Pharmacology Mnemonics Mechanism of resistance are Modifying
1. Sulfonamides: common characteristics enzymes
SULFA: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S S-Steven-Johnson syndrome/ Skin rash / subunit Solubility low Nephrotoxic U-Urine precipitation/ Useful for UTI Ototoxic L-Large spectrum (gram positives and 5. Cocaine: cardiovascular effect COcaine negatives) causes blood F-Folic acids synthesis blocker (as well as vessels to COnstrict (unlike other local synthesis of nucleic acids) anesthetics which cause vasodilation). A-Analog of PABA
6. Thalidomide: effect on cancer cells
2. Diuretics: groups “Leak Over The CAN“: “Thalidomide L-Loop diuretics makes the blood vessels hide“: O-Osmotics Use thalidomide to stop cancer cells from T-Thiazides growing new blood vessels. C-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors A-Aldosterone inhibitors 7. Carbamazepine (CBZ): use CBZ: N-Na (sodium) channel blockers C-Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal) neuralgia B-Bipolar disorder 3. Tuberculosis: treatment If you forget Z-Zeisures your TB drugs, you’ll die and might need a PRIEST“: 8. Warfarin: interactions ACADEMIC P-Pyrazinamide QACS: R-Rifampin A-Amiodarone I-Isoniazid (INH) C-Cimetidine E-Ethambutol A-Aspirin St-Streptomycin D-Dapsone E-Erythromycin 4. Aminoglycosides: common M-Metronidazole characteristics AMINO: I-Indomethacin Active Against Aerobic gram negative C-Clofibrates G-Gain weight Q-Quinidine S-Striae A-Azapropazone B-Bone loss (osteoporosis) C-Ciprofloxacin A-Acne S-Statins D-Diabetes M-Myopathy, moon faces 9. Morphine: side-effects MORPHINE: D-Depression and emotional changes M-Myosis O-Out of it (sedation) 12. Microtubules: drugs that act on R-Respiratory depression microtubules. “The P-Pneumonia (aspiration) MicroTubule Growth Voiding Chemicals”: H-Hypotension T-Thiabendazole I-Infrequency (constipation, urinary M-Mebendazole retention) T-Taxol N-Nausea G-Griseofulvin E-Emesis V-Vincristine/ Vinblastine C-Colchicine 10. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA): side BromoCRYPTine is a DOPamine agonist. effects TCA’S: T-Thrombocytopenia 13. Beta blockers: members “The NEPAL C-Cardiac (arrhythmia, MI, stroke) Prime A-Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary M-Minister”: retention, etc) T-Timolol S-Seizures N-Nadolol 11. Corticosteroids: adverse side effects E-Esmolol CUSHINGS BAD MD: P-Pindolol C-Cataracts A-Atenolol U-Up all night (sleep disturbances) L-Labetalol S-Suppression of HPA axis P-Propranolol H-Hypertension/ buffalo Hump M-Metoprolol I-Infections N-Necrosis (avascular) 14. Guanethidine: mechanism M-Miosis GuaNEthidine prevents NE (norepinephrine) D-Dependency release. C-Constipation A-Analgesics 15. Insulin: mixing regular insulin and R-Respiratory depression NPH “Not Ready, E-Euphoria Ready Now”: S-Sedation Air into NPH Air into Regular 19. Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of Draw up Regular alpha vs. beta ABCD: Draw up NPH Alpha = Constrict. Beta = Dilate. 16. Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic neurotransmitters “No sympathy for a Pair 20. Atropine use: tachycardia or of Aces”: bradycardia “A goes with B“: Norepinephren is secreted in by the Atropine used clinically to treat Sympathetic nervous system Bradycardia. while Acetylcholine is secreted in the 21. Beta 1 selective blockers “BEAM ONE Parasympathetic nervous up, Scotty”: system. Beta 1 blockers: E-Esmolol 17. Benzodiazepines: 3 members that A-Atenolol undergo extrahepatic metabolism M-Metropolol “Outside The Liver”: O-Oxazepam 22. Cancer drugs: time of action between T-Temazepam DNA->mRNA ABCDEF: L-Lorazepam A-Alkylating agents These undergo extrahepatic metabolism and B-Bleomycin do not form active metabolites. C-Cisplastin D-Dactinomycin/ Doxorubicin 18. Opiods: mu receptor effects “MD E-Etoposide CARES“: F-Flutamide and other steroids or their 27. Propranolol and related ‘-olol’ drugs: antagonists (eg tamoxifen, leuprolide) usage “olol” is just two backwards lower case b’s. 23. Busulfan: features ABCDEF: Backward b’s stand for “beta blocker”. Beta A-Alkylating agent blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, B-Bone marrow suppression s/e bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol C-CML indication D-Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e 28. Beta blockers: B1 selective vs. B1-B2 E-Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e non-selective A F-Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e through N: B1 selective: Acebutalol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol. 24. Tricyclic antidepressants: members O through Z: B1, B2 non-selective:Pindolol, worth knowing “I have to Propanalol, Timolol. hide, the CIA is after me”: C-Clomipramine 29. Antirheumatic agents (disease I-Imipramine modifying): members CHAMP: A-Amitrptyline C-Cyclophosphamide H-Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine 25. Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing A-Auranofin and other gold compounds APACHE: M-Methotrexate A-Amiodarone P-Penicillamine P-Procainamide A-Arsenium 30. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors C-Cisapride (statins): side effects, H-Haloperidol contraindications, interactions HMG–CoA: E-Eritromycin · Side effects: H-Hepatotoxicity 26. Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor M-Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis] action zAfirlukast: · Contraindications: Antagonist of lipoxygenase zIlueton: G-Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children Inhibitor of LT receptor · Interactions: C-Coumarin/ Cyclosporine 31. Serotonin syndrome: components 36. Ribavirin: indications RIBAvirin: Causes HARM: R-RSV H-Hyperthermia I-Influenza B A-Autonomic instability (delirium) A-Arenaviruses (Lassa, Bolivian, etc.) R-Rigidity 37. SIADH-inducing drugs ABCD: M-Myoclonus A-Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs 32. Therapeutic index: formula TILE: B-Barbiturates TI = LD50 / ED50 C-Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine 33. Antiarrhythmics: class III members D-Diuretic (thiazide) BIAS: B-Bretylium 38. Diuretics: thiazides: indications “CHIC I-Ibutilide to use A-Amiodarone thiazides”: S-Sotalol C-CHF H-Hypertension 34. MAOIs: indications MAOI‘S: I-Insipidous M-Melancholic [classic name for atypical C-Calcium calculi depression] A-Anxiety 39. Parkinsonism: drugs SALAD: O-Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia] S-Selegiline I-Imagined illnesses [hypochondria] A-Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, S-Social phobias benzhexol, ophenadrine) L-L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase 35. K+ increasing agents K-BANK: inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) K-K-sparing diuretic A-Amantadine B-Beta blocker D-Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists A-ACEI (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide) N-NSAID K-Ksupplement 40. Thrombolytic agents USA: U-Urokinase S-Streptokinase M-Membrane stabilizers (class I) A-Alteplase (tPA) B-Beta blockers A-Action potential widening agents 41. Morphine: effects at mu receptor C-Calcium channel blockers PEAR: P-Physical dependence 45. Teratogenic drugs “W/ E-Euphoria TERATOgenic”: A-Analgesia W-Warfarin R-Respiratory depression T-Thalidomide E-Epileptic drugs: phenytoin, valproate, 42. Morphine: effects MORPHINES: carbamazepine M-Miosis R-Retinoid O-Orthostatic hypotension A-ACE inhibitor R-Respiratory depression T-Third element: lithium P-Pain supression O-OCP and other hormones (eg danazol) H-Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations I-Increased ICT 46. Epilepsy types, drugs of choice N-Nausea “Military General Attacked Weary E-Euphoria Fighters Pronouncing ‘Veni Vedi Veci’ S-Sedation After Crushing Enemies”: ·Epilepsy types: 43. Anticholinergic side effects “Know the M-Myoclonic ABCD’S of anticholinergic side effects”: G-Grand mal A-Anorexia A-Atonic B-Blurry vision W-West syndrome D-Constipation/ Confusion F-Focal D-Dry Mouth P-Petit mal (absence) D-Sedation/ Stasis of urine · Respective drugsy: V-Valproate 44. Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV V-Valproate MBA College VValproate · In order of class I to IV: A-ACTH C-Carbamazepine 51. Vigabatrin: mechanism Vi-GABA– E-Ethosuximide Tr–In: 47. Pulmonary infiltrations inducing Via GABA Transferase Inhibition drugs “Go BAN Me!”: 52. Propythiouracil (PTU): mechanism It Go-Gold inhibits PTU: B-Bleomycin/ Busulphan/ BCNU P-Peroxidase/ Peripheral deiodination A-Amiodarone/ Acyclovir/ Azathioprine T-Tyrosine iodination N-Nitrofurantoin U-Union (coupling) M-Melphalan/ Methotrexate/ Methysergide
53. Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-
