒီဇုိင္းလမ္းညႊန္အေၾကာင္း) 1
1.2 Material (သုံးစြဲေသာ သံထည္ပစၥည္းမ်ား) 2

1.3 Joint classification (အဆက္မ်ားအား ခြျဲ ခားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္း) 2

2. BUILDABLE BEAM TO BEAM/ COLUMN CONNECTIONS

(တည္ေဆာက္ရႏုိင္ေသာ ယကၼႏွင့္ယကၼ (သုိ႔) ယကၼႏွင့္တုိင္ အဆက္မ်ား)
2.1 Simple connections (ရုိးရွင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) 3
2.1.1 Bolted Connections (shear and/or tension connections)
(မူလီဆေ
ြဲ သာအဆက္မ်ား) 3
2.1.2 Welded Connections (shear and/or tension connections)
(၀ရိန္ႏွင့္တြဆ
ဲ က္ေသာအဆက္မ်ား) 3
2.1.3 Recommendation for fin plate connections
(Fin Plate သုံးအဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ား) 3
2.2 Moment-resisting connections (Moment-resisting အဆက္မ်ား) 4
2.2.1 Bolted Connections (Moment-resisting connections)
(မူလီဆြဲေသာအဆက္မ်ား) 4
2.2.2 Welded Connections (Moment-resisting connections)
(၀ရိန္တြေ
ဲ သာ အဆက္မ်ား) 4
2.3 Design steps for simple connections–bolted connections (ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား) 4
Figure: Design Steps for Simple Connections
(ရုိးရွင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား) 5
Figure: Design steps for moment-resisting connections – bolted connections
(Moment-resisting အဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား
- မူလီတြဲဆက္ေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) 7

3. BASE PLATE CONNECTIONS (တုိင္ေအာက္ေျခ အဆက္မ်ား)

3.1 Base Plate Connection (တုိင္အေျခရွိ အဆက္မ်ား) 8
3.4 Typical Column Base Plate (စံပုံမွန္တုိင္၏ ေအာက္ေျခခံျပား) 8
3.5 Steel-to-concrete connections (သံႏွင့္ ကြန္ကရိကုိဆက္ေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) 9

MZM
4. CONNECTIONS FOR HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS
(ေခါင္းပြသံျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံမ်ားအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား)
4.1 Modes of failures (ပ်က္စီးျခင္းျဖစ္ေစေသာ နည္းမ်ား၊ အေၾကာင္းမ်ား) 10
4.2 Shear connection using fin plates (Fin Plate အသုံးျပဳေသာ Shear အဆက္မ်ား) 10

5. BRACING CONNECTIONS (က်ားကန္ေဒါက္မ်ားအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား)

5.1 Introduction (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း) 11
5.2 Materials (သုံးစြဲေသာ သံထည္ပစၥည္းမ်ား) 11
5.3 Design and Detailing (ဒီဇုိင္းႏွင့္ အေသးစိတ္ျပဳလုပ္မႈ) 11

6. PURLIN CONNECTIONS (မွ်ားတန္းအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား)

6.1 Introduction (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း) 13
6.2 Design and detailing (ဒီဇုိင္းႏွင့္ အေသးစိတ္ျပဳလုပ္မႈ) 13
6.3 Provisions of sag rods (ညြတ္က်ျခင္းကုိ ထိမ္းေသာ အေခ်ာင္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ေထာက္ပံ့ထားျခင္း) 14

7. NON-STANDARD CONNECTIONS (စံပမ

ံု န
ွ မ
္ ဟုတေ
္ သာ အဆက္မ်ား)
7.1 Introduction (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း) 16
7.2 Tubular column-to-column connections (different column sizes) 16
(ျပြန္ပုံစံရွိေသာ တုိင္မ်ားအခ်င္းခ်င္း ဆက္သြယ္ျခင္း---ကြဲျခားေသာ တုိင္အရြယ္အစားမ်ားအတြက္)
7.3 Member transition in truss chords (Truss chords မ်ားရွိ Member transition) 17
7.4 Stiffeners in truss chords (Truss chords မ်ားရွိ ေတာင့္တင္းေအာင္ထည့္ေသာ Stiffeners) 18
7.5 Double-sided beam-to-beam composite connection using fin plates and
contact plates
(Fin plate ႏွင့္ Contact plate တုိ႔ကုိ အသုံးျပဳၿပီး ႏွစ္ဖက္တဆ
ြဲ က္ေသာ beam-to-beam
ေပါင္းစပ္အဆက္) 19

8. GOOD PRACTICES FOR CONNECTIONS DESIGN

(အဆက္ဒီဇုိင္းမ်ားအတြက္ ေကာင္းေသာ အေလ့အထမ်ား)
8.1 General (ေယဘုယ်အေၾကာင္းအရာ) 67
8.2 Recommendations for cost-effective connection design 67
(ကုန္က်စရိတ္မွန္ကန္ထိေရာက္ေစသည့္ အဆက္ဒီဇုိင္းမ်ားအတြက္ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ား)
8.3 Non-preferred steel connections (သုံးစြရ
ဲ န္ သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) 69
MZM
 ၏ အဆက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားအမည္ 22

၏ အဆက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားအမည္ 23

၏ အဆက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားအမည္ 24

၏ အဆက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားအမည္ 24

၏ အဆက္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားအမည္ 24
အား သရုပ္ေဖာ္ပုံမ်ား 25
အား သရုပ္ေဖာ္ပုံမ်ား 38
အား သရုပ္ေဖာ္ပုံမ်ား 57
အား သရုပ္ေဖာ္ပုံမ်ား 61
အား သရုပ္ေဖာ္ပုံမ်ား 63

(Steel အမ်ိဳးအစား ေလးမ်ိဳး) 74

85
သံပါ၀င္ေသာ သတၴဳႏွင့္ သံမပါ၀င္ေသာ သတၴဳတုိ႔အၾကား ျခားနားခ်က္)
(တည္ေဆာက္မႈလုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ေဆာင္ရာတြင္ သုံးေသာ သံမဏိ) 88
98
Hot Rolled Steel ႏွင့္ Cold Rolled Steel တုိ႔အၾကား ျခားနားခ်က္)

MZM
 ျပဳစုတင္ဆက္သူ၏ အမွာစာ

ယခုေရးသားတင္ဆက္ေသာ စာအုပ္ကေလးမွာ စကၤာပူႏုိင္ငံ၏ SSSS (Singapore Structural Steel Society) မွ

၂၀၁၉ တြင္ထုတ္ေ၀ေသာ Design Guide for Buildable Steel Connections စာအုပ္အား ဖတ္ရႈ ေလ့လာမိရာမွ
စိတ္ကူးတစ္ခုေပၚေပါက္လာကာ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ ျမန္မာျပည္တည္ေဆာက္ေရးက႑တြင္ တြင္က်ယ္ေခတ္စား
လာေသာ Steel Structure အေဆာက္အဦးမ်ားအတြက္ ပုိမုိေကာင္းမြန္သည့္ အေလ့အထမ်ားႏွင့္ စတင္
ေလ့လာခါစ ပညာရွာမွီးသူတို႔ႏွင့္ ဒီဇုိင္းအပုိင္းကုိ ေလ့လာၾကမည့္သူမ်ားအတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္ကာ ရွင္းလင္းျမင္သာရန္
ျပန္လည္စီစဥ္ေရးသားလုိက္ရပါသည္။ မူရင္းစာအုပ္တြင္ ျပဳလုပ္တည္ေဆာက္ႏုိ္င္ေသာ Steel Connections
မ်ားကုိ အပုိင္း (၅) ပုိင္းခြက
ဲ ာ တင္ျပထားသည့္အျပင္ သက္ဆုိင္ရာအဆက္မ်ားတစ္ခုခ်င္းစီအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈ
တပါတည္း ထည့္သြင္းေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။ ဦးေဆာင္ေရးသားသူမွာ စကၤာပူႏုိင္ငံရွိ NUS (National University of
Singapore) မွ ပါေမာကၡ J Y Richard Liew (Lead Author) ဆုိသူျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ SSSS အသင္းႀကီး၏ အတည္ျပဳခ်က္
ေထာက္ခံပ့ံပုိးေပးမႈမ်ားအျပင္ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ေသာ Consultants မ်ားႏွင့္ BCA (Building and Construction
Authority) ၏ အကူအညီကုိလည္း မ်ားစြာရယူခဲ့ပါသည္။ Steel Structure တည္ေဆာက္မႈအပုိင္းတြင္ ေရွ႕တန္း
ေရာက္ရွိေနေသာ အေမရိကန္ႏွင့္ ဥေရာပ စံႏႈန္းမ်ားကုိ SSSS အသင္းႀကီးက အေျခခံကာ ၎တို႔၏ ကုိယ္ပိုင္
Code မ်ားကုိ တည္ေဆာက္ခဲ့ၾကေပသည္။ တြက္ခ်က္မႈႏွင့္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈမ်ား (Calculations and Design
Check) မ်ားကုိ မူရင္းစာအုပ္တြင္ ေလ့လာႏုိင္ပါသည္။
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ႏုိင္ငံတြင္ Reinforced Concrete (RC) အေဆာက္အဦးမ်ားကုိအမ်ားအားျဖင့္သာ တည္ေဆာက္ၾက၍
Steel Structure အေဆာက္အဦးအေနျဖင့္ကား စက္ရုံမ်ားႏွင့္ ဂုိေထာင္မ်ားသာ ျဖစ္ၾကေလသည္။ သုိ႔အတြက္
ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ တည္ေဆာက္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းနယ္ပယ္တြင္ က်င္လည္ၾကေသာ အတတ္ပညာရွင္၊ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာမ်ားမွာ
Steel Structure ပညာရပ္ႏွင့္ အနည္းငယ္ အလွမ္းကြာေ၀းလွေပသည္။ ယခုအခါတြင္ လူေနအိမ္ကေလးမ်ားပင္
Steel Structure ဆုိင္ရာ တည္ေဆာက္မႈမ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္လာၾကသည္ျဖစ္ရာ မွန္ကန္ေသာနည္းလမ္း အေလ့အထ၊
လုပ္ကုိင္ေဆာင္ရြက္မႈတုိ႔သည္ အမွန္ပင္ လုိအပ္လွသည္။ တည္ေဆာက္မႈဆုိင္ရာ နည္းလမ္းမမွန္ကန္ျခင္း၊
ေပါ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္းမ်ားသည္ ေကာင္းက်ိဳးထက္ ဆုိးက်ိဳးကုိပုိမျုိ ဖစ္ေပၚႏုိင္ေစရာ သတိထားကာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကရေပမည္။
ဤက႑ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ကၽြန္ေတာ္သည္လည္း အတန္ပင္ စိမ္းလွသည္ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ ႏွစ္အနည္းငယ္မွစ၍
ေလ့လာလုိက္စားျဖစ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ ထုိသုိ႔ ေလ့လာခဲ့ရာတြင္ တက္ေရာက္သင္ၾကားခဲ့ေသာ သင္တန္းမ်ားမွ သင္ၾကား
ေပးေသာ ဆရာဆရာမမ်ားကုိ မ်ားစြာ ေက်းဇူးတင္မိပါသည္။ ဆရာမ ေဒၚလဲ့လဲ၀
့ င္း (Sunday Only Estimate
Class) ႏွင့္ ဆရာ ဦးမ်ဳိးကုိကုိ (Steel Structure Detail Estimate Class) တုိ႔ထံတြင္ ဆည္းပူးေလ့လာခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ထုိ
ဆရာဆရာမတုိ႔၏ သင္ၾကားေျပာၾကားခ်က္မ်ားက Steel Structure ပညာရပ္ပုိင္းကုိ ပုိမုိ္ စိတ္၀င္စားစြာ ေလ့လာ
ျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ပါ၏။ ဆက္လက္၍လည္း Tekla Structure Software ျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားေသာ Steel Structure Class
မ်ားကုိ အလ်င္းသင့္သလုိ ေလ့လာသင္ယူခ်င္ပါသည္။ စာဖတ္သူ မိတ္ေဆြမ်ား၊ ညီ ညီမငယ္မ်ားလည္း Steel
Structure အပုိင္းႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သာ ပညာရပ္ပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာမ်ားကုိ တတ္စြမ္းသေရြ႕ ဆည္းပူးေလ့လာထားပါလွ်င္
မိမိတုိ္႔၏ လုပ္ငန္းတြင္ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိ၏ ေရွ႕ဆက္ေလ်ာက္လွမ္းမည့္ Career Life တြင္လည္းေကာင္း
အက်ဳိးရွိမည္မလဲေ
ြ ပ။ အခ်ဳပ္အားျဖင့္ Steel Designer, Fabricator ႏွင့္ Erector တုိ႔သည္ ဟန္ခ်က္ညီစြာ
ပူးေပါင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကရမည္။
ဤသည္တုိ႔အျပင္ အျခားေသာ သံႏွင့္ သံမဏိဆုိင္ရာ ဗဟုသုတျဖစ္ဖြယ္ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကုိလည္း ကၽြန္ေတာ္
တတ္ႏုိင္သမွ် ရွာေဖြကာ ျပဳစုတင္ဆက္လုိက္ပါသည္။ ျပဳစုတင္ဆက္ရာတြင္ တစုံတရာအားနည္းခ်က္ရွိခဲ့ပါက
သည္းခံခြင့္လႊတ္ၾကပါရန္။ ေက်းဇူးရွင္ ေမြးမိဘႏွစ္ပါးႏွင့္ သင္ဆရာျမင္ဆရာအေပါင္းအား ဦးထိပ္ထားေလးစား
ဂုဏ္ျပဳအပ္ပါသည္။

မင္းေဇာ္မုိး
A.G.T.I (Civil), B.Sc. (Phys.)

