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Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering I
Lecture 1
Electric Current
© G. Berdibekov
Electric Current
Electric current is the rate at which electric
charge flows through a substance.
© G. Berdibekov
Electric Current
Electric current is the rate at which electric
charge flows through a substance.
Quiz: A 1 mm cross section of copper wire is isolated. The charge that flows through
the cross section is
𝑄 𝑡 = 4𝑡 2 + 5
How much current flows through the wire in 6 seconds?
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Test
Given the following current equation, how much
charge is displaced in first 5 seconds?
𝑡
− + 1𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑡 < 10 𝑠
𝑖 𝑡 = 10
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 10𝑠
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What is the reference directions for
the flow of electric current?
• Positive current flows from high (+) to low (-)
• Negative current flows from low (-) to high (+)
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Voltage
• Charged particles exert a force on other
charged particles.
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Test
2C of charge are moved through an electric field
from point a to b. 10J of energy was required to
move this charge. What is the voltage 𝑣𝑎𝑏 ?
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Voltage
• Voltage measurements are relative
• As an analogy, consider a mountain. In
order to measure the height of the
point a on the mountain, we must
define a reference point.
• Similarly, in order to measure the
voltage at point a in the circuit, we
must define a reference point.
• This reference point only affects our
measurements, not the actual
direction of the electric field that
causes the voltage drop/increase.
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Voltage potentials add from point to point
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Power
• Electric current (i) is the quantity of charge (Q)
that passes through a given area in a specified
time (t).
𝑑𝑄(𝑡)
𝑖(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡
• Voltage (v) is the energy (w) either gained or
lost per coulomb of charge.
𝑑𝑤
𝑉=
𝑑𝑞
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What is power?
• Charged particles (q) flow over 𝑑𝑞
the time (t) and produce current 𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
(i).
• Voltage (v) is produced by the 𝑑𝑤
energy (w) lost or gained by the 𝑣=
𝑑𝑞
moving charge (q).
• Power (p) is the rate at which the 𝑑𝑤
charges’ energy (w) changes over 𝑝=
time (t). 𝑑𝑡
• Power can also be expressed as
the product of current and 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
𝑝= = = 𝑣𝑖
voltage. 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
• Variable: p. Unit: watts, W.
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Calculate power for known voltage and
current
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Test
Suppose that the power consumed a particular
device is
p(t)=sin(100t)W
Find equation for energy.
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The sum of power generated and
consumed in a system is zero
• Power is rate of change of energy and energy
is always conserved.
• Therefore, the sum of power generated and
consumed in a system is zero.
• Quiz 1. Calculate 𝑃𝑥 .
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Use power to find unknown voltage
and current
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Test
Find the power in the circuit below
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Test
What is power of the device below? Generated
or consumed?
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Resistance and Resistivity
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Calculate resistance and conductance
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Ohms Law
• Charged particles flow through a material and
encounter electrical resistance.
• The voltage (V) produced by the current flow
(i) proportional to the resistance (R) of that
material.
• Ohm’s Law: 𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅
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Apply Ohm’s Law
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Test
What is the value of 𝑣?
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Wires
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Test
How many nodes are there in this diagram?
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Test
Which of the following circuit elements are not
presented in this circuit diagram?
• Resistor
• Independent voltage source
• Dependent current source
• Dependent voltage source
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Short Circuit
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Quiz. Identify the short and open
circuit
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Test
Which of the following circuits are self-contradictory (i.e. they do not make
sense). You can pick more than one answer.
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Test
One of the following circuits is not electrically equivalent to the
others. Which one is it?
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Ohm’s Law (𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅)
• Loops
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Sum of the voltages around any loop = zero
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 = 0
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Sum of the voltages around any loop = zero
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 = 0
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Sum of the voltages around any loop = zero
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 = 0
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KVL Example and Quiz
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Test
One of the labeled voltages has an incorrectly labeled reference direction. Which
device has the wrong reference labels?
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KVL Example with Parallel Components
Voltage across parallel elements are equal.
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KVL Example (with Current Source)
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KVL Example with Open Loop
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Ohm’s Law
• Nodes
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Sum of the current leaving a node = sum of
current entering the node.
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KCL for Series Elements
The current is the same through series
elements.
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KCL Example and Quiz
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Quiz
• What is the current through the indicated
wire?
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Quiz
• What is the current through the indicated
wire?
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Test
What is the value of i?
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KCL and KVL example
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Test
• What is the value of 𝑣?
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Series and Parallel
• Simplify combinations
Series
Parallel
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Equivalent Resistance
• Series
• Parallel
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Resistors in Series
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅1 𝑖 + 𝑅2 𝑖
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑖
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Resistors in Series
• K resistors in series: 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑘
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Resistors in Parallel
1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1 1 =
+ 𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2
© G. Berdibekov
Resistors in Parallel
KCL: 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 → 𝑖1 = 𝑖 − 𝑖2
KVL: 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅1 𝑖1 = 𝑅2 𝑖2
𝑅1
𝑅1 𝑖 − 𝑖2 = 𝑅2 𝑖2 → 𝑖2 = 𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑅2 𝑖2 = 𝑅2 𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
© G. Berdibekov
Resistors in Parallel
• Shorted resistors: 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 0
1
• K resistors in parallel: 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1
𝑅𝑘
© G. Berdibekov
Quiz
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Test
What is the equivalent resistance between a and b?
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Test
Which of the options are true for the circuit below?
• D and E are in parallel.
• B and C are in series.
• J and K are in parallel.
• H and L are in parallel.
• F and L are in series.
• (G||H) and (J||K) in series.
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Equivalent Resistant
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Equivalent Resistant
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Equivalent Resistant
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Test
• What is the equivalent resistance between
terminal a and c?
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Voltage Divider Law
𝑅2
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑠
𝑅2 + 𝑅1
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Quiz
• What is 𝑉2 if 𝑉𝑠 = 10𝑉 and 𝑅1 = 200Ω and
𝑅2 = 200Ω?
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Recognize when to use Voltage Divider
Law
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Test
• What is 𝑉0 ?
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Current Divider Law
𝑅1
𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
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Quiz
What is 𝐼2 if 𝐼𝑠 = 0.1𝐴 and 𝑅1 = 3000Ω and
𝑅2 = 3000Ω?
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Recognize when to use Current Divider
Law
© G. Berdibekov
© G. Berdibekov