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English Grammer Detail in Gujarati PDF by Hirensir
English Grammer Detail in Gujarati PDF by Hirensir
આભાર. . ...
I am, we are, you are, He/ She / it is /they are
o I sVFIf C]v jIlST 5MTFG[ DF8[ I XaN JF5Z[ K[P I V[SJRG K[P I ;FY[ am J5ZFI K[P Am VG[ To-
Be sALfv CMJ] \ lS|IF5NG]\ JPSF PG]\ ~5 K[P ALHF JPSFPGF ~5 Is, Are K[P
o We sJLf VD[ v We V[ I G]\ AC]JRG K[P We ;FY[ To Be G]\ Are ~5 VFJ[ K[P We ;FY[ to-be G]\
~5 VFJ[ K[P
o You- sI]fv T]\ q TD[P You XaNG]\ APJ 56 you H YFI K[P you ;FY[ to be G]\ are ~5 VFJ[ K[P
o He sCLfvT[P V[S KMSZF S[ V[S 5]Z]QF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P sGZHFlTf
o She sXLfv T[q T[6L VF XaN V[S KMSZL S[ V[S :+L DF8[ J5ZFI K[P sGFZL HFlTf
o It s.8fv T[P VF XaN GFgITZ HFlT 4 lGHL"J J:T] 5|F6L S[ GFGF AF/S DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o He, She, It 5KL to be lS|IF5NG]\ is ~5 VFJ[ K[P
o They sW[fv T[VMP They V[ He, She VG[ It G]\ AC]JRG G]\ ~5 K[P T[GF 5KL to be lS|IF5NG]\
are ~5 VFJ[ K[P
1
This, That, These, Those
o This slW;f v VFP this XaN 5F;[GL q GHLSGL jIlST4 5|F6L4 5ÙL S[ J:T]\ NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P
o That sW[8fv 5[,] P that XaN N}ZGL jIlST4 5|F6L4 5ÙL S[ J:T]\ NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P
o this VG[ that A\G[ V[SJRG CMJFYL T[DGL ;FY[ JT"DFGSF/DF\ to be lS|IF5NG]\ is ~5 J5ZFI K[
VG[ T[ 5KL VFl8"S, a S[ an J5ZFI K[P
o HM jIlSTG]\ GFD CMI TM T[DF\ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL4 5Z\T] T[GM 5C[,M VÙZ S[l58,DF\ VFJ[ K[P
Formula:
o CSFZo this / that + is + a / an s H[ ,FU] 50[ T[ VG[ jIlST G]\ GFD CMI TM GF VFJ[Pf +other
words
o GSFZo this / that + is + not + a / an + other words
o 5|`GFY"o Is + this / that + a / an + o.w + ?
o 5|P GSFZo Isn’t this/ that + a / an + o.w+ ?
These, Those
o This sVFf G]\ AC]\JRG These slW;f VG[ That s 5[,]\f G]\ AC]JRG Those sWMhf K[P
o These VG[ Those A\G[ AC]JRGGF ~5 CMJFYL T[DGL ;FY[ to be G]\ JT"DFGSF/G]\ are ~5
J5ZFI K[P
o These VG[ Those ;FY[ VFl8"S, s a /an) VJTM GYLP
Formula:
o CSFZo These / Those + are + (o.w.p) 5NFY"G]\ S[ VgIG]\ AC]JRG
o GSFZo These / those + are + not + o.w.p
o 5|`GFY"o Are + these/ those + o.w.p +?
o 5|PGSFZo Aren’t + these/ those + o.w.p +?
3
My, Your, His, Her, Our, Your, Their
My s DFIf DFZ]\ Our sVJZf VDFZ]\
Your s IMZf TDFZ]\ Your sIMZf TDFZ]\
His s lCh T[G]\ s5]Z]QFf
Her sCZ f T[G]\ s :+L f Their s W[IZ f
T[VMG]\ Its s.8; f T[G]\ s GFgITZ f
o VCL My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their JU[Z[ KõL lJElSTGF EFJ s ~5M f K[P VF
lJElST DFl,SLGM EFJ ;]RJ[ K[P
o Our, Your, VG[ their V[ AC]JRGGF ~5M K[P
o DFl,S VG[ DFl,SGL J:T[GM ;\A\W NXF"JGFZF ;J"GFDF[ my, your, her, his, Its GFDGL VFU/
VJLG[ lJX[QF6 G]\ SFI" SZ[ K[P T[YL T[DG[ DFl,SL NX"S lJX[QF6M s Possessive Adjectives )
SC[ K[P
o GFDGL 5C[,F\ lJX[QF6 VFJ[ TM GFDGL ;FY[ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL a my bike ,BFI GCLP
DF+ my bike H ,BFIP
4
Plural s AC]JRGf
o ;DFgI ZLT[ XaN G[ K[0[ s ,UF0JFYL T[G]\ AC]JRG YFI K[P
o HM XaN G[ K[0[ s, ss, sh, ch, chh, x, o, CMI TM es ,UF0JFYL AP J AG[ K[P
o NFP T o bus – busses, glass- glasses, box- boxes, mango- mangoes, watch – watches.
