Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE COLLEGE

CASTILLA CAMPUS
Mayon, Castilla, Sorsogon

Introduction to Aquaculture
Module No. 1

A Module Exemplar
For Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
major Agricultural Education
(Third Year)

JEROME M. LLABRES, MSA

Instructor I
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

Appendix A: Syllabus Guide Grid

Date Week Topic Objectives No. of Methodology/ References Evaluation/Due
Hours Activities Dates
1  Overview of the College  Discuss the VMGO 2 PPT slides  Student manual Sharing log
VMGO and its significance  Course syllabus
 Integration of Disaster to the course.  Syllabus guide grid
Risk Reduction (DRR) in  Explain the  Download PPT of
school level. importance of Integration of Disaster
 Introduction to Course Disaster Risk Risk Reduction (DRR) in
Syllabus Reduction (DRR) the Syllabi starting first
protocol in school semester A.Y. 2020-
level. 2021 onwards
 Explain the content
of the course
syllabus.

1--2 I. Introduction to 1. Define 3 Modular  FAO publications Activity sheets

Aquaculture Aquaculture.
related to Aquaculture
2. Analyze the status
of aquaculture for Philippines
industry in the
 Harrell, Reginal M.
Philippines.
3. Value the et.al. What is
economic
Aquaculture?
importance of
aquaculture in the Cooperative Extension
Philippines.
Service. Maryland
Institute for Agriculture
and Natural Resources,
No. 6
 https://www.status of
aquaculture in the
philippines.com
 Stickney, Robert R.
Aquaculture: An
Introductory Text.
Published 2005
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

Overview

A Chinese proverb says something like the following: Give a man a fish and he will have food
for a day, teach a man how to fish and he will have food for a lifetime. To that we might add: Teach
a man how to grow fish and he can feed the world. As we shall see, the production of aquatic plants
and animals – a subject we call aquaculture – takes a variety of forms, including items that enter the
human food supply.
The purpose of this module is to introduce you to the subject of aquaculture and to acquaint
you with some of the techniques involved in aquatic organism – primarily aquatic animal – production.
The emphasis is placed on shellfish – such things as oysters, scallops, mussels and shrimp – as well
as on finfish. Both fresh- and saltwater culture are included. Many books on aquaculture look at details
on how to produce a particular type of animal: shrimp or salmon, for example. That approach is
excellent for the student or practitioner who has decided on a particular species or species group upon
which to concentrate. For the general reader who wants to gain some knowledge of the breadth of
aquaculture, a different approach is required. Here is the start of acquiring knowledge and information
in the world of Aquaculture.
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

Course Description and Objectives

Course Description
This course deals with the principles, methods and developments in the culture of selected
organism in fresh, brackish and marine waters.

Course Objectives

By the end of this module exemplar, you are expected to:

1. To know the fundamental principles of farming aquatic species.

2. To gain knowledge on the various occupational opportunities in the aquaculture industry.
3. To recognize the environmental issues pertaining to aquaculture.
4. To develop an insight on the best practices in aquaculture.
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

Module No. 1: Introduction

Topics: Introduction to Aquaculture

Week: 1-2
Target Learners: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture major in Agricultural Education, Third Year
Estimated Time Duration: 3 hours

What Do You Need To Know?