MZM
1. INTRODUCTION
မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း

MZM
 1

1.1 About this design guide (ဤ ဒီဇုိင္းလမ္းညႊန္အေၾကာင္း)

Connection ဒီဇုိင္းသည္ Structure တစ္ခု၏ ထုတ္လုပ္ေရး၊ တပ္ဆင္ေရးတု႔ႏ

ိ ွင့္ အလြန္ပင္ နီးကပ္စြာ
ဆက္သြယ္မႈရွိပါသည္။ ဒီဇုိင္း Guides ႏွင့္ Codes အမ်ားစုတုိ႔သည္ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာမ်ားကုိ resistance, stability ႏွင့္
deformation of connections မ်ားကုိသာ စစ္ေဆးရန္ ေျပာျပထားႏုိင္ပါသည္။ Buildability of connections
(အဆက္မ်ားကုိ တည္ေဆာက္ တပ္ဆင္ေရးလြယ္ကူမႈ) အရ အထူးအားျဖင့္ ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာလမ္းညႊန္မႈမ်ား မပါရွိ
တတ္ေပ။ ဤစာအုပ္သည္ steelwork တည္ေဆာက္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းကုိ အရွိန္ျမွင့္ ျမန္ဆန္ေစမည့္ တည္ေဆာက္ရ
လြယ္ကူေစေသာ အဆက္ဒီဇုိင္းအမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးကုိ ဒီဇုိင္းျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းအတြက္ လမ္းညႊန္သဖြယ္ ေထာက္ကူေပး
ထားပါသည္။

ဤအဆက္မ်ားအား SS EN1993-1-8 and SCI Publications P358 & P398 အရ ဒီဇုိင္းျပဳလုပ္ထားပါသည္။

စကၤာပူ Standard တစ္ခုျဖစ္ေသာ SS EN1993-1-8 သည္ EN1993-1-8 ရွိ ထပ္တူျဖစ္ေသာ rules and
principles မ်ားကုိ လုိက္နာထားသည္ကုိ သတိျပဳရမည္ျဖစ္ၿပီး ၎တုိ႔ကုိ ဤ ဒီဇုိင္းလမ္းညႊန္တြင္ SS EN1993-1-8
အျဖစ္ ရည္ညႊန္းေပသည္။

Design procedures are provided for:

a) Beam-to-Beam and Beam-to-Column connections (ယကၼႏွင့္ယကၼ၊ ယကၼႏွင့္တုိင္ အဆက္မ်ား)
❖ With extended fin plate (for both shear & moment connections)
❖ With end plate (for both shear & moment connections)

b) Strengthening of joints (Joint အဆုံအဆက္မ်ားအား ေတာင့္တင္းေစျခင္း)

❖ Stiffening extended fin plate
❖ Supplementary web plates for column web

c) Beam splices (ယကၼအဆက္မ်ား)

❖ A combination of welding and bolting with cover plates

d) Column base plate connections (တုိင္အေျခ base plate အဆက္မ်ား)

❖ Steel plate with anchorage bolts

e) Connections for hollow steel sections (Hollow Steel မ်ားအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား)

❖ Connecting universal sections to hollow steel sections with fin plates, end plates
and diaphragm plates.

f) Bracing connections (Bracing ေခၚ ကန္႔လန္႔ေဒါက္မ်ားအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား)

❖ Weld resistance for connecting steel rod to gusset plate
❖ Gusset plate resistance for connecting universal sections

g) Purlin connections (မွ်ားတန္းအဆက္မ်ား)

h) Non-standard connections (စံမဟုတ္ေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

❖ Tubular column-to-column connections for different column sizes
❖ Member transition in truss chord
❖ Stiffeners in truss chord
❖ Semi-continuous composite beam-to-beam joint
အထက္ပါ အဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းတြက္ခ်က္ပုံနမူနာမ်ားအားလုံးကုိ အဆုိပါ Guide တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထား၏။

MZM
 2
1.2 Material (သုံးစြဲေသာ သံထည္ပစၥည္းမ်ား)

This publication is only valid for connections with material or products comply with standard from
Eurocode 3. The material properties used in this guide follow BC 1:2012 and Table 3.1 of SS
EN1993-1-1, and only steel grades from S235 to S460 are covered. Nominal values of the yield
strength 𝑓𝑦 and ultimate strength 𝑓𝑢 depend on the thickness of the steel elements.

1.3 Joint classification (အဆက္မ်ားအား ခြျဲ ခားသတ္မွတ္ျခင္း)

According to SS EN 1993-1-8 Clause 5.2.1, joints may be classified by stiffness or strength. All joints
need to fulfil the assumptions made in design and modelling. Based on the rotational stiffness, a joint
can be classified as rigid, nominally pinned or semi-rigid. Figure 1-1 below which is extracted from SS
EN 1993-1-8 provides classification boundaries based on rotational stiffness 𝑆𝑗,𝑖𝑛𝑖. Moreover, a joint
may be classified as full-strength, nominally pinned or partial strength based on its moment
resistance and that of the members it connects to. According to NA to SS EN 1993-1-8 Clause
NA.2.6, connections designed in accordance with the principles given in SCI Publication P358 may
be classified as nominally pinned joints.

Figure 1-1 Classification of joints by stiffness (SS EN 1993-1-8)

Abbreviations (အတုိေကာက္စာလုံးမ်ား၏ အဓိပၼါယ္)

SSSS Structural Steel Society of Singapore FFBW Full Penetration Butt Weld
BCA Building and Construction Authority SHS Square Hollow Section
SCI The Steel Construction Institute RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
AISC American Institute of Steel Construction CHS Circular Hollow Section
SS EN Singapore Standard Eurocode UB Universal Beam
PLT Plate UC Universal Column
NDT Non-Destructive-Testing Grade 8.8, M20 Bolt Grade and Bolt Size
PPBW Partial Penetration Butt Weld Steel Grades are…S235, S275, S355, S420, S450 and
CIDECT International Committee for the S460.
Development and Study of Tubular
Structure MZM
2. BUILDABLE BEAM TO BEAM/ COLUMN CONNECTIONS
တည္ေဆာက္ရႏုိင္ေသာ ယကၼႏွင့္ယကၼ (သု႔)ိ ယကၼႏွင့္တုိင္ အဆက္မ်ား
 3

2.1 Simple connections (ရုိးရွင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

Simple joint is assumed to transfer only nominal moment without adversely affecting the overall
structural system. Such nominal moment of resistance should not exceed 0.25 times the design
moment of resistance required for a full-strength joint if the joint has sufficient rotation capacity.

2.1.1 Bolted Connections (shear and/or tension connections) (မူလီဆေ

ြဲ သာအဆက္မ်ား)

Most of the simple joint connections used are based on category type A (bearing type for shear
connection) and category type D (for tension connections) where no preloading is required as per
table 3.2 of SS EN 1993-1-8. The design resistance depends on the shear and bearing resistance or
tensile resistance (where applicable) of the bolt connections. The usage of bolt where preloading is
not required should be “snug” tight while for connections sensitive to slippage, preloading is required.
Preloaded bolts (category type B, C or E) will require a certain minimum amount of preload, which is
dependent upon the surface smoothness of the threaded area in the bolts and nuts. In addition, the
torque required to tighten the preloaded bolts and the recommended torque is usually provided by
the bolt manufacturers.

2.1.2 Welded Connections (shear and/or tension connections)

(၀ရိန္ႏွငတ
့္ ဆ
ြဲ က္ေသာအဆက္မ်ား)

Typically, the type of weld adopted for simple connections is fillet weld. It is recommended to have a
symmetric fillet on both sides to distribute the load. For end plates, the recommendation for the
design of the weld is that the end plate should yield before the weld fractures. As for fin plates, full
strength fillet weld is recommended. Alternatively, the required fillet weld can be designed based on
the actual shear and nominal moments as per SS EN 1993-1-8.

2.1.3 Recommendation for fin plate connections (Fin Plate သုံးအဆက္မ်ားအတြက္

ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ား)

According to SCI Publication P358, fin plate connection design needs to fulfill the following
requirements to ensure the connection provides the necessary rotational capacity and restraint to the
supported member:
❖ Fin plate needs to be located as close to the top flange of the supported member as
possible to ensure the stability.
❖ The depth of the fin plate should be greater or equal to 0.6 times the depth of the
supported member to provide torsional restraint.
❖ The thickness of the fin plate or beam web should not be greater than 0.42 times and 0.5
times of the bolt diameter for S355 and S275 steel, respectively.
❖ The edge and end distance on fin plate or beam web should be at least 2 times the
diameter of the bolt.
Table 2-1 below shows the standard details of fin plate connections suggested by SCI Publication
P358.

MZM
 4

2.2 Moment-resisting connections (Moment-resisting အဆက္မ်ား)

Moment-resisting connections allows the joint to transfer not only the shear/tension forces but the
effects of moment to the supporting structures.

2.2.1 Bolted Connections (Moment-resisting connections) (မူလီဆြဲေသာအဆက္မ်ား)

The resistance of the end-plate/extended plate bolted connection is based on the tensile resistance
of the bolts within the tension zone, which is usually close to the top flange of the beam while the
compression resistance of the bolts within the compression usually found at the bottom flange of the
beam. The vertical shear resistance is through the bolts connected within the beam web.

2.2.2 Welded Connections (Moment-resisting connections) (၀ရိန္တေ

ြဲ သာ အဆက္မ်ား)

Fillet weld is preferred. However, if the required size of the fillet weld will result into a weld thicker
than the connected part, partial penetration with superimposed fillet or full butt weld may be required.
Full penetration butt weld is not encouraged due to imperfections during steel fabrication process.
The incomplete root fusion or penetration is one of the common defects when NDT tests are carried
out. Remedial actions such as grinding of the weld to sound weld/base metal and re-welding based
on the appropriate welding procedures renders the fabrication unproductive. It is advised to adopt
partial butt weld such as 80% penetration if the design strength is not exceeded. Else, full strength
butt weld such as partial penetration butt weld with superimposed fillet welds can be adopted for
better productivity.

2.3 Design steps for simple connections – bolted connections (ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား)

ဤ SSSS လမ္းညႊန္စာအုပ္တြင္ ရုိးရွင္းေသာအဆက္ (Simple Connection) ၂-မ်ိဳးကုိ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါသည္။

၎တုိ႔မွာ Fin Plate သုံး၍ဆက္ေသာအဆက္ႏွင့္၊ End Plate သုံး၍ ယကၼႏွင့္ ယကၼ ဆက္ေသာအဆက္
တုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။ အဆက္တစ္မ်ိဳးစီတြင္ရွိႏုိင္ေသာ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ားကုိ ပုံ ၂-၁ တြက္ ျပထား၏။

MZM
 5

Design Steps for Simple Connections

ရုိးရွင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား

Simple
Connections

End Plate
Fin Plate
(Beam to Beam)

Two secondary One secondary 1. Weld

beams beams Resistance

1. Bolt Group 6. Punching 2. Secondary

Resistance Shear Resistance Beam Shear

2. Fin Plate
3. Bolt in Shear
Resistance

3. Secondary 4. End Plate

Beam Web Shear Resistance
Resistance

4. Weld 5. T-stub
Resistance Resistance

5. Local Shear 6. Stiffener

Resistance

Figure 2-1 Designs steps for simple connections

For ease of site installation, it is preferable to extend the fin plates beyond the flange of the primary
beam. Design checks are required on the stability of the fin plate for lateral torsional buckling in
addition to the nominal moment generated from the eccentricity connections.
For the purpose of illustration, all bolts shown in the following worked examples are non-preloaded
bolts.

MZM
 6

Design Steps for Simple Connections

ရုိးရွင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား

Simple
Connections

End Plate
Fin Plate
(Beam to Beam)

6. Punching
Shear Resistance

5. Local Shear
Resistance

အထက္ပါပုံတြင္ ထည့္သြင္းထားေသာ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအတြက္ ပုံစံငယ္ေလးမ်ားမွာ သက္ဆုိင္ရာ

ေခါင္းစဥ္ကုိ ျမင္သာေစရန္ျဖစ္သည္။ မူရင္းစာအုပ္တြင္ပါေသာ ပုံထည့္သြင္းမႈမဟုတ္ပါ။ စစ္ေဆးမႈ
အဆင့္မ်ားႏွင့္ ကုိက္ညီေသာ နမူနာပုံမ်ားကုိ ျမင္သာေစလုိသည့္သေဘာ ထည့္သြင္းေဖာ္ျပျခင္းျစစ္ပါ၏။
ဒိဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈ (Design Check) ကုိ မူရင္းစာအုပ္ျဖစ္ေသာ Design Guide for Buildable Steel
Connections - Bolted and Welded Connection to SS EN1993-1-8 စာအုပ္တြင္ ေလ့လာႏုိင္ပါ၏။

MZM
 7
Design steps for moment-resisting connections
– bolted connections
Moment-resisting အဆက္မ်ားအတြက္ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈအဆင့္မ်ား
- မူလီတြဲဆက္ေသာ အဆက္မ်ား

Moment-resisting
Connections

With Extended
End Plate
Fin Plate

Beam-to-beam Beam-to-beam 1. Weld

Beam-to-column
with similar with different Resistance of
connections
depth depths beam to end
plate
1. Bolt Group 6. Haunch 7. Diaphragm
Resistance Resistance Plate Check 2a. Moment
resistance
8. Column (Tension Zone)
2. Fin Plate
Resistance Capacity
Check 2b. Moment
resistance
3. Secondary 9. Column (Compression
Beam Web Tension Zone Zone)
Resistance Check
2c. Moment
Resistance
4. Weld 10. Column
Resistance of Compression
Fin Plate 3. Shear
Check
Resistance of
Bolt Group
5. Weld 11. Stiffeners
Resistance of Check 4. Resistance
Beam Flange of PPBW
(PPBW)
12. Weld
Resistance of
Stiffener
Plate
MZM
3. BASE PLATE CONNECTIONS
တုိင္ေအာက္ေျခ အဆက္မ်ား
 8

3.1 Base Plate Connection (တုိင္အေျခရွိ အဆက္မ်ား)

Base plate connection consists of a steel column welded to a base plate, which is ten fastened to the
foundation by holding down bolts anchored into the foundation. The foundation in this context can be
a pile cap, reinforced concrete (RC) beam, RC wall, RC column or RC slab.
The base plate should have sufficient size and thickness to transfer the compressive/tensile, shear
force and bending moment from the steel section to the substrate based on bearing resistance of the
concrete. The compression force is spread over an effective area of the base plate in contact with the
concrete. As for tension due to axial force and/or moments, the tension force is resisted by the
holding down bolts anchored into the concrete. The base plate should be able to resist the tensile
stress arising from the axial force and/or bending moment. Horizontal shear force should be resisted
by the friction between the base plate and the foundation or by the shear capacity of the bolts.