48. Respiratory depression inducing blockers “Tim Pinches His Nasal drugs “STOP Problem” (because he has a runny breathing”: nose…): S-Sedatives and hypnotics Tim-Timolol T-Trimethoprim Pin-Pindolol O-Opiates His-Hismolol P-Polymyxins Na-Naldolol 49. Benzodiazapines: ones not Pro-Propranolol metabolized by the liver (safe to use in 54. Enoxaparin (prototype low molecular liver failure) LOT: weight heparin): action, monitoring L-Lorazepam EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa. O-Oxazepam Monitor Xaconcentration, rather than APTT. T-Temazepam
S-Salivation/ Secretions/ Sweating DISCOS: L-Lacrimation D-Digoxin U-Urination I-Isoniazid G-Gastrointestinal upset S-Spironolactone B-Bradycardia/ Bronchoconstriction/ Bowel C-Cimetidine movement O-Oestrogens A-Abdominal cramps/ Anorexia S-Stilboestrol M-Miosis 60. Amiodarone: action, side effects 6 P’s: 57. Hypertension: treatment ABCD: P-Prolongs action potential duration ACE inhibitors/ AngII antagonists P-Photosensitivity (sometimes Alpha agonists P-Pigmentation of skin also) P-Peripheral neuropathy B-Beta blockers PPulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis C-Calcium antagonists P-Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is D-Diuretics (sometimes vasoDilators also) inhibited -> hypothyroidis
58. Phenytoin: adverse effects 61. Beta blockers with intrinsic
PHENYTOIN: sympathomimetic activity P-P-450 interactions Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding H-Hirsutism away on a cart that rolls on pinwheels. EEnlarged gums Pindolol and Carteolol have high and N-Nystagmus moderate ISA respectively, making them Y-Yellow-browning of skin acceptable for use in some diabetics or T-Teratogenicity asthmatics even though they are non-seletive O-Osteomalacia beta blockers. I-Interference with B12 metabolism (hence 62. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: T-Testicular carcinoma members “PIT of despair”: O-Oat cell carcinoma of lung P-Phenelzine P-Prostate carcinoma I-Isocarboxazid · Side effect: T-Tranylcypromine Affects TOP of your head, causing alopecia A pit of despair, since MAOs treat 66. Antimuscarinics: members, action depression. “Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat”: 63. Physostigmine vs. neostigmine I-Ipratropium LMNOP: P-Pirenzepine L-Lipid soluble A-Atropine M-Miotic S-Scopolamine N-Natural · Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic O-Orally absorbed well endings sweat glands in P-Physostigmine sympathetic. Neostigmine, on the contrary, is: Water soluble 67. Lithium: side effects LITHIUM: Used in myesthenia gravis L-Leukocytes Increased (leukocytosis) Synthetic T-Tremors Poor oral absorption H-Hypothyroidism I-Increased Urine 64. Antibiotics contraindicated during M-Moms beware (teratogenic) pregnancy MCAT: M-Metronidazole 68. Osmotic diuretics: members GUM: C-Chloramphenicol G-Glycerol A-Aminoglycoside U-Urea T-Tetracycline M-Mannitol
65. Etoposide: action, indications, side
69. Narcotics: side effects “SCRAM if you effect “eTOPoside”: see a drug dealer”: · Action: S-Synergistic CNS depression with other Inhibits TOPoisomerase II drugs · Indications: C-Constipation A-Angina R-Respiratory depression M-Migraines A-Addiction A-Atrial flutter, fibrillation M-Miosis S-Supraventricular tachycardia H-Hypertension 70. Benzodiazepines: antidote “Ben is off with the flu“: 75. Benzodiazepenes: drugs which Benzodiazepine effects off with Flumazenil. decrease their metabolism“I‘m Overly Calm”: 71. SSRIs: side effects SSRI: I-Isoniazid S-Serotonin syndrome O-Oral contraceptive pills S-Stimulate CNS C-Cimetidine R-Reproductive disfunctions in male I-Insomnia 76. Warfarin: metabolism SLOW · Has a slow onset of action. 72. Depression: 5 drugs causing it · A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though. PROMS: S-Small lipid-soluble molecule P-Propranolol L-Liver: site of action R-Reserpine O-Oral route of administration. O-Oral contraceptives W-Warfarin M-Methyldopa S-Steroids 77. Tetracycline: teratogenicity TEtracycline is a 73. Sex hormone drugs: male “Feminine TE-TEratogen that causes staining of TEeth Males Need Testosterone“: in the newborn. F-Fluoxymesterone M-Methyltestosterone 78. Myasthenia gravis: edrophonium vs. N-Nandrolone pyridostigmine eDrophonium Testosterone is for Diagnosis.pyRIDostigmine is to get RIDof symptoms. 74. Ca++ channel blockers: uses CA++ MASH: 79. Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS: C-Cerebral vasospasm/ CHF B-Bradycardia & hypotension A-Anorexia 83. Direct sympathomimetic D-Diminished pupilary size catecholamines DINED: A-Analgesics D-Dopamine M-Miosis I-Isoproterenol E-Euphoria N-Norepinephrine R-Respiratory depression E-Epinephrine I-Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary D-Dobutamine tract constriction) 84. Delerium-causing drugs ACUTE C-Constipation CHANGE IN MS: A-Ameliorate cough reflex A-Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, N-Nausea and vomiting ciprofloxacin) S-Sedations C-Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine) 80. Narcotic antagonists The Narcotic U-Urinary incontinence drugs Antagonists (anticholinergics) are NAloxone and NAltrexone. T-Theophylline · Important clinically to treat narcotic E-Ethanol overdose. C-Corticosteroids H-H2 blockers 81. Inhalation anesthetics SHINE: A-Antiparkinsonian drugs S-Sevoflurane N-Narcotics (esp. mepridine) H-Halothane G-Geriatric psychiatric drugs I-Isoflurane E-ENT drugs N-Nitrous oxide I-Insomnia drugs E-Enflurane N-NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin) M-Muscle relaxants 82. Disulfiram-like reaction inducing S-Seizure medicines drugs “PM PMT” as in Pre Medical Test in the PM: 85. Nitrofurantoin: major side effects P-Procarbazine NitroFurAntoin: M-Metronidazole N-Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy) PMT-Cefo (Perazone, Mandole, Tetan). F-Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis) H-Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia A-Anemia (hemolytic anemia) A-Avascular necrosis of femoral head S-Skin thinning 86. Methyldopa: side effects O-Osteoporosis METHYLDOPA: N-Negative nitrogen balance M-Mental retardation E-Emotional liability E-Electrolyte imbalance T-Tolerance 89. Sodium valproate: side effects H-Headache/ Hepatotoxicity VALPROATE: psYcological upset V-Vomiting L-Lactation in female A-Alopecia D-Dry mouth L-Liver toxicity O-Oedema P-Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia P-Parkinsonism R-Retention of fats (weight gain) A-Anaemia (haemolytic) O-Oedema (peripheral oedema) A-Appetite increase 87. Lithium: side effects LITH: T-Tremor L-Leukocytosis E-Enzyme inducer (liver) I-Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] 90. Lead poisoning: presentation T-Tremor/ Teratogenesis ABCDEFG: H-Hypothyroidism A-Anemia 88. Steroids: side effects B-Basophilic stripping BECLOMETHASONE: C-Colicky pain B-Buffalo hump D-Diarrhea E-Easy bruising E-Encephalopathy C-Cataracts F-Foot drop L-Larger appetite G-Gum (lead line) O-Obesity 91. Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location M-Moonface “You have 1 heart and 2 lungs“: E-Euphoria Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart. T-Thin arms & legs Beta-2 primarily on lungs. 95. Routes of entry: most rapid ways 92. Beta-blockers: main meds/toxins enter body “Stick it, Sniff it, contraindications, cautions ABCDE: Suck it, Soak it”: A-Asthma Stick = Injection B-Block (heart block) Sniff = inhalation C-COPD Suck = ingestion D-Diabetes mellitus Soak = absorption E-Electrolyte (hyperkalemia) 96. Ipratropium: action Atropine is 93. Metabolism enzyme inducers buried in the middle: “Randy’s Black Car iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine. Goes Putt Putt and Smokes“: 97. Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal R-Rifampin to massive necrosis “Very B-Barbiturates A-Angry Hepatocytes”: C-Carbamazepine V-Valproic acid G-Grisoefulvin A-Acetaminophen P-Phenytoin H-Halothane P-Phenobarb
98. Bleomycin: action “Bleo–Mycin Blows
94. Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): My DNA to bits”: effects If you know these, you will be Bleomycin works by fragmenting DNA “LESS DUMB“: (blowing it to bits). L-Lacrimation MyDNA signals that its used for cancer E-Excitation of nicotinic synapses (targeting self cells). S-Salivation S-Sweating 99. Beta-blockers: side effects “BBC D-Diarrhea Loses Viewers U-Urination In Rochedale”: M-Micturition B-Bradycardia B-Bronchoconstriction B-Bronchoconstriction C-Claudication L-Lipids V-Vivid dreams & nightmares I- -ve Inotropic action R-Reduced sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
100. Cisplatin: major side effect, action
“Ci-Splat–In“: Major side effect: Splat (vomiting sound)– vomiting so severe that anti-nausea drug needed. Action: Goes Into the DNA strand.