I. Introduction:

Aquaculture is a combination of natural science, business management and tradecraft. The successful
aquaculturist needs to have many tools in his or her toolbox, or lacking those tools, needs to be a member
of a team that brings all the proper tools to the enterprise. Increasingly, individuals who select
aquaculture as a profession have received some formal education in the field. This is particularly true of
practitioners from developed countries, whether they work in one of those countries or in a developing
nation. Increasingly, there are also aquaculture classes or at least some aquaculture activity available in
high schools as well.
II. Module Objectives:
By the end of this module, you are expected to do the following:
1. Define Aquaculture.
2. Analyze the status of aquaculture industry in the Philippines.
3. Value the economic importance of aquaculture in the Philippines.
III. Learning Resources (topic discussion)
Aquaculture is the farming and husbandry of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-
controlled conditions. The term ‘aquatic’ refers to a variety of water environments, including freshwater,
brackish water and marine. ‘Aquatic organisms’ that are of interest with regard to human food include a
wide variety of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Mariculture is a term reserved for the culture of
organisms in saltwater (from brackish to full strength seawater).
Why Aquaculture?
Today, we are in a situation where the capture fisheries are being fully exploited or overharvested
in nearly every case, yet the demand for seafood continues to rise. That increase in demand is fuelled in
part by the increasing human population but also by rising per capita consumption of seafood. We have
all heard about studies that seem to show certain health benefits from eating fish. One recent
recommendation was that everyone should eat at least two fish meals a week. So, demand is increasing,
while the supplies of fish are not increasing. How can we resolve this dilemma? The answer that has
been widely touted is aquaculture. The average consumer does not see any reduction in the availability
of seafood in restaurants or supermarkets and the overall amount of seafood in the markets of the world
continues to increase, despite the fact that capture fishery volumes are not increasing. This is because
aquaculture has been able to fill the gap. Currently, at least 20% of the fish and shellfish marketed
globally are produced by aquaculturists and that percentage can only be expected to grow. While the
demand for aquacultured products is increasing, opposition to aquaculture, or at least to many
aquaculture practices, is also increasing and is so strong in at least a few countries that it has curtailed
some forms of aquaculture development.
 Sorsogon State College
In a system where animals
Castilla Campus are produced in a pastoral system and where the regrowth of vegetation is left entirely to nature,
[Introduction animals
the land could be In a system where are produced in a pastoral system and where the regrowth of vegetation is left
to Aquaculture]
entirely to nature, the land could be easily over-grazed to the extent that, while animals continue to reproduce and increase
in number, the vegetation is not given the opportunity to recover its normal growth. Indeed in many parts of the world what
used to be areas of lush vegetation have become desserts.