One of the important aspects of base plate connection to ensure buildability is the anchorage length
of the holding down bolt. Often, the size of the concrete substrate is not big enough to fit the holding
down bolts due to the anchorage length. The use of full tension anchorage based on the bond
strength between the concrete and the holding down bolts will result into a longer anchorage length.
Instead, the concrete cone pull-out capacity can be adopted to derive the anchorage length needed
(ℎ𝑒𝑓) as shown in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1 Concrete cone pull-out capacity

3.4 Typical Column Base Plate (စံပုံမွန္တုိင္၏ ေအာက္ေျခခံျပား)

For column base plate connections, two types of hold down bolts are commonly used:

a) L-bolt and/or J-bolt; and

L-bolt (သုိ႔မဟုတ္) J-bolt ျဖင့္ ဆက္ျခင္း
b) Vertical holding down bolt with nuts and washers.
ေဒါင္လုိက္ေအာက္ဘက္ကုိ ဆြဲတင္းေသာ မူလီတုိင္ (နပ္ေခါင္းႏွင့္ ၀ါရွာအပါ) ျဖင့္ ဆက္ျခင္း

MZM
 9
3.5 Steel-to-concrete connections (သံႏွင့္ ကြန္ကရိကုိဆက္ေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

For steel-to-concrete connections, the embedded plates are usually connected with bolts which are
cast into the concrete walls or columns. It is not recommended to use high tensile bar for the holding
down bolts where welding is required. Grade 8.8 bolts have high carbon content and thus should be
discouraged where welding is adopted.

When plug weld is adopted, according to SS EN1993-1-8 Clause 4.3.5:

1) Plug weld should not be used to resist externally applied tension.
2) Plug weld should be designed for shear only. Moreover, the thickness of plug weld
should be same as that of parent material for parent material up to 16mm thick (Clause
4.3.5 (4)).
3) When plug weld is used to connect bolt, which insert in embedded plate, the plate
thickness should be at least 16mm and the plug weld thickness should not be less than
16mm and at least half the thickness of the plate.

ေအာက္ပါနမူနာသည္ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္ေသာ ေရြးခ်ယ္မႈ (၂) ခုကုိ ျပသထားပါသည္။

Option A – Embedded plate with the bolt welded flushed with the plate and which entailed
the use of butt weld on the external face and fillet weld on the internal face of the plate.
Option B – Embedded plate with the bolt recessed from the plate with the use of plug weld
on the external face and fillet weld on the internal face of the plate.

Site welding connecting steel beam to embedded plate is not suggested as it may damage concrete
substrate. Option A is generally for shear connection only and it is generally applicable to small welds
only. Professional engineers (PE) need to access the suitability of this connection for heavy welding.
In addition, if option B was to be adopted, pull out test is to be conducted.

MZM
4. CONNECTIONS FOR HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS
ေခါင္းပြသံျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံမ်ားအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား
 10

4.1 Modes of failures (ပ်က္စီးျခင္းျဖစ္ေစေသာ နည္းမ်ား၊ အေၾကာင္းမ်ား)

Various modes of failures are identified for hollow steel sections connections, as shown in Figure 4-1,
such as:
➢ Local beam flange failure (yielding, local buckling)
➢ Weld failure
➢ Lamellar tearing
➢ Column plastification (face, wall or cross section)
➢ Column punching shear
➢ Column local buckling
➢ Column shear failure
The resistance of the hollow section for different failure modes can be found in SS EN 1993- 1-8
Chapter 7 and CIDECT design guide 9. The following design calculations illustrate some common
designs and their resistance check.

Figure 4-1 Modes of failure for I beam-to-RHS column joints

4.2 Shear connection using fin plates (Fin Plate အသုံးျပဳေသာ Shear အဆက္မ်ား)

Common connections involve the use of a fin plate to connect a hollow steel column to a beam
(typically I or H beam). For shear connectors, a fin plate can be used with a backing plate welded to
the column to avoid local failure of column flange as shown in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2 Shear connection between hollow steel column and beam
MZM
 5. BRACING CONNECTIONS
က်ားကန္ေဒါက္မ်ားအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား
 11

5.1 Introduction (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း)

Bracing connections are typically constructed using sectional shapes like hollow sections, Universal
section (I or H sections), channels and angles resisting tension or compression. The bracings are
typically connected to the main members via gusset plates using bolts. If the wind loads are not high,
steel rods may be used as tension members to provide lateral load resistance.
Steel rods are more economical compared to structural steel sections and they can be easily
installed on site. Steel rods are lighter and most of the time can be installed without the use of
cranes. Turn-buckle system may be used to pre-tensioned the rod to prevent slackening. This section
gives suggestions of how steel rods are to be detailed and design to improve productivity in
fabrication and installation.

5.2 Materials (သုံးစြဲေသာ သံထည္ပစၥည္းမ်ား)

The steel rods and welded plates are recommended to be of BC1’s certified materials. Two types of
turn-buckle systems connecting to steel rod is shown in Figure 5-1. As the rods are welded to
turnbuckles attachments, it is recommended to use the more weldable mild steel rod such as S275
steel. The use of high tensile rod is not recommended. Engineers are recommended to specific 100%
NDT on the welds and performance tests may be carried out to verify its structural performance.

Figure 5-1 Two options of connecting a turn-buckle system to a steel rod

5.3 Design and Detailing (ဒီဇုိင္းႏွင့္ အေသးစိတ္ျပဳလုပ္မႈ)

Figure 5-2 shows two ways of welding a steel rod to a steel plate. The design and detailing
recommendations pertaining to the connection of the steel rod to the gusset plate are as follows:
1. The welds should be designed to resist 2 times the tension force
2. Option 1 – Flare groove welds to be designed as per cl. 4.3.6 EC3-8. Qualified welding
procedure should be carried out for this weld. For this option, there may be eccentricity
between the applied forces and the weld. The weld should be checked against the
moment induced by the eccentric load.
3. Option 2 – The rod diameter should be at least double the plate thickness to allow for
4. sufficient welding. The weld should be designed as per fillet weld.

MZM
 12

❖ For Option 1, the connection should be reviewed if there is a large horizontal force acting onto the
connection.
❖ For erection purpose, two bolts are preferred.

MZM
6. PURLIN CONNECTIONS
မွ်ားတန္းအတြက္ အဆက္မ်ား
 13

6.1 Introduction (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း)

Purlin connections are generally simple to design, however if detailed wrongly, the installation works
will end up very unproductive due to the sheer numbers of purlins to be installed. This section gives
suggestions on how purlins are to be detailed so that on-site works can be more productive.

6.2 Design and detailing (ဒီဇုိင္းႏွင့္ အေသးစိတ္ျပဳလုပ္မႈ)

Figure 6-1 below shows an unproductive purlin connection. The detail is unproductive because:
1. Adding stiffeners unnecessarily will incur addition fabrication cost and affect productivity.
2. With this configuration, purlin cannot be unhooked from crane until the bolts are installed.
This affect site productivity greatly.

Figure 6-1 Example of an unproductive purlin connection

Purlin should be configured in such a way, as shown in Figure 6-2, that it will not slip off the roof after
it is unlooked from the crane. As much as possible, the cleats should be designed such that stiffeners
can be omitted. As a guide, the recommended value “H” and cleat plate thickness can be obtained
from the manufacturer’s product manual and the Engineer should be able to verify that stiffeners are
not required. In addition, to prevent water trapping, weep holes should be provided.

MZM
 14

Figure 6-2 Productive purlin connection

6.3 Provisions of sag rods (ညြတ္က်ျခင္းကုိ ထိမ္းေသာ အေခ်ာင္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ေထာက္ပံ့ထားျခင္း)

Sag rods are necessary to reduce the span of the purlins and control deflections. The sag rods
configuration should be provided as per the manufacturer’s recommendation. However, it should be
noted that the sag rods should be anchored to strong points to be effective. In the case of a pitched
roof, the anchor point is usually provided via connection between the top most purlins as shown in
Figure 6-3. For single eave roof or wall girts, the top most 2 rows of purlins can be configured into a
truss to anchor the sage rods as shown in Figure 6-4.

MZM
 15

Figure 6-3 Suggest configuration for pitched roof

Figure 6-4 Suggest configurations for single eave roof (can be applied for wall grits)

MZM
7. NON-STANDARD CONNECTIONS
စံပုံမွန္မဟုတ္ေသာ အဆက္မ်ား
 16

7.1 Introduction (မိတ္ဆက္နိဒါန္း)

This section suggests several non-standard details which are commonly adopted in the steelwork
construction. When there is no relevant design guide on these types of connections, finite element
analysis may be used to analyze the failure mode and stress flow. The connections should be
checked to ensure the adequacy of all components in the connections.

7.2 Tubular column-to-column connections (different column sizes)

(ျပြန္ပုံစံရွိေသာ တုိင္မ်ားအခ်င္းခ်င္း ဆက္သြယ္ျခင္း---ကြဲျခားေသာ တုိင္အရြယ္အစားမ်ားအတြက္)

In a building structure, different sizes of columns are joined and they may be aligned in such a way
that they are flushed to the exterior of the building to facilitate façade installation. For such joints,
tapered build-up sections or end plate connection with stiffeners can be adopted for connecting CHS,
RHS or UC sections with load eccentricity, as shown in Figure 7-1.

Figure 7-1 Connecting tubular columns of different sizes

A tapered CHS section may be used as a transition piece to

connect CHS columns with different diameters as shown in Figure 7-
2. The wall thickness of the taper section should be at least equal to
the thinner one of the connected columns. The transition gradient of
the taper section should not be greater than 1:6 to allow smooth flow
of stresses from one column to another. Internal diaphragm rings
may also be used in the joint between the taper section and CHS
columns.

For RHS, end plate with stiffeners can be adopted to connect

columns with different sizes. As there is no relevant design code nor
guide on this type of connection, finite element analysis may be used
to analyze the failure modes and stress flow. In the calculations
below, two possible failure modes are identified and relevant checks
are carried to ensure adequacy of the connection.

Figure 7-2 Taper section connecting circular column of different sizes

MZM
 17
7.3 Member transition in truss chords (Truss chords မ်ားရွိ Member transition)

Where trusses are concerned, the top chords are usually flushed at the top to allow steel decking or
purlins installation. Sometimes the bottom chords are flushed at the bottom for architectural or MEP
purposes. For economical purposes or to reduce steel self-weight, the members are sized differently
within the cords. A tapered built up section can be used to bridge the transition from the bigger chord
to the smaller member. The transition angle should be not greater than 45° (30° is recommended) to
prevent stress concentration and allow smooth flow of stress. Figure 7-3 shows three common types
of such connections. Full penetration butt weld may be used to connect the members. The thickness
of the transition piece should be the smaller thickness of the connecting members. In addition, such
connections should not be used for in situation fatigue loading.

Figure 7-3 Connecting chord members of different sizes

MZM
 18
7.4 Stiffeners in truss chords (Truss chords မ်ားရွိ ေတာင့္တင္းေအာင္ထည့္ေသာ Stiffeners)

Very often, engineers specify stiffeners to match the incoming web member and this could incur
higher cost of fabrication. Engineers should carry out checks according to SS EN 1993- 1-5 to
determine whether such stiffeners are necessary. For robustness purpose, stiffeners are needed
even the compression load resistance of the unstiffened web of chord member is sufficient. This is to
cater for unbalance loads in reality.
Check 1 – whether the member is experiencing compression forces
Check 2 – check for unstiffened web bearing and buckling capacity
Check 3 – if web stiffening is required, provide stiffeners and web bearing capacity, and
Check 4 – check stiffened web buckling capacity based on stiffeners provided in “check 3”
For Warren trusses, gusset plate may be used to connect web members to chord member. In
structural analysis, the connecting node may be modelled as pin. In such case, the gusset plate
should be checked against buckling similar to 2.3.9 and 2.3.10. Stiffeners may be needed to increase
the gusset plate capacity.