o HM XaNG[ K[0[ t S[ te CMI TM T[ GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ T[GL HuIFV[ ves ,FU[ K[P H[DF\ roof,
hoof, safe, hanker chief JU[Z[ V5JFN K[P H[DF\ DF+ s ,FU[ K[P
o XaNG[ K[0[ y CMI TM y GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ ies ,FU[ K[ 56 HM y GL 5C[,F :JZ CMI ( a, e,
i, o, u ) TM DF+ S ,FU[ K[ VG[ y 56 GLS/TM GYLP NFP To baby – babies, toy – toys.
o ;\I]ST GFDMG]\ AP J SZTL JBT[ A\G[ DF\YL H[G]\ JWFZ[ DCtJ CMI T[GL VFU/ S ,FU[ K[P
H[D S[4 father-in- law - fathers-in-law
mather-in-law - mathers-in-law
o S[8,FS ;\I]ST GFDMDF\ A\G[ 5NMG]\ AC]JRG YFI K[P
H[D S[4 man servant - men servants
o women servant – women servants
o GFDGL 5C[,F ;\bIFJFRS lJX[QF6 VFJ[ TM AP J GM 5|tII ,FUTM GYLP H[D S[4 one dozen -
one dozen, one hundred – dive hundred
o scissors, spectacles, people, cattle JU[Z[ C\D[XF APJ VG[ news, innings JU[Z[ C\D[XF
V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P
o S[8,FS APJGF ~5 VlGIlDT K[P
man – men woman – women
foot – feet child - children
tooth – teeth mouse – mice
o VD}SGF V[PJ VG[ APJGF ~5 ;DFG H CMI K[P H[D S[4
sheep – sheep sugar – sugar
dear – dear salt – salt
tea – tea
5
Type of Questions :
o V\U|[HL DF\ A[ 5|SFZGF 5|`GM VFJ[ K[P
o s!f lS|IF5NYL (verb) X~ YTF 5|`GM H[G[ verbal Question SC[JFI K[P
o sZf Wh- YL X~ YTF 5|`GM what, when, which, who, where, How, why, whom,
whose VF AWF Wh- Question SC[JFI K[P
o VCL How V[ Wh YL X~ YTM GYL 56 T[G[ VF 5|SFZGM H U6FI K[P
sZf Wh Questions
o H[ 5|`GMGL X~VFT when, where, why, what, who, which, whom, whose VG[ How
XaNYL YFI T[JF 5`GMG[ Wh- Question SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o Wh- Question GM p¿Z Yes S[ NoDF\ V5FTF GYL T[DGF p¿Z DF8[ SM.G[ SM. DFlCTL RMSS;
ZLT[ s VR}S q OZlHIFT f VF5JL 50[ K[P VFYL VFJF 5|`GM G[ Information Questions 56 SC[
K[P
6
Yes – No
o VD]S lJlXQ8 5|`GM HJFA Yes S[ No DF\ H VF5JM 50[ K[P
NFP To Is this your pen ?
Yes, it is.
yes,it is my pen.
yes, it’s my pen
o VCL\ 5|`GGF +6 p¿Z VF5[,F K[ 5C[,M p¿Z 8}\SF :J~5GM K[ VG[ AFSLGF A[ p¿Z 5}ZF VF5[,
K[P
o 36LJFZ V\U|[HLDF\ Yes S[ No GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ 5}ZF JFSIDF\ HJFA G VF5TF 8}\SDF\ p¿Z
V5FI K[P H[D S[4 Is this a book?
o Yes, it is
o No, it isn’t
o VCL\ It is GF :YFG[ it’s 56 ,BL XSFI 56 DF+ CSFZDF\ it is H ,BJ]\ S[ AM,J]\ 50[ it’s
,BL S[ AM,L XSFI GlCP
o isn’t V[ is not G]\ 8}\S]\ ~5 K[ GSFZDF\ p¿Z VF5TL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ is not G[ AN,[ isn’t H
J5ZFI K[P
‘S & Of
o APJ DF\ K[0[ s S[ es ,UF0JFGM CMI tIFZ[ ‘S ,FUTM GYL DF+ ‘ ,FU[ K[P NFPT o farmers -
farmers’
donkey - donkey’s.
o ;HLJM DF8[ ‘S GF :YFG[ of JF5ZL XSFI 56 lGHL"J DF8[ TM DM8[ EFU[ of H J5ZFI K[P
o Ramesh’s pen – pen of Ramesh 56 cow’s leg V[D G ,BFI T[G[ leg of cow V[D
H DM8[EFU[ ,BFIP
7
Mine-yours, theirs
o ;J"GFDGF KõL lJElST GF ~5M mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs K[P
o his KõL lJElST G]\ ~5 A[ ZLT[ J5ZFI K[P This is his book. / This book is his.
o It ;J"GFDG]\ ~5 it’s V[S H K[P VF ~5 SNL K[0[ D}SFT] GYLP
o my, your JU[Z[ is 5C[,F VFJ[ HIFZ[ mine, yours JU[Z[ is 5KL VFJ[P H[D S[4
o This is my book – This book is mine.