History of Aquaculture in the Philippines

Aside from plants, animals are also sources of food energy for man. But because of the dissipation of energy in
It is generally
the process of conversion accepted thatother
of plants and thefeedstuffs
earliest into
fishponds
products, were
animalsbrackish water growing
are poor producers milkfish,
of food.easily using
over-grazed
naturally occurring
to the extent fryanimals
that, while fromcontinue
tidal waters. Forand
to reproduce a very long
increase time, aquaculture
in number, the vegetation isinnotthe Philippines
given was
the opportunity virtually
to recover
its normal growth. Indeed in many parts of the world what used to be areas of lush vegetation have
synonymous with milkfish culture, specifically in brackish water ponds, relying totally on natural food. In become desserts.
the early 1970s milkfish farming expanded to include culture in bamboo and net pens set in Laguna de
Bay - the country's largest freshwater lake. In the early 1990s milkfish culture in fish pens spread to shallow
Aside from plants, animals are also sources of food energy for man. But because of the dissipation of energy in the process
marine bays and estuaries, particularly in the Lingayen Gulf area. Shrimp has always been an incidental
of conversion of plants and other feedstuffs into products, animals are poor producers of food.
harvest in brackish water ponds for milkfish. Due to a marketing campaign in the mid-1970s, black tiger
shrimp became popularised in Japan. As a trial shipment, 450 kg of black tiger shrimp were exported to
Japan in 1975. Before the 1980s shrimp farming had already made some inroads in the Philippines, but
the real boom in production began in the mid-1980s, as wealthy families in the Negros Province began
converting their sugar plantations in earnest. They saw shrimp farming as a more profitable alternative to
sugar. Shrimp became top marine product export from the Philippines, earning at its peak in 1992
approximately US$ 300 000 000. However, disease problems in the early 1990s caused a significant decline
in production.
The new technologies were transferred to the private sector for evaluation. 1988 was a landmark
year (Yapp, 1999) during which the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management
(ICLARM), began a programme to develop an improved strain of tilapia for low-cost sustainable
aquaculture with funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and resulted in the production of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapias (GIFT). The
other collaborators in the GIFT Project were the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Central
Luzon State University (CLSU) and Norway's Institute for Aquaculture Research (AKVAFORSK). During the
same year, the British Overseas Development Agency (ODA) also funded the Genetic Manipulation for
Improved Tilapia (GMIT) project. Both projects were conducted at the CLSU campus. Seaweeds belonging
to the genus Caulerpa are all eaten fresh in many parts of the Philippines. C. lentillifera was the first species
to be commercially cultivated in brackish water fishponds in Mactan Island in the early 1950s (Yap, 1999).
Oyster farming began as early as 1931 when an oyster farm was established in Hinigiran, Negros
Occidental employing the broadcast method of culture. The practice has now spread too many parts of
the country including Mindanao. Mussel farming began in 1955 when the BFAR oyster farming station in
Binakayan, Cavite set up a demonstration mussel farm (Yap, 1999). A 1996 study of tilapia grow-out pond
operators showed that farmers had an average age of 47. Small farm (below 4.43 ha) operators are on
average younger (44 years old), with a high percentage 30 40 years old. Large farm (4.43 ha and above)
operators are older (51 years old). The average number of completed years of education of small and
large farm operators is 10 and 11 years, respectively. About 41 percent of the large operators and 47
percent of the small operators have a college degree. While much of the country's arable land is already
being utilized for agriculture, vast areas, particularly marine waters, are still under-utilized with respect to
aquaculture. With over 17 460 km of coastline, 246 063 ha of swamplands, 200 000 ha of lakes, 31 000
ha of rivers and 19 000 ha reservoirs, the Philippines has one of the most extensive water resources in the
world.
The seven major aquaculture species in the Philippines are:
1. Seaweed (mainly Kappaphycus and Eucheuma spp.). 2. Milkfish (Chanos chanos). 3. Tilapia
(mainly Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus). 4. Shrimp (mainly giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon). 5. Carp
(mainly bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis). 6. Oyster (slipper cupped oyster Crassostrea iredalei). 7. Mussel
(green mussel Perna viridis).
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

Status of Aquaculture in the Philippines

Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]
Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

IV. Learning Activities and Exercises

How much have you learned?

A. Essay Questions
Direction: Read the question carefully, explain your answer on separate sheet or paper.

1. Why aquaculture needs to be study?

2. What is the importance of aquaculture in agricultural sector?
3. What is the economic importance of aquaculture in the Philippines?

Guided Rubrics on Essay Questions

Criteria Percentage
1. Originality 30%
2. Clear Idea/s 30%
3. Comprehensively 40%
Discussed
Total 100%

Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and

relax a while then move on to the next lesson.
Good luck!
 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
[Introduction to Aquaculture]

V. References:

Books

 FAO publications related to Aquaculture for Philippines

 Harrell, Reginal M. et.al. What is Aquaculture? Cooperative Extension Service. Maryland Institute
for Agriculture and Natural Resources, No. 6
 https://www.status of aquaculture in the philippines.com
 Stickney, Robert R. Aquaculture: An Introductory Text. Published 2005
 VISION
An Institution with culture of excellence in developing globally
competitive and values-oriented leaders and professionals.

MISSION
A premier institution committed to provide industry relevant programs that are
anchored on a culture of research and entrepreneurship for the development of
Sorsogon and beyond.

CORE VALUES
L eadership
E xcellence
A ccountability
D iscipline
E nvironmental Stewardship
R esponsiveness to Change
S ocially Responsible

QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT

The Sorsogon State College commits quality education anchored on its mission
and vision for the development and growth of the community. SSC shall transform
knowledge through research and instruction while adhering to statues and the
continual improvement of its system.

Cover, boarder, and back cover design credit:

Desiree Joy Agripa