MZM
 19
7.5 Double-sided beam-to-beam composite connection using fin plates and
contact plates
(Fin plate ႏွင့္ Contact plate တုိ႔ကုိ အသုံးျပဳၿပီး ႏွစ္ဖက္တြဆ
ဲ က္ေသာ beam-to-beam
ေပါင္းစပ္အဆက္)

Figure 7-4 Details of double-sided beam-to-beam composite connection

The connection No. --- is a double-sided beam-to-beam composite connection using fin plates and
contact plates. Composite connections are covered in SS EN1994-1-1, in which reinforcement can
be taken into account in design for the resistance and the stiffness of the connections. Therefore,
they can be designed as semi-rigid and partial-strength connections, so that economical design can
be achieved by reducing design moment and deflection of beam members. The details of the
connection are shown in Figure 7-4. The distance between the face of the support and the line of
bolts ‘z’ is 60mm. The fin plates may be classified as short fin plate as the thickness of the plate is
most likely larger than 0.15z=9.0mm. The fin plates are welded to the supporting beam and bolted to
the supported beams. Contact plates and stiffeners are attached at the bottom flange level of
supported beams so that the connection can resist bending moment effectively. The details of contact
plates should be elaborated to prevent falling and gaps which will lead to unexpected structural
behavior. According to the given geometry, a single vertical bolt line and total five bolts will be used. It
should be noted that one-sided connection or double-sided connection with different depth supported
beams should be avoided in terms of prevention of torsional deformation of the supporting beam,
unless its lateral instability is appropriately prevented. In this example, design shear force VEd and
design moment MEd are given. These values can be obtained by the structural analysis considering
the rotational stiffness and moment resistance of the connections.
The design check consists of 6 detailed checks as follow:
1. Moment resistance of connection
2. Bolt group of supported beam
3. Fin plate of supported beam
4. Shear resistance of supported beam’s web
5. Welds of fin plate
6. Shear and bearing resistance of supporting beam
MZM
 20

ေနာက္ထပ္ဆက္လက္၍ အဆက္မ်ား (Connections) အေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ားကုိ ေလ့လာ

ၾကပါမည္။

MZM
 21

1 Beam-to-Beam Connections

2 Beam-to-Column Connections

3 Bracing Connections

4 Base Connections

5 Non-Standard Connections

MZM
 22

(အဆက္အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ား)

1. 2.3.3 One-sided with extended fin plate 2.3.3

2. 2.3.4 Double-sided with extended fin plate 2.3.4

2.3.5 One-sided skewed connections with

3. 2.3.5
extended fin plate

4. 2.3.9 Double fin plates connections 2.3.9

5. 2.3.10 Beams connected at different levels 2.3.10

6. 2.4.3 Double-sided with extended fin plate 2.4.3

2.4.4 Double-sided with extended fin plate for

7. 2.4.4
beams of different depths with haunch
2.4.5 Double-sided with extended fin plate for
8. 2.4.5
beams of different depths with connection plate

9. 2.4.10 End plate connections 2.4.10

10. 2.4.11 End plate connections 2.4.11

11. 2.5.1 Stiffened extended fin plate 2.5.1

2.6.1 Beam splice with a combination of

welding and bolting
12. 2.6.1
(Beam splice – A combination of welding to the top flange
and bolting to the web & bottom flange)
2.6.2 Beam splice with a combination of
welding and bolting
13. 2.6.2
(Beam splice – A combination of welding to the top &
bottom flanges with bolting to the web)
MZM
 23

(အဆက္အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ား)

2.3.6 Fin-plate connection bending about the

1. 2.3.6
major axis of column
2.3.7 Extended fin plate connection bending
2. 2.3.7
about the minor axis of the Column
2.3.8 Fin plate connection to circular hollow
3. 2.3.8
column
2.4.6 I-beams connecting to hollow section
4. 2.4.6
column with external ring plate
2.4.7 I-beams of different depths connecting to
5. 2.4.7
hollow section column with external ring plate
2.4.8 Beam-to-column connection bending
6. 2.4.8
about major axis of the column
2.4.9 Beam-to-column connection bending
7. 2.4.9
about minor axis of the column
8. 2.4.12 End plate connections 2.4.12
9. 2.4.13 End plate connections 2.4.13
10. 2.5.2/ 2.5.3/ 2.5.4 Stiffened extended fin plate 2.5.2/3/4

11. 2.5.5 Stiffened column web 2.5.5

12. 3.5.1 Embedded plate in RC column/wall 3.5.1
4.2.1 Beam to circular column connection using
13. 4.2.1
fin plate
4.2.2 Beam to rectangular column connection
14. 4.2.2
using fin plate
4.3.1 Beam to rectangular column connection
15. 4.3.1
using extended end plate
4.4.1 Narrow I beam to rectangular hollow
16. 4.4.1
column connection
4.5.1 I beam to circular column connection with
17. 4.5.1
beam stub pre-welded to column
18. 4.6.1 Using diaphragm plate 4.6.1
MZM
 24

(အဆက္အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ား)

1. 5.4.3 Gusset plate 5.4.3

2. 5.3.1 Single sided flare groove weld (Option 1) 5.3.1

3. 5.3.1 Double sided fillet weld (Option 2) 5.3.1

4. 5.4.1 Turn buckle and gusset plate 5.4.1

(အဆက္အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ား)

1. 3.4.1 L bolt 3.4.1

2. 3.4.2 Vertical holding down bolt 3.4.2

(အဆက္အမ်ဳိးအစားမ်ား)

7.2 Circular columns with different sizes

1. 7.2
Rectangular columns with different sizes

2. 7.3 Member transition 7.3

3. 7.4.1 Stiffeners in truss chord 7.4.1

4. 7.5 Composite connection 7.5

(၁၃) မ်ိဳး 2.3.5, 7.4.1 စသည္တို႔သည္

1 Beam-to-Beam Connections
2 Beam-to-Column Connections
3 Bracing Connections
4 Base Connections
5 Non-Standard Connections
သက္ဆုိင္ရာ Chapter အလုိက္
(၁၈) မ်ိဳး ခြဲျခားၿပီးေခၚေ၀ၚမႈသာ ျဖစ္သည္။
2 ဆုိသည္မွာ Chapter နံပါတ္
(၄) မ်ိဳး (၄၁) မ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ေနာက္မွ ဂဏန္းမ်ားမွာ
ေခါင္းစဥ္ခြဲ Sub-heading ကုိ
(၂) မ်ိဳး ကုိယ္စားျပဳထားသည္ကုိ သတိ
ခ်ပ္ရပါမည္။
(၄) မ်ိဳး

MZM
 25

1. 2.3.3 One-sided with extended fin plate

MZM
 26

2. 2.3.4 Double-sided with extended fin plate

MZM
 27

2.3.5 One-sided skewed connections

3.
with extended fin plate

MZM
 28

4. 2.3.9 Double fin plates connections

MZM
 29

5. 2.3.10 Beams connected at different levels

MZM
 30

6. 2.4.3 Double-sided with extended fin plate

MZM
 31

2.4.4 Double-sided with extended fin plate

7.
for beams of different depths with haunch

Example of transition to reduce stress concentration

MZM
 32

2.4.5 Double-sided with extended fin plate for

8. beams of different depths with connection plate

MZM
 33

9. 2.4.10 End plate connections

a
b

MZM
 34

10. 2.4.11 End plate connections

a
b

MZM
 35

11. 2.5.1 Stiffened extended fin plate

MZM
 36

2.6.1 Beam splice with a combination

12.
of welding and bolting

Beam splice – A combination of

welding to the top flange and bolting
to the web & bottom flange

MZM
 37

2.6.2 Beam splice with a combination

13.
of welding and bolting

Beam splice – A combination of

welding to the top & bottom flanges
with bolting to the web

MZM
 38

2.3.6 Fin-plate connection bending

1.
about the major axis of column

MZM
 39

2.3.7 Extended fin plate connection

2.
bending about the minor axis of the Column

MZM
 40

2.3.8 Fin plate connection to

3.
circular hollow column

MZM
 41

2.4.6 I-beams connecting to hollow section

4.
column with external ring plate

MZM
 42

2.4.7 I-beams of different depths

5. connecting to hollow section
column with external ring plate

MZM
 43

2.4.8 Beam-to-column connection bending

6.
about major axis of the column

MZM
 44

2.4.9 Beam-to-column connection bending

7.
about minor axis of the column

MZM
 45

8. 2.4.12 End plate connections

MZM
 46

9. 2.4.13 End plate connections

MZM
 47

10. 2.5.2/ 2.5.3/ 2.5.4 Stiffened extended fin plate

a) Stiffened extended fin-plates connecting to column in

the minor axis (Section a)
b) Stiffened extended fin-plates connecting to column in
the minor axis (Section b)
c) Stiffened extended fin-plates connecting to column in
the minor axis (Section c)

MZM
 48

10. 2.5.2/ 2.5.3/ 2.5.4 Stiffened extended fin plate

2.5.2
a

b 2.5.3

c 2.5.4

MZM
 49

11. 2.5.5 Stiffened column web

MZM
 50

12. 3.5.1 Embedded plate in RC column/wall

MZM
 51

4.2.1 Beam to circular column

13.
connection using fin plate

Checking – Punching shear resistance

MZM
 52

4.2.2 Beam to rectangular column

14.
connection using fin plate

MZM
 53

4.3.1 Beam to rectangular column

15.
connection using extended end plate
Extended endplates can be used to
connect I-beam to hollow steel column
to resist shear and moment.

Checking – Bolt group resistance

MZM
 54

4.4.1 Narrow I beam to rectangular

16.
hollow column connection
To avoid stiffening the flange of the
hollow steel connection due to local
buckling, a transition section, which
consists of tapered flange plates, may be
used to connect the UB section to the
square hollow section as shown in the
figure beside. The flange and web plate
thickness of the transition section should
match the plate thickness of the
respective UB section.

Checking – Moment resistance

MZM
 55

4.5.1 I beam to circular column connection

17.
with beam stub pre-welded to column
A good practice for steel construction is to adopt a
strategy to weld at the factory and bolt at the site.
For beam-to-column moment connections, one
way to achieve this good practice is to weld a
beam stub to the column in the factory and provide
a beam splice bolted connection as shown below.
This beam splice connection should have sufficient
length away from the column to install the top and
cover plates. If the diameter of column is very
much larger than the beam for this type of
connection, local effect needs to be checked and
local strengthening of the column using double
plate can be applied.

Distribution of Internal Forces

MZM
 56

18. 4.6.1 Using diaphragm plate

Diaphragm plates and web plates may be pre-

welded to the hollow section at the factory so
that bolted beam-splice can be installed at the
site. This is the preferred way to provide
moment connection of I beam to tubular
column. Sharpe corners of diaphragm plates
should be avoided as this will result in stress
concentration. As such type of connections is
moment resisting connection, hollow steel
column should be checked for unbalanced
forces especially for edge and corner columns.

CIDECT design guide 9

MZM
 57

1. 5.4.3 Gusset plate

Checking – Buckling resistance of gusset plate

MZM
 58

2. 5.3.1 Single sided flare groove weld

Option 1

MZM
 59

3. 5.3.1 Double sided fillet weld

Option 2

MZM
 60

4. 5.4.1 Turn buckle and gusset plate

5.4 Gusset plates to main members

As the intersection where the main members
and the gusset plates, the connection could be
quite congested. It is recommended to allow for
some load eccentricity for the ease of
fabrication and installation. Engineers should
design for the effect of load eccentricity by
referring to SCI P358 “Joint in Steel
Construction Simple Joints to Eurocode 3”
Section 8.

MZM
 61

1. 3.4.1 L bolt

Checking – Effective Area

MZM
 62

2. 3.4.2 Vertical holding down bolt

Distribution of forces at the

column base

MZM
 63

7.2 Circular columns with different sizes

1.
Rectangular columns with different sizes

Design axial force = 400kN

Larger column: RHS 350×350×12.5
Smaller column: RHS 200×200×10
Width of end plate: 𝑏𝑒𝑝 = 350𝑚𝑚
Thickness of end plate: 𝑡𝑒𝑝 = 25𝑚𝑚
Height of stiffener: ℎ𝑠 = 150𝑚𝑚
Thickness of stiffener: 𝑡𝑠 = 15𝑚𝑚

MZM
 64

2. 7.3 Member transition

MZM
 65

3. 7.4.1 Stiffeners in truss chord

Checking – Weld resistance

MZM
 66

4. 7.5 Composite connection

Double-sided beam-to-beam composite connection using fin plates and

contact plates

ဤျဖစ္စဥ္အတြက္ ေအာက္ေဖာ္ျပပါ ဒီဇုိင္းစစ္ေဆးမႈေပါင္း (၆) ခုအထိ ရွိပါသည္။

1. Moment resistance of connection

2. Bolt group of supported beam
3. Fin plate of supported beam
4. Shear resistance of supported beam’s web
5. Welds of fin plate
6. Shear and bearing resistance of supporting beam

MZM
8. GOOD PRACTICES FOR CONNECTIONS DESIGN
အဆက္ဒီဇုိင္းမ်ားအတြက္ ေကာင္းေသာ အေလ့အထမ်ား
 67

8.1 General (ေယဘုယ်အေၾကာင္းအရာ)

In practice, the design activity of a steel structure may involve both engineers and fabricators. Apart
from satisfying the architectural requirements, good connection designs prioritize safety, serviceability
and durability requirements with economy and feasibility of fabrication borne on mind. In order to
achieve buildable steel connections, that are fabricator and erector friendly, good communication
between engineer and fabricator is needed. Economic steel connection designs are not only derived
from less materials, but also time saving derived from easy site erection and minimization of
rectifications due to error-prone details. Good connections detailing has been proposed by various
regional design guides and committees in professional articles and resources on websites such as
www.steelconstruction.info. Some of the relevant recommendations suitable for local practices are
compiled in this chapter for readers’ easy reference.

8.2 Recommendations for cost-effective connection design

(ကုန္က်စရိတ္မွန္ကန္ထိေရာက္ေစသည့္ အဆက္ဒီဇုိင္းမ်ားအတြက္ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မ်ား)

This section provides some recommendations for cost-effective connections design that also could
reduce problems at the construction sites:

(1) For bolted splice connections, the width of the flange cover plate should be
different from that of the beam flange.
Provide at least 15mm difference on each side of the flange plate at the flange and
cover plate connection. If bolt holes misalign during the installation, the difference
between the cover plate and beam flange provides space for fillet welds to be placed
to compensate the missing bolts.
(2) Use oversized bolt holes in beam splice and brace connections.
For connections with slip-critical bolts, oversized bolt holes are often preferred over
standard bolt holes. Although oversized bolt holes have lower bolt capacity, they
provide more erection tolerance and reduce site problems. Typically, standard bolt
holes are used in main member while oversized bolt holes are used in detail material
such as gusset plate.
(3) Standardizing connections used on one project.
Types of connections on a project should be minimized to save fabrication time and
cost and reduce possible errors.
(4) Avoid using bolts with diameters close to each other.
A minimum difference between bolt sizes is needed to prevent uncertainty and
reduce site errors. If necessary, use a maximum of up to three sizes of bolts in each
project.
(5) Avoid using different grades of bolts with the same diameter.
(6) Bolted connections are preferred over field-welded connections.
For site-welded connections, qualified welder, welding platform and good welding
conditions are needed. Compared to site-welded connections, bolted connections
are less time consuming and relatively cheaper. It is a good practice to “weld at
factory” and “bolt at site”.
(7) Try to use fillet welds instead of penetration butt welds whenever it is possible.
Fillet welds are less expensive as base-metal preparation is not required. Moreover,
penetration butt welds require more weld metal and inspection.