Commands – VF7FY"
o VF56[ ZMHAZMHGF HLJGDF\ SM.G[ S\. SZJFG]\ SC[TF CM.V[ KLV[ H[D S[4 5[G ,FJP VFJF JFSIMG[
VF7FY" JFSIM SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o V7FY" JFSIDF\ STF" TZLS[ you CMI K[ 56 T[GM p<,[B SZTM GYLP H[D S[4 T]\ q TDG[ VF5M G[
Give a pen V[D ,BFI K[P
o VF7FY" JFSIGL X~VFT ,UEU lS|IF5NYL X~ YFI K[ 56 S[8,LS JFZ p5N[X VF5JF S[ ;,FC S[
lJG\TL SZJF please, Don’t H[JF XaNM J5ZFI K[P H[D S[4
o Please switch on the fan – DC[ZAFGL SZL 5\BM RF,] SZM
o Don’t speake a lie – H}9}\ AM,M GlCP
o VlC Don’t = Do not GSFZ JFSI DF8[ J5ZFI K[ HIFZ[ Don’t VF7FY" JFSIDF\ J5ZFI TM T[GM
SM. VY" GYL T[ DF+ JFSIG[ GSFZ AGFJJF DF8[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N TZLS[ JT[" K[P
o VCL HIFZ[ Don’t VFJ[ tIFZ[ ALHL lJElST GF ~5M me, us, you, him, her, it, them J5ZFI
K[P H[D S[4 Don’t disturb me – DG[ B,[, q C[ZFG G SZM
o Don’t cheat us – VDG[ K[TZXM GlC
8
Have - Has
o to have s C[J f v GL 5F;[ CMJ]\4 v G]\ CMJ]\4 GL DFl,SG]\ CMJ]P
o to has V[ JPSF +LP5] V[PJ DF8[ J5ZFT]\ to have G]\ ~5 K[P H[ He, She, it JU[Z[ DF8[ J5ZFI
K[P HIFZ[ AFSLGFDF\ has J5ZFI K[P
o have S[ has 5KL not D}SJFYL S[ no D}SJFYL GSFZJFRS JFSI AG[ K[ shave/ has) not G]\ 8]S}\
~5 haven’t K[P
o H[D S[4 VDFZL 5F;[ AF.S GYL – We have not a bike/ We haven’t a bike/ We have no
bike.
o Have VG[ Has G[ JFSI GL X~VFTDF\ D}STF\ 5|`GFY" JFSI AG[ K[P H[GM yes/ no DF\ 8}SM T[DH
5}6" HJFA VF5L XSFI K[P
o 36LJFZ have / has ;FY[ got 56 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[YL JFSIDF\ SM. O[Z 50TM GYLP
o We have a bike = we have got a bike.
o got XaN JF/F 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ 8}\SDF\ HJFA VF5TL JBT[ got J5ZFTM GYLP 5}6" p¿Z DF8[ got
,BFI K[P H[D S[4 Has Minaxi got a pencil ?
No, she hasn’t / yes, she has.
Yes, she has got a pencil
No, she hasn’t got a pencil
o Formula:
CSFZ o STF" + have / has( got) + AFSLGF XaNM
o GSFZo STF" + have/ has + not +got + AFP X
o 5|`GFY"o Have/ Has + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
o GSFZ o Haven’t / hasn’t + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Had
o Have / has A\G[G]\ E}TSF/G]\ ~5 had K[P
o have /has ;FY[ H[D got J5ZFY K[ T[D had 5KL 56 got J5ZFI K[P
o had 5KL not D}STF had not / hadn’t YFI K[ VG[ JFSI GSFZ AG[ K[P
o Have / has GL H[D had G[ X~VFTDF\ D}STF\ 5|`GFY"JFSI AG[ K[ H[G[ yes/ no DF\ 8}SM p¿Z S[
5}ZM p¿Z VF5L XSFI K[P
9
o Formula:
o CSFZo STF" + had + got + AFSLGF XaNM
o GSFZo STF" + had + not + got + AFSL GF XaNM
o 5|`GFY"o Had + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
o 5|P GSFZo Hadn’t + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
10
Introductory ‘there’ s5|F:TlJS, there )
o JFSIDF\ HIFZ[ SM. VlGl`RT DG]QI4 5|F6L S[ J:T] is S[ are lS|IF5N GF STF" TZLS[ VFJ[ tIFZ[ DM8[
EFU[ VF56[ is S[ are GL 5}J[" there VG[ is S[ areGL 5KL STF" TZLS[ VFJ[,]\ GFD D}SLG[ VF
5|SFZGL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o VFJL ZRGF