MZM
 68
(8) Limit the maximum fillet weld size.
Smaller, longer welds are preferred over larger, shorter welds. The normal maximum
leg length that can be made in a single pass is 8mm.Therefore, if a 12mm fillet weld
is required, an 8mm deep penetration weld may be used instead as this can be
made in a single pass.
(9) Avoid overhead welding.
Overhead welding is challenging, costly and generally yields lower quality welds.
Welding positions are preferred to be flat and horizontal.
(10) Use full penetration butt welds only when necessary.
Full penetration butt welds cost more due to increased material preparation, testing
requirements, weld-metal volume and material distortion. Full penetration butt weld
is difficult for hollow steel sections as it requires backing bars.
(11) Avoid excessive connections.
Connections may be designed to actual load requirements instead of full capacity of
the members. Excessive connections may result in higher cost and over-welding
may damage the steel.
(12) Minimize weld volume for penetration butt welds.
The weld configuration with the least weld volume is most economical. For weld
configuration with double-sided preparation, the additional cost of material
preparation may offset the cost saving of less weld volume. For full penetration butt
welds, it is economical to prepare one side of plates with a thickness less than
25mm and to prepare both sides of plates with a thickness greater than or equal to
25mm.
(13) Minimizing the usage of slip-critical bolts
Slip-critical bolts are more expensive than bearing bolts due to additional installation,
inspection and faying surface preparation. Moreover, larger bolts are needed for
reduced bolt strength. If slip-critical bolts are needed, they must be clearly indicated
on shop drawing.
(14) Avoid using bolt with diameter greater than 30mm.
Bolts with diameter greater than 30mm are difficult to tighten and costly.
(15) Avoid slotted holes in plates thicker than the bolt diameter.
Slot holes in thick steel plates are hard to punch and must be flame-cut, which is
difficult and costly. Standard holes or oversized holes are preferred.
(16) Allow for site adjustment in one direction only for bolted connections.
If slotted holes are needed for a bolted connection for site adjustment, the
adjustment should be in only one direction.
(17) Cope or block beams instead of cutting flush and grinding smooth.
Cutting flush and grinding smooth is more expensive.
(18) For shear plate connection to hollow steel section columns, weld single-plate to
HS column instead of using through-plate connections.
Through plate shear connections are costly and more difficult to fabricate than
welding a fin plate to column.
(19) For beam to hollow steel section column moment connections, use direct
moment connections when possible.
Moment connections in which the beam flanges are welded directly to the face of the
hollow steel section column are the most economical moment connections to hollow
section column.
(20) Consider bolted hollow steel section brace connections.
Hollow steel section braces commonly are shown slotted and welded to the gusset
plate. To eliminate the need of site welding, the hollow steel section can be bolted to
the gusset plate using a welded tee end. MZM
 69
(21) For High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG), use thick nuts and long thread
length.
Thick nuts and long thread length provide ductility predominantly by plastic
elongation of the HSFG bolts. To prevent induced strain being localized, longer
thread length is necessary. Site control of overtightening during preloading is
important.
(22) For bolted splice connection, cover plates should enclose as much of the joint
area as possible.
It is a good practice to ensure the cover plates cover as much area as possible in a
splice connection to improve durability. Normally cover plates are provided on both
faces of the flange and the web. Pack plates may be used to when there are
differences between the thicknesses of web or flange plate on either side of the joint.
(23) Tapered cover plates may be used to increase the efficiency of the connection.
In highly loaded splice, the number of bolts at the first and the last rows of each bolt
group may be reduced to improve the stress flow from flange plate to cover plate.
(24) Avoid welding on members that are closely spaced or skew.
When members are closely spaced or skew, the space restriction will introduce
problems to the access of welding. The cost of inspection, repair and reinspection of
a defective weld will be much higher.
(25) Avoid over specifying the weld thickness.
Weld shrinkage may occur when there is distortion. It is important to minimize the
weld thickness as the bigger the weld, the more heat applied and more distortion.

8.3 Non-preferred steel connections (သုံးစြရဲ န္ သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

This section shows several connections that are not as productive as those connections showed in the design
guide. These connections should be avoided for practical reasons. Design engineer should work with steel
fabricator to decide which type of connections is more preferred considering site installation constraints.

BEAM TO BEAM SHEAR CONNECTION

PREFERRED CONNECTIONS NON-PREFERRED CONNECTION
(ပုိႏွစ္သက္ပုိေကာင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) (သုံးစြဲရန္သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

MZM
 70

BEAM TO BEAM SHEAR CONNECTION

PREFERRED CONNECTIONS NON-PREFERRED CONNECTION
(ပုိႏွစ္သက္ပုိေကာင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) (သုံးစြဲရန္သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

MZM
 71

BEAM TO BEAM moment CONNECTION

PREFERRED CONNECTIONS NON-PREFERRED CONNECTION
(ပုိႏွစ္သက္ပုိေကာင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) (သုံးစြဲရန္သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

BEAM TO column SHEAR CONNECTION

PREFERRED CONNECTIONS NON-PREFERRED CONNECTION
(ပုိႏွစ္သက္ပုိေကာင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) (သုံးစြဲရန္သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

MZM
 72

BEAM TO column moment CONNECTION

PREFERRED CONNECTIONS NON-PREFERRED CONNECTION
(ပုိႏွစ္သက္ပုိေကာင္းေသာ အဆက္မ်ား) (သုံးစြဲရန္သိပ္အားမေပးေသာ အဆက္မ်ား)

MZM
 73

Metal Supermarkets ဆုိသည္ကား ကေနဒီးယန္း ဖရန္ခ်ိဳက္ (Canadian franchise) တစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး

အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ သတၴဳမ်ားကုိ ပမာဏ အနည္းငယ္ (small quantity of metals) မွစကာ ေရာင္းခ်
ေပးႏုိင္ရန္ႏွင့္ ၀ယ္ယူသူမ်ား၏ လုိအပ္ေသာ အရြယ္အစားကုိ ျဖတ္ေတာက္ေရာင္းခ်ေပးႏုိင္ေသာ
ကုမၸဏီႀကီး တစ္ခုျဖစ္ေပသည္။ ၎တုိ႔သည္ ႏုိင္ငံတကာအထိေပါက္ေရာက္ၿပီး ရုံးခ်ဳပ္မွာ ကေနဒါႏုိင္ငံ
Ontario ရွိ Mississauga စီးတီးတြင္ရွိကာ ကုမၸဏီ၏ ဖရန္ခ်ိဳက္လုပ္ေဆာင္ေရာင္းခ်ခြင့္မ်ားကုိ
ကေနဒါတခြင္ႏွင့္ အေမရိက၊ အဂၤလန္တုိ႔တြင္ပါ တုိးခ်ဲ႕လုပ္ေဆာင္ေနၾကသည္။ လက္ရွိတြင္ Metal
Supermarkets မွာ ေနရာေပါင္း (၈၀) ေက်ာ္အထိပင္ ရွိေပသည္။

Mr. Jason Jackson သည္ Metal Supermarkets မွ Operations and Development Manager
ျဖစ္ၿပီး ၎တုိ႔၏ ကုန္ပစၥည္းမ်ား (Metals) မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ေဖာက္သည္မ်ားမွ မၾကာခဏ ေမးျမန္း
ၾကသည့္အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကုိ လြယ္ကူရွင္းလင္းစြာ သိသာျမင္သာေစရန္အတြက္ ၎တို႔၏ YouTube
Channel တြင္ ေျပာဆုိရွင္းျပထားပါသည္။ မူရင္းေျပာဆုိရွင္းလင္းခ်က္မ်ားကုိ YouTube မွၾကည့္ရႏ
ႈ ုိင္၏။
အဆုိပါ ရွင္းလင္းေျပာဆုိခ်က္မ်ားသည္ နည္းပညာဆုိင္ရာမ်ားကုိ သာမန္လူမ်ားပင္ လြယ္ကူရွင္းလင္းစြာ
နားလည္ႏုိင္ေစေသာေၾကာင့္ အလြန္ပင္တန္ဖုိးရွိလွၿပီး စာအုပ္ (pdf file အသြင္ သုိ႔မဟုတ္ print out
copy) အျဖစ္ သိမ္းထားဖတ္ရႈႏိင
ု ္ေအာင္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ျပန္လည္ စီစဥ္ေရးသားလုိက္ပါသည္။
ျပဳစုသူ

MZM
 74

❖ အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံ၏ သံႏွင့္ သံမဏိဆုိင္ရာ အဖြ႕ဲ အစည္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ေသာ AISI (American Iron and

Steel Institute) ၏သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္အရ Steel မ်ားကုိ အုပ္စု (၄) အား ၎တုိ႔၏ Chemical
Composition အရ ခြဲျခားထားပါသည္။
❖ ထုိအုပ္စုမ်ားအတြင္းတြင္ Steel မ်ားကုိ Physical, Chemical ႏွင့္ Environmental Properties အရ
ခြျဲ ခားထားႏုိင္ပါသည္။
❖ အထူးသျဖင့္ ေအာက္တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားေသာ အခ်က္မ်ား (Factors မ်ား) အရ ခြဲျခားသတ္မွတ္ပါသည္။

ခြဲျခားသတ္မွတ္ေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ား

➢ ေပါင္းစပ္ဖစ
ြဲ ည္းထားေသာ ပစၥည္းမ်ား၏ ပါ၀င္မႈ
➢ ထုတ္လုပ္ေသာ နည္းစနစ္၊ နည္းစဥ္
➢ အေခ်ာသတ္ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးေသာ နည္းစနစ္
➢ ပုံစံ (သု႔)ိ အသြင္သ႑ာန္
➢ ဒီေအာက္ဆီဒုိက္ေဆးရွင္း ျဖစ္စဥ္
➢ အတြင္းရွိ အႏုစိတ္တည္ေဆာက္ထားရွိမႈပုံစံ
➢ ရုပ္ပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာ ေတာင့္တင္းမႈ
➢ အပူေပး၍ ရႏုိင္မႈ စသည္တုိ႔ အေပၚတြင္ အေျခခံကာ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါသည္။

Steel Industry တြင္ အဓိက နံပါတ္ေပးစနစ္ (၂) ခုကုိ သုံးပါသည္။

ပထမမွာ AISI က develop လုပ္ေသာ နည္းျဖစ္ၿပီး၊
ဒုတိယမွာ SAE (Society for Automotive Engineers) မွ ေပးေသာနည္းစနစ္တုိ႔ ျဖစ္သည္။
၎တုိ႔ (၂) မ်ိဳးစလုံးသည္ 4-digit number code (ဂဏန္းေလးလုံးအမည္ေပးစနစ္) ကုိ အသုံးျပဳၾက၏။
base carbon ႏွင့္ alloy steel ကုိ မူတည္ကာ ခြဲျခားသတ္မွတ္ၾကျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။

MZM
 75

ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ 1018 ဆုိေသာ ကုဒ္ကုိ ၾကည့္မည္။

ပထမဆုံး digit သည္ 1 ျဖစ္လွ်င္ ထုိအရာသည္ Carbon Steel
ျဖစ္သည္။

ေနာက္ထပ္ digit သည္ Sub-category ေနာက္ထပ္

ေရာပါေသာ ပစၥည္းကုိ ေဖာ္ျပျခင္းျဖစ္ၿပီး particular underlying
properties ကုိ အေျခခံ၍ ေပးထားျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
ဥပမာကုိ ေအာက္တြင္ ၾကည့္ပါ။

the tenth series

the eleventh series

the twelfth series

the fifteenth series

AISI ႏွင့္ SAE system မ်ားေအာက္ရွိ က်န္ရွိေသာ Alloy Steel မ်ားမွာ-

ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ စီးရီးထဲမွ
ဒုတိယဂဏန္းမွာ အဓိကျဒပ္စင္၏
concentration ကုိ percentile
အားျဖင့္ ေဖာ္ျပေပးပါသည္။
ေနာက္ဆုံးဂဏန္း (၂) လုံးမွာ
carbon concentration ကုိ
0.01% အထိ ေဖာ္ျပပါသည္။

4140 ဆုိသည္မွာ Molybdenum Alloy Steel ကုိ

ေဖာ္ညႊန္းၿပီး 1% Molybdenum ပါ၀င္၍၊ 0.40%
Carbon ပါ၀င္ျခင္းကုိ ရည္ညန
ြ ္းပါသည္။
ဆက္လက္ၿပီး Four Types of Steel ကုိ အေသးစိတ္
ေလ့လာၾကမည္။

MZM
 76

Steel အမ်ုဳိးအစား (၄) မ်ဳိးကုိ အလြယ္တကူမွတ္မိေစႏုိင္ေသာ နည္းလမ္းမွာ Steel အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားတုိ႔၏

ေရွ႕မွစာလုံးမ်ားကုိ အတုိေကာက္ယူထားေသာ စာလုံးျဖစ္သည့္ C.A.S.T ျဖင့္ မွတ္သားႏုိင္ပါသည္။

Carbon Steel အား ကာဗြန္ပါ၀င္မႈအရ အမ်ဳိးအစား (၃) မ်ဳိးခြဲျခားထားႏုိင္ပါသည္။

Low Carbon Steel

Low Carbon Steel သည္ ကာဗြန္စတီးမ်ားတြင္ အႀကီးမားဆုံး အုပ္စုထဲမွ တစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး ၎တုိ႔တြင္
bars, tubes, sheets မ်ားႏွင့္ structural beams စေသာ shape မ်ား ပါ၀င္ေပသည္။

Carbon Content (ကာဗြန္ပါ၀င္မႈ) ----- 0.04% မွ 0.3% အထိ

Medium Carbon Steel

Carbon Content (ကာဗြန္ပါ၀င္မႈ) ----- 0.31% မွ 0.6% အထိ

Manganese Content (မန္ဂနိပါ၀င္မႈ) ----- 0.06% မွ 1.65% အထိ

မန္ဂနိပါ၀င္မႈေၾကာင့္ Low Carbon Steel ထက္ ပုိမုိေတာင့္တင္းလာေစေသာ္လည္း ပုံစံသြင္းရန္၊ ၀ရိန္

ေဆာ္ရန္ႏွင့္ ျဖတ္ေတာက္ရန္ ခက္ခဲပါသည္။ Medium Carbon Steel မ်ားကုိ မၾကာခဏ hardened
and tempered ျပဳလုပ္ၾကသည္။

High Carbon Steel

၎ကုိ Carbon Tool Steel ဟုလည္း လူသိမ်ားသည္။ ျဖတ္ရန္၊ ေကြးရန္၊ ၀ရိန္ေဆာ္ရန္ ခက္ခဲသည္။
အပူေပးလုိက္ပါက အလြန္မာေက်ာလာၿပီး၊ က်ဳိးလြယ္ကာ ကၽြတ္ဆတ္လာမည္။

Carbon Content (ကာဗြန္ပါ၀င္မႈ) ----- 0.61% မွ 1.5% အထိ

MZM
 77

Alloy Steel သည္ ကာဗြန္စတီးအား တစ္ခု (သုိ႔) တစ္ခုထက္ပုိေသာ သတၴဳစပ္ျဒပ္စင္ (Alloying

Element) တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေပါင္းစပ္ထားျခင္းျဖင့္ ရရွိပါသည္။
Element (ျဒပ္စင္) မ်ားအား အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာအခ်ိဳးအဆျဖင့္ ေပါင္းစပ္ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ Steel ၏ မတူညီေသာ
ဂုဏ္သတိၲမ်ားကုိ ျဖစ္ေပၚရရွိေစသည္။
လုိခ်င္ေသာ ဂုဏ္ျဒပ္ (၃) မိ်ဳးတုိ႔သည္ကား
❖ Hardness (မာေက်ာမႈ)
❖ Corrosion Resistance (သံေခ်းတက္ျခင္းစားျခင္းကုိ ခုခႏ
ံ င
ို မ
္ ႈ)
❖ Retention of Hardness and Strength (မာေက်ာမႈႏွင့္ အင္အားကုိ ထိန္းသိမ္းထားႏုိင္မႈ)
စသည္တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ပါ၏။
ထုိ ဂုဏ္သတၲိမ်ားရေအာင္ ျပဳလုပ္ေပါင္းစပ္ရေသာ Alloying Elements အခ်ိဳ႕မွာ

Chromium (ခရုိမီယမ္) - adds hardness, increased toughness and wear resistance.

Cobalt (ကုိေဘာ့) - improves hot hardness for applications such as cutting

tools.

Manganese (မန္ဂနိစ္) - increases surface hardness and resistance to strain,

hammering and shock.

Molybdenum (မုိလစ္ဒီနမ္) - increases strength and resistance to shock and heat.

Nickel (နစ္ကယ္) - increases strength, toughness and corrosion resistance.

Tungsten (တန္စတင္) - adds hardness and improves grain structure and heat
resistance.

Vanadium (ဗန္ေနဒီယမ္) - increases strength, toughness, and resistance to shock and

corrosion.

Chromium-Vanadium (ခရုိမီယမ္-ဗန္ေနဒီယမ္) - greatly improves tensile strength while

remaining easy to bend and cut.

Cobalt

Manganese Vanadium

Molybdenum Nickel

Chromium-
Tungsten Vanadium
MZM
 78
အသုံးမ်ားေသာ Alloy Steel ၏ Grade မ်ားႏွင့္ ဂုဏ္သတိၲမ်ားမွာ-

(ခရုိမီယမ္-
မုိလစ္ဒီနမ္)

(နစ္ကယ္-
ခရုိမီယမ္-
မုိလစ္ဒီနမ္)

(ခရုိမီယမ္-
ဗန္ေနဒီယမ္)

(နစ္ကယ္-
ခရုိမီယမ္-
မုိလစ္ဒီနမ္)

MZM
 79

Stainlees Steel တြင္ ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ Chromium (ခရုိမီယမ္) 10% မွ 20% အထိပါ၀င္သည္။

၎ Chromium သည္ Stainless Steel တြင္ အဓိက alloying element ျဖစ္ၿပီး Stainless Steel အား
သံေခ်းတက္ျခင္းစားျခင္းခုခံမႈ (corrosion resistance) ကုိ ျမင့္မားစြာ ရရွိေစပါသည္။
အမွန္တကယ္အားျဖင့္ Stainless Steel သည္ Mild Steel ထက္ အဆေပါင္း ၂၀၀ မွ် corrosion
resistance ရွိပါသည္။

Stainless Steel အုပ္စု (၅) မ်ိဳးမွာ

Austenitic Steel
Austenitic Steel တုိ႔သည္ ကမ႓ာ႔ စတိန္းလက္စတီးေစ်းကြက္၏ အႀကီးမားဆုံးေသာ အပုိင္းအျဖစ္
တည္ရွိေနၾကၿပီး၊ ၎တုိ႔အား
Food Processing Equipment (အစားအစာသုိေလွာင္ထိန္းသိမ္းေသာ ပစၥည္းမ်ား)၊
Kitchen Utensils (မီးဖုိေခ်ာင္သုံး အသုံးအေဆာင္ပစၥည္းမ်ား) ႏွင့္
Medical Equipment (ေဆးရုံေဆး၀ါးသုံးပစၥည္းမ်ား) အျပင္ အျခားေသာ အသုံးအေဆာင္မ်ားအျဖစ္
က်ယ္ျပန္႔စြာ သုံးစြဲလာၾကေပသည္။

၀ရိန္ေဆာ္ႏုိ္င္သည္

သံမလုိက္ေပ

အပူေပးအသုံးမျပဳႏုိင္

MZM
 80

Austenitic Steel ကုိ ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ အုပ္စု (၃) ခု ခြဲျခားႏုိင္သည္။

300 Series • Common Chromium Nickel

200 Series • Manganese-Chromium-Nickel-Nitrogen

Specialty Alloys

Ferritic Steel
Ferritic Steel တြင္ nickel အနည္းငယ္မွ်ပါ၀င္၏။
ပါ၀င္မႈမာွ Chromium 12% မွ 17% အၾကား၊ Carbon 0.1% ထက္ေလ်ာ့နည္းေသာ ပမာဏႏွင့္
အျခားေသာ alloying element မ်ားျဖစ္ေသာ molybdenum, aluminum (သုိ႔) titanium မ်ားပါ၀င္၏။

ေကာင္းစြာ နန္းဆြခ
ဲ ံႏုိင္မႈ

ပုံစံသြင္းႏုိင္မႈ

Austenitic Grades
မ်ားထက္စာလွ်င္
ညံ့ေသာအပူခံႏုိင္စြမ္းအား

Ferritic Steel မ်ားသည္ သံလုိက္ႏုိင္ၿပီး၊ အပူေပး၍မရႏုိင္ေသာ steel မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ အျခားေသာ

စတီးမ်ားထက္စာလွ်င္ ကုန္က်စရိတ္သက္သာပါသည္။

Ferritic Steel ၏ Grade မ်ားမွာ-

MZM
 81

Martensitic Steel
Martensitic Steel မ်ားတြင္ 11% မွ 17% အၾကား Chromium ပါ၀င္သည္။ Nickel မွာ 0.4% ထက္
နည္းၿပီး၊ Carbon မွာ 1.2% အထိ ပါ၀င္သည္။ အပူေပးႏုိင္ေသာ ကာဗြန္ပါ၀င္မႈမ်ားသည့္ ဤ steel
အမ်ိဳးအစားသည္ ပုံစံသြင္းျခင္းႏွင့္ ၀ရိန္ေဆာ္ျခင္းကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ပါသည္။
အျခားေသာ အသုံး၀င္သည့္ ဂုဏ္သတၲိမ်ားကုိ ျပည့္၀စြာရရွိေစရန္ႏွင့္ ကြအ
ဲ က္ျခင္းကုိ ကာကြယ္ရန္
preheating ႏွင့္ post weld treatment လုိအပ္ပါသည္။

Martensitic Steel ၏ Grade မ်ားမွာ-

အသုံးခ်ေသာေနရာႏွင့္ ပစၥည္းမ်ားမွာ

သြားဖက္ဆုိင္ရာသုံးႏွင့္
ခြဲစိတ္ခန္းသုံး ကိရိယာမ်ား

ဓားမ်ား

အျခားေသာ ျဖတ္သည့္
အသုံးကိရိယာမ်ား

MZM
 82

Duplex Steel
Duplex Steel တြင္ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ 20% မွ 25% Chromium ႏွင့္ 5% Nickel တုိ႔ပါ၀င္ၿပီး၊ Molybdenum
ႏွင့္ Nitrogen တုိ႔လည္း ပါ၀င္ေသးသည္။

Duplex စတီးတြင္ ေအာက္ပါအရည္အေသြးမ်ားကုိ ပုိင္ဆုိင္၏။

အသုံးခ်ေသာေနရာႏွင့္ ပစၥည္းမ်ားမွာ

ဓာတုေဗဒပစၥည္းစက္ရုံမ်ား

ပုိက္လုိင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား

Precipitation Hardening Steel

Chromium Nickel Stainless Steel ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ Aluminum, Copper (သုိ႔) Titanium သုိ႔ေသာ Alloy
Element မ်ား ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။

MZM
 83

Tool Steel ကုိ အုပ္စု (၆) ခု ခြဲျခားႏုိင္ပါသည္။

1 4

2 5

3 6

AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) ႏွင့္ SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) System
မ်ားအရ Tool Steel ၏ Grades မ်ားကုိ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း Letter Codes မ်ားျဖင့္ ခြဲျခားၾကသည္။

W Water Hardening ဤ grade သည္ Plain High Carbon Steel ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အပူေပး
ထားေသာ စတီးအား ေရျဖင့္ အျမန္ျဖန္းပက္ထားသည့္ စတီးျဖစ္၏။
၎တြင္ Vanadium ထည့္ေပါင္းထားျခင္းျဖင့္ toughness ကုိ ပုိမုိ
တုိးလာေစသည္။

O Cold Worked Cold worked steel ျဖစ္ၿပီး ဆီျဖင့္ မာေက်ာေစေသာ စတီးျဖစ္၏။

Oil Hardened

A Cold Worked Cold worked steel ျဖစ္ၿပီး ေလျဖင့္ မာေက်ာေစေသာ စတီးျဖစ္၏။

Air Hardened

D Cold Worked Cold worked steel ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ျမင့္မားေသာ ကာဗြန္ႏွင့္ ခရုိမီယမ္

High Carbon and ပါ၀င္သည္။
Hight Chromium

ထုိ Cold work grades မ်ားတြင္ ပုမ

ံ န
ွ အ
္ ားျဖင့္ ပ်မ္းမွ်မာေက်ာပ်ဥ္းတြမ
ဲ ႈ (average toughness) ရွိသည့္
high hardenability ႏွင့္ wear resistance မ်ား ရွိၾကသည္။

Oil ႏွင့္ Air Hardening Grade ႏွစ္ခုစလုံးသည္ လ်င္ျမန္စာြ ေသာ water quenching ေၾကာင့္ သတၴဳပုံစံ
ယြဲ႕ျခင္းယုိင္ျခင္း (distortion) ကုိ ေလ်ာ့ပါးေလ်ာ့နည္းေစသည္။ ကြဲအက္မႈကုိလည္း နည္းပါးေစသည္။

D Grades အတန္းအစားတြင္ ခန္႔မန

ွ း္ 10% မွ 13% chromium ပါ၀င္သည္။ အပူခ်ိန္တုိးလာမႈမ်ားရွိက
၎၏ မာေက်ာမႈကုိ ထိန္းထားႏုိင္သည္။
MZM

S Shock Resisting
H Hot Working
M High Speed
(Molybdenum)
T High Speed
(Tungsten)
ဤ High Speed Grades မ်ားကုိ ျမင့္မားေသာ အပူခ်ိန္တြင္ strength ႏွင့္ hardness ၾကာရွည္စြာရွိမည့္
ျဖတ္ေတာက္ေသာ ပစၥည္းကိရိယာမ်ား (cutting tool) အျဖစ္သုံးၾကသည္။
P Plastic Mold Steel
L Special Purpose
F Special Purpose
84
Shock resisting steel မ်ားသည္ အပူခ်ိန္အနိမ့္တြင္ျဖစ္ေစ၊
အျမင့္တြင္ျဖစ္ေစ ရုတ္တရက္ျပင္းစြာ ရုိက္ခတ္မႈမ်ားကုိ ခံႏုိင္ရန္
ဒီဇုိင္းလုပ္ထားပါသည္။
၎တုိ႔သည္ high impact toughness ရွိၾကေသာ္လည္း၊
ပြတ္တုိက္ခံႏုိင္စမ
ြ ္းအား (abrasion resistance) မွာေတာ့ နည္းပါး
ၾကသည္။
Hot Working Steel ကုိ Grade Number မ်ားအရ ခဲြျခားႏုိင္သည္။
Grade H1 - H19: Chromium Based (ခရုိမီယမ္အေျခခံ)
Grade H20 - H39: Tungsten Based (တန္စတင္အျခခံ)
Grade H40 - H59: Molybdenum Based (မုိလစ္ဒီနမ္အေျခခံ)
ဤ စတီးမ်ားကုိ strength ႏွင့္ hardness ထိန္းသိမ္းႏုိင္ေစရန္
ဖြ႕ံ ျဖိဳးတုိးတက္ေအာင္ ထုတ္လုပ္ထားျခင္းျဖစ္ၿပီး ၾကာရွည္စြာ
အပူခ်ိန္ တက္လာမႈကုိ ခံႏင
ို ေ
္ စရန္ျဖစ္သည္။
Molybdenum Based Steel မုိလစ္ဒီနမ္ အေျခခံေသာစတီး ျဖစ္၏။
Tungsten Based Steel တန္စတင္ အေျခခံေသာစတီး ျဖစ္၏။
၎တုိ႔ကုိ zinc die casting လုိအပ္ခ်က္၊ plastic injection
molding dies မ်ား၏ အထူးလုိအပ္ခ်က္တုိ႔ႏင
ွ ့္အညီ ဒီဇုိင္းျပဳ
ထုတ္လုပ္ထားပါသည္။
Low Alloy Special Purpose Steel မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။
Carbon/ Tungsten အေျခခံ Special Purpose Steel မ်ား ျဖစ္
ၾကၿပီး Water Hardenable ျဖစ္ရန္ႏွင့္ 'W' အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားထက္
wear resistance ပုရ
ိ ေစရန္ ထုတ္လုပ္ထားပါသည္။
MZM
 85

ဤအပုိင္းတြင္ Ferrous Metal ႏွင့္ Non-Ferrous Metal တို႔ ကြာျခားပုံကုိ ဆက္လက္တင္ဆက္ပါမည္။

Ferrous Metal တြင္ သံ (Iron) ပါ၀င္ၿပီး၊ Non-Ferrous Metal တြင္ သံ (Iron) မပါ၀င္ပါ။

သံပါ၀င္ေသာ သတၴဳမ်ား

Ferrous Metal သည္ BC 1200 ခန္႔ကတည္းက စတင္ေပၚေပါက္လာခဲ့သည္။

သံထုတ္လုပ္မႈ (Iron Production) သည္ သံေခတ္ (Iron Age) တြင္ ပုိမုိအသုံးမ်ားလာၾကသည္။

အသုံးမ်ားေသာ Ferrous Metals မ်ား

ဤသတၴဳမ်ားတြင္ Tensile Strength (ဆန္႔တင္းႏုိင္ေသာအား) ႏွင့္ Durability (ၾကာရွည္ခံႏုိင္စြမး္ ) ကုိ

ပုိင္ဆုိင္ၾကေသာ္လည္း သံေခ်းတက္ျခင္းကုိေတာ့ အကာအကြယ္မ့ဲ (vulnerable to rust) ၾကပါသည္။
❖ ခၽြင္းခ်က္ ႏွစ္ခုအေနျဖင့္-
Wrought Iron ႏွင့္ Stainless Steel တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။
Ferrous Metals အမ်ားစုမွာ သံလုိက္ႏုိင္ၿပီးေမာ္တာႏွင့္ လွ်ပ္စစ္ပစၥည္းမ်ားတြင္ အသုံး၀င္ေပသည္။

Wrought Iron
Wrought iron is an alloy with so little carbon content it’s almost pure iron. During the
manufacturing process, some slag is added which gives wrought iron excellent resistance
to corrosion and oxidation, however, it is low in hardness and fatigue strength. Wrought
iron is used for fencing and railings, agricultural implements, nails, barbed wire, chains,
and various ornaments.
Cast Iron
Cast iron is an alloy made from iron, carbon, and silicon. Cast iron is brittle and hard and
resistant to wear. It’s used in water pipes, machine tools, automobile engines and stoves.

Cast iron ႏွင့္ Wrought iron ကြာျခားမႈ

Cast iron – is the iron that should make melt and pour into a mold and make it cool.
Wrought iron – is the iron that has to be heated first and then work with tools.
MZM
 86

ေဖာ္ျပပါပုံမ်ားကုိ ၾကည့္ရႈျခင္းျဖင့္ Ferrous Metals

ႏွင့္ Non-Ferrous Metals မ်ား၊ Cast Iron ႏွင့္
Wrought Iron မ်ားကုိ လြယ္ကူစြာ ခြဲျခားနားလည္
သိရွိႏုိင္ေပမည္။

Cast Iron
ႏွင့္
Wrought
Iron

MZM
 87

သံမပါ၀င္ေသာ သတၴဳမ်ား

အသုံးမ်ားေသာ Ferrous Metals မ်ား

အလူမီနမ္
ေၾကးနီ
ခဲ
သြပ္
သံျဖဴ
ေရႊ ႏွင့္ ေငြ

❖ ၎တုိ႔ Ferrous Metal ထက္သာေသာအခ်က္မွာ Melleability (သတၴဳေပ်ာင္းႏြဲ႕မႈဂုဏ္သတၲိ)

ျဖစ္သည္။
❖ သံမပါ၀င္မႈ (No iron content) ရွိသည္ဆုိေသာ အခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ ၎တုိ႔တြင္ Corrosion Resistance
(သံေခ်းတက္ျခင္းစားျခင္းကုိ ခုခႏ
ံ င
ို မ
္ ႈ) ျမင္းမားျခင္း ရွိၾကေပသည္။
❖ Ferrous Metals မ်ားႏွင့္ မတူသည့္ အခ်က္မွာ ထုိ Non-Ferrous Metals မ်ားသည္ သံမလုိက္ေပ။
❖ ဤအခ်က္သည္ electronics ႏွင့္ ၀ါယာႀကိဳးမ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္ အေရးပါေပသည္။

Stainless Steel ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ၿပီး လူအခ်ိဳ႕အေတြးမွားၾကသည္မွာ Stainless Steel ကုိ ၎၏

Corrosion Resistance (သံေခ်းတက္ျခင္းစားျခင္းကုိ ခုခႏ
ံ င
ို မ
္ ႈ) ေၾကာင့္ Non-Ferrous Metal ဟု
ထင္မွတ္ၾကေပသည္။ သုိ႔ေသာ္ ၎မွာ Ferrous Metal ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။

MZM
 88

Structural Steel သည္ အေရးပါအရာေရာက္ေသာ တည္ေဆာက္မႈဆုိင္ရာ ပစၥည္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အဓိက

ပုံသ႑ာန္ (Shape) သုံးမ်ိဴး ပါ၀င္သည္။ ၎တို႔မွာ Angle, Channel ႏွင့္ Beam တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။
၎တုိ႔တစ္ခုစီတြင္
➢ ကုိယ္စီဆုိင္ရာ ျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံ (Unique Cross Section)
➢ စက္မႈပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာ ဂုဏ္သတၲိမ်ား (Mechanical Properties) ႏွင့္
➢ တုိင္းတာရန္ နည္းလမ္း (Specific Way to Measure it) တုိ႔ အသီးသီးရွိၾကေပသည္။

❖ Structural Angle သည္ Hot Rolled Product တစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ Steel အား ရုိလာအတြဲမ်ား (Series of
Rollers) ႏွင့္ လွိမ့္ျခင္းအားျဖင့္ ရရွိေစကာ အေခ်ာသတ္ၿပီး L ပုံစံျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံ (Finished L-Shaped
Cross Section) ကုိ ပုေ
ံ ဖာ္ရရွေ
ိ စပါသည္။
❖ Structural Angle ၏ ေထာင့္မွန္က် အပုိင္းႏွစ္ခုအား Legs ဟုေခၚသည္။
❖ ၎တုိ႔၏အလ်ားမွာ တူညီေနႏုိင္ၿပီး ထုိပုံစံကုိ Equal Legged Angles ဟု ေခၚ၍ အလ်ားမတူညီ
ခဲ့လွ်င္ ထုိပုံစံကုိ Unequal Legged Angles ဟု ေခၚၾကသည္။

Fillet

လုံးေသာ အတြင္းဖက္မွ ေထာင့္ေနရာအား (Fillet) ဟု ေခၚၿပီး၊ ၎ Fillet ၏ အခ်က္း၀က္ကုိ Fillet

radius ဟု ေခၚဆုိသည္။
Fillet radius ၏ အရြယ္အစားအား အၿမဲတမ္းေပးထား ေဖာ္ျပထားမည္ေတာ့ မဟုတ္ပါ။
ဆက္လက္ၿပီး Angle မ်ားကုိ တုိင္းတာေခၚဆုိသည့္ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားကုိ ေလ့လာမွတ္သားၾကမည္။

MZM
 89
Steel Angles မ်ားကုိ Dimension (၃) ခုျဖင့္ တုိင္းတာေခၚဆုိႏုိင္သည္။
Leg တစ္ခုစီ၏အလ်ားႏွင့္ Leg ၏ အထူ တုိ႔ျဖစ္သည္။ Unequal Legged Angle မ်ားအတြက္
ပုမ
ိ ရ
ို ည
ွ ္ေသာ အလ်ားကုိ အရင္ဆုံးေခၚရေပမည္။

ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ 1.5" x 1.5" x 3/16" Angle ကုိ တုိင္းတာၾကည့္ပုံ (ေအာက္မွပုံမ်ား)

အနားတစ္ဖက္ အျခားအနားတစ္ဖက္

အထူအားတုိင္းတာျခင္း

Typical Application of Structural Angles (Angles မ်ားအား အသုံးျပဳေသာေနရာမ်ား

on many
4 products

MZM
 90

▪ Structural Beam မ်ားကုိ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ၎တို႔၏ Cross-section (ျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံ) ပုံစံအေန

အထားေၾကာင့္) I-Beam (သို႔) H-Beam အျဖစ္ညႊန္းဆုိၾကသည္။
▪ Beam မ်ားတြင္ အဆုိပါ beam ၏ ျပားေသာ၊ ေရျပင္ညီအတုိင္းတည္ရွိေသာ ျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံရွိသည့္
Flange (ေဒါင္သား) ႏွစ္ခု ပါရွိပါသည္။
▪ Web (ဗုိက္သား) ဆုိသည္မွာကား ထုိ Flange (ေဒါင္သား) ႏွစ္ခုကုိ ဆက္သြယ္ထားေသာ ေဒါင္လုိက္
အပုိင္း (Vertical Portion) ျဖစ္သည္။
▪ Structural Angle မ်ားကဲ့သုိ႔ပင္ Beam တြင္ Fillet (အခ်ဳိင့္ေကြး) ပါရွိသည္။ ၎တုိ႔သည္ ေကြးေသာ
ေထာင့္မ်ား (curved angles) မ်ားျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ web အား flange ႏွင့္ ဆက္သြယ္ေပးထားသည္။

Flanges (ေဒါင္သား) Web (ဗုိက္သား) Fillet (အခ်ဳိင့္ေထာင့္ေကြး)

▪ ပုိက်ယ္ေသာေဒါင္သား (wider flange) ရွိေသာ beam အခ်ဳိ႕အား 'W' Beam ဟုရည္ညႊန္းၾကသည္။

❖ Beam မ်ားကုိ ပုမ

ံ န
ွ အ
္ ားျဖင့္ တည္ေဆာက္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ Structural Support
အျဖစ္အသုံးျပဳ၏။
❖ Web (ဗုိက္သား) သည္ က်ိဳးပဲ့ျခင္းႏွင့္ ၿပိဳလဲက်ျခင္း (breaking and collapsing) ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ Shear
Forces မ်ားကုိ ခုခႏ
ံ င
ို ရ
္ န္ ေထာက္ပ့ံေပးထားသည္။
❖ Flanges (ေဒါင္သားမ်ား) မွာေတာ့ Bending Moments မ်ာကုိ ခုခံေပးသည္။

Beam မ်ားကုိ Structural Applications အျဖစ္အသုံးခ်မည္ဆုိပါက၊ သက္ေရာက္၀န္အားကုိ

ေထာက္ကန္ေပးရမည့္ အဆုိပါ Beam ၏ အရြယ္အစား (size) ကုိ သတ္မွတ္ဆုံးျဖတ္ေပးႏုိင္ေသာ
ေလ့က်င့္ထားသည့္ Professional တစ္ေယာက္ရွိရန္ အေရးႀကီးေပသည္။

MZM
 91
Beam မ်ားအား ခြဲျခားသတ္မွတ္ရန္ အေရးပါေသာ အတုိင္းအတာမ်ားမွာ-
➢ Depth - Beam ၏ထိပ္မွ ေအာက္ျခအထိ အကြအေ၀း
➢ Flange Width - ေရျပင္ညီ ေဒါင္သား (Horizontal Flange) ၏ အလ်ား
➢ Flange Thickness - ေဒါင္သား၏ အထူ
➢ Web Thickness - ေဒါင္လုိက္တည္ရွိေနေသာ ဗုိက္သား၏ အထူ စသည္တုိ႔ ျဖစ္သည္။

ေျမာက္အေမရိကတြင္ steel beam မ်ားကုိ depth အား လက္မ (inch) ျဖင့္ ေဖာ္ျပၿပီး၊ အေလးခ်ိန္ကုိ
lb/ft (pounds per foot) တစ္ေပတြင္ ေလးေသာ အေလးခ်ိန္ေပါင္ ျဖင့္ ပုမ
ံ န
ွ အ
္ ားျဖင့္ ေဖာ္ျပၾကသည္။
ဥပမာအားျဖင့္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ beam မွာ Flange Width 8" (ေဒါင္သား ၈ လက္မ) ရွိေသာ
beam တစ္ခုဆုိပါလွ်င္၊ Metal Reference Guide ကုိ အသုံးျပဳျခင္းႏွင့္ အတုိင္းအတာ
သုံးမ်ဳိးတုိ႔ကုိ တုိင္းတာ ၾကည့္ျခင္းအားျဖင့္ ေအာက္ေဖာ္ျပပါ ဇယားအတုိင္း ရရွိသိရွိေပလိမ့္မည္။

8"

ကၽြန္ေတာ္တ႔က
ုိ အဆုိပါ beam အား W8x35 beam ဟု ဆုံးျဖတ္ႏုိင္သည္။

Beam အား အျခားေသာ တုိင္းတာေခၚဆုိၾကပုံ

UK (ယူႏုိက္တက္ကင္းဒန္း) တြင္ရွိေသာ ကြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ မိတ္ေဆြမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ေတာ့ beams မ်ားကုိ

Metric အတုိင္းအတာအတုိင္း အသုံးျပဳလ်က္ ကြျဲ ပားစြာ တုိင္းတာေျပာဆုိၾကပါသည္။
ထုိသုိ႔တုိင္းတာရာတြင္ beam တုိ႔အား Depth, Flange Width ႏွင့္ the weight in kilograms per
meter စသည္တုိ႔ ပါ၀င္ေသာ နည္းလမ္းတစ္ခုျဖင့္ တုိင္းတာၾကသည့္အျပင္ အဆုိပါ beam သည္ UB
(Universal Beam) လား၊ UC (Column Beam) လား စသည္ကုိ ခြဲျခား ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားၾကသည္။

MZM
 92

ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ UK တြင္ အဆုိပါ beam အား 203mm x 203mm x 46kg ဟု ေခၚေ၀ၚၾကေပသည္။

MZM
 93

Structural Steel Channels မ်ားကုိ C-channels

ဟုလည္း သိထားၾကၿပီး၊ ၎သည္ C-shaped
ျဖတ္ပုိင္းပုံႏင
ွ ့္ hot rolled product တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
Channle တြင္ Web တစ္ခုျဖင့္ ဆက္သြယ္ထားေသာ
Leg ႏွစခ
္ ု ပါ၀င္ပါသည္။

Channel ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး သိထားရမည့္ ေ၀ါဟာရမ်ားမွာ-

Leg ၏ ထိပ္တစ္ခုမွ
အျခား Leg တစ္ခု၏ Leg ၏ အထူ
အေျခဆီသ႔ုိ အကြာအေ၀း

Leg ၏ အျမင့္ Web ၏ အထူ

Angle ႏွင့္ Beam မ်ားကဲ့သုိ႔ပင္ Channels

Fillet
မ်ားတြင္လည္း Web အား Leg မွလာ၍
ထိကပ္ဆက္စပ္ေသာ အတြင္း ေနရာတြင္ Fillet
(အခ်ိဳင့္ေထာင့္ေကြး) ေလးတစ္ခု ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေပသည္။
သု႔ေ
ိ သာ္လည္း fillet ၏ အခ်င္း၀က္ (radius) ကုိ
ေတာ့ အၿမဲတေစ ေပးထားမည္ မဟုတ္ပါ။

MZM

Steel Channels မ်ားကုိ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း အုပ္စုခြဲျခား ၾကည့္ႏုိင္ပါသည္။
Structural Channels
Ship & Car Channels
Stair Stringer Channels
Bar Channels
94
- အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ တည္ေဆာက္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ကုန္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ
လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ အသုံးျပဳၾကသည္။
- ေရေၾကာင္းသြားသေဘၤာမ်ားႏွငေ
့္ မာ္ေတာ္ကားမ်ား တည္ေဆာက္
ရာတြင္ အသုံးျပဳရန္ထုတ္လုပ္ထားသည့္ အရြယ္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိသည့္
channels မ်ား၊
- ေလွခါးျပဳလုပ္ရာတြင္ သုံးစြဲရန္အတြက္ ထုတ္လုပ္ထားေသာ အရြယ္
အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိသည့္ channels မ်ား၊
- အနက္ (channel depth) အားျဖင့္ ¾" မွ 2 ½" အတြင္းရွိေသာ
ေသးငယ္သည့္ အရြယ္အစား အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိသည့္ channels မ်ား၊

ေျမာက္အေမရိကတြင္ channels မ်ားကုိ ေဖာ္ျပေခၚေ၀ၚၾကပုံ၊

channel depth အား လက္မျဖင့္ ေဖာ္ျပၿပီး၊ channel weight ကုိ lb/ft (pounds per foot)
ျဖင့္ေဖာ္ျပ၏။ အျခားေသာ Structural Beam မ်ားကဲ့သ႔ပ
ုိ င္၊

MZM
 95

အကယ္၍ weight ကုိ ေပးမထားပါက သင့္အေနျဖင့္ Channel ၏ depth၊ Leg height ႏွင့္ Web
thickness တုိ႔ကုိ တုိင္းတာၿပီး (ဤေနရာတြင္ Metal Supermarket မွ ထုတ္ထားေသာ) Metal
Reference Guide ကုိ အသုံးျပဳ၍ channel ၏ weight ႏွင့္ အရြယ္အစားကုိ ရွာပါမည္။

တုိင္းတာၿပီးေသာအခါ အထက္ပါဇယားမွ ၾကည့္ရႈျခင္းျဖင့္

အဆုိပါ channel သည္ depth အားျဖင့္ ၃ လက္မရွိၿပီး၊
အေလးခ်ိန္အားျဖင့္ 4.1 lb/ft (တစ္ေပလွ်င္ ၄.၁ ေပါင္)
ရွိသည္ကုိ သိႏုိင္ကာ-
3 x 4.1 channel ဟု ေဖာ္ျပႏုင
ိ ပ
္ ါသည္။

Channel အား အျခားေသာ တုိင္းတာေခၚဆုိၾကပုံ

UK ယူေကႏုိင္ငံတြင္ Universal Beam မ်ားကုိတုိင္းတာသကဲ့သုိ႔ပင္ Depth, Leg Width ႏွင့္ Kilograms

per meter တုိ႔ျဖင့္ တုိင္းတာေဖာ္ျပၾကသည္။
ထုိေၾကာင့္ အထက္တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ေသာ channel မွာ 75mm x 40mm x 5.5kg/m အျဖစ္ ေဖာ္ျပႏုင
ိ ္၏။

ABC's of Structural Steel မ်ားအေၾကာင္း ေဖာ္ျပမႈ ၿပီးဆုံးပါၿပီ။

MZM
 96

Structural Steel မ်ားကုိ Thumb Nail အသြင္ျဖင့္ ေဖာ္ျပထားျခင္း

Angles
Bars
Channels
Flat Bar
Pipe/CHS
RHS
SHS
UC/UB

MZM
 97

Angles

Bars

Channels Flat Bars Pipes/CHS

RHS SHS

Universal Beam (UB) Universal Column (UC)

MZM
 98

Hot Rolled Steel ႏွင့္ Cold

Rolled Steel တိ႔၏
ု ျခားနားခ်က္

Hot rolling သည္ mil process (ႀကိတ္ေသာျဖစ္စဥ္) တစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အပူခ်ိန္ 1700 ဒီဂရီဖာရင္ဟုိက္ထိ
စတီးအား အပူေပးၿပီး လွိမ့္ႀကိတ္ရေသာ လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

MZM
 99

ဤသုိ႔ျပဳလုပျ္ ခင္းက ၎သတၴဳကုိ ပုံသ႑ာန္သြင္းရန္ လြယ္ကူေစပါသည္။ Steel ကုိ အေအးခံ

လုိက္သည့္အခါ ၎တို႔ကုိက်ံဳ႕သြားေစပါသည္။ ဆုိလုိသည္မွာ ေနာက္ဆုံးရရွိလာမည့္ finished product
၏ အရြယ္အစားႏွင့္ပုံသ႑ာန္ (size and shape) အေပၚ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏုိင္မႈ နည္းသြားေပသည္။
ဤသည္မာွ hot rolled steel မ်ားသည္ cold rolled steel မ်ားထက္ ပုမ
ံ န
ွ အ
္ ားျဖင့္ ေဈးသက္သာသည့္
အေၾကာင္းအခ်က္ တစ္ခုျဖစ္ပါသည္။
Hot rolled steel အား အလြန္တက
ိ ်ေသာ ပုံသ႑ာန္ (precise shapes) ႏွင့္ tolerances မ်ားကုိ
မလုိအပ္ေသာအခါတြင္ အသုံးျပဳၾကသည္။

Hot rolled steel ကုိ ခြဲျခားသတ္မွတ္ရန္ နည္းလမ္း (၃) ခုမာွ -

1. A scaly surface finish (အေၾကးခြံသ႑ာန္ရွိေသာ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္အေခ်ာသတ္)
2. Rounded edges on bar stock (ဘားမ်ားတြင္ လုံးေသာ ေဘးေစာင္းအစြန္းမ်ား)
3. Non-oily surface (ဆီကင္းေသာ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္) စသည္တို႔ျဖစ္သည္။

Hot rolled steel မ်ားကုိ အသုံးျပဳေသာ ေနရာ

မ်ားမွာ-
Railroad tracts (ရထားသံလမ္းမ်ား)
Trailer parts (ေနာက္တြယ
ဲ ာဥ္အစိတ္အပုိင္းမ်ား)
၀ရိန္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းရွိ
အျခားေသာ ပစၥည္းမ်ားတုိ႔တြင္ ျဖစ္သည္။

MZM
 100

Cold rolled steel သည္ အေျခခံအားျဖင့္ hot rolled steel ပင္ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ေနာက္ထပ္ျဖစ္စဥ္မ်ားကုိ ထပ္မံ
လုပ္ေဆာင္ရေပသည္။
❖ Hot rolled steel မွာ အပူေပးၿပီးေနာက၊္ အေအးခံလုိက္သည္။
❖ Cold rolled steel မွာ အပူေပးသည္၊ ၿပီးလွ်င္ အခန္းအပူခ်ိန္တြင္ အေအးခံသည္။ ၎ေနာက္
annealing (သို႔) temper rolled ျပဳလုပ္ပါသည္။
❖ ဤသုိ႔ ထပ္ေလာင္းျပဳလုပ္ရသည့္ ျဖစ္စဥ္မ်ားသည္ steel ကုိ အေခ်ာသတ္မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး
ရရွိေစၿပီး၊ ပုမ
ိ န
ို းီ စပ္ေသာ အတုိင္းအတာကုိ ရရွေ
ိ စႏုင
ိ ပ
္ ါသည္။
(wider range of finishes, and closer dimensional tolerances)

MZM
 101

Cold rolled ဟူေသာ ေ၀ါဟာရကုိ ထုတ္ကုန္ (products) မ်ားတုိ႔တြင္ မွားယြင္းစြာ သုံးစြဲမိတတ္သည္။

အမွန္ေတာ့ ထုိအမည္နာမမွာ cold products မ်ားႏွင့္ flat rolled sheet မ်ားကုိ ဖိႏွိပ္ျခင္းတြင္ ရည္ညႊန္း
သုံးစြဲျခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။

Cold finishing, Cold drawn စသည္ တုိ႔ကုိ bar

products (ဘားထုတ္ကုန္မ်ား) အား ရည္ညႊန္း၍
သုံးစြဲသည္။
ပုသ
ံ ႑ာန္ေပၚလာေစရန္ ပုေ
ံ ဖာ္ထားေသာ die
တေလ်ာက္ cold drawn ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

Cold rolled steel ကုိ ခြဲျခားသတ္မွတ္ရန္ နည္းလမ္း (၃) ခုမာွ -

1. An oily or greasy finish (ဆီကပ္ၿငိေနေသာ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္ အေခ်ာသတ္)
2. A very smooth surface (အလြန္ေျပာင္ေခ်ာေသာ မ်က္ႏွာျပင္)
3. Very sharp edges on bar stock (ဘားေပၚတြင္ ထက္ေသာ ေဘးေစာင္းအစြန္းမ်ား)
စသည္တို႔ျဖစ္သည္။

Cold rolled steel ကုိ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္

➢ စက္အစိတ္အပုိင္းမ်ား (machine parts)
➢ ၀င္ရုိးမ်ား (axles)
➢ ေမာ္ေတာ္ယာဥ္အစိတ္အပုိင္းမ်ား
(automotive parts) ႏွင့္ အျခား
မ်ားစြာေသာ ေနရာတုိ႔တြင္ သုံးစြဲၾကသည္။

မွတ္ခ်က္။
အထက္ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့ေသာ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားသည္ အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံရွိ Metal Supermarkets သံထည္
ပစၥည္းမ်ား ေရာင္းခ်ေသာ ကုမၼဏီမွ Mr. Jason Jackson (Operation and Development Manager)
၏ ရွင္းလင္းတင္ျပခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ပုမ
ိ ရ
ို င
ွ း္ လင္းလြယက
္ စ
ူ ြာ မွတ္သား ဖတ္ရႈႏုိင္ေစရန္အတြက္ ျပင္ဆင္
တင္ဆက္လုိက္ပါသည္။

MZM
 102

Steel Structure ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ မွတ္သားဖြယ္ရာအျဖာျဖာ

Ref:
➢ Singapore Structural Steel Society (SSSS) မွ ၂၀၁၉ ခုတြင္
ထုတ္ေ၀ေသာ Design Guide for Buildable Steel Connections
(Bolted and Welded Connections to SS EN1993-1-8)
➢ www.metalsupermarkets.com မွ Mr. Jason Jackson ၏
ေျပာဆုိရွင္းျပထားခ်က္မ်ားစသည္ကုိ အေျခခံကာ စာဖတ္သူ၊
ေလ့လာသူတုိ႔ ပုမ
ိ ရ
ို င
ွ း္ လင္းေအာင္ စီစဥ္ေရးသား တင္ဆက္ပါသည္။

Min Zaw Moe

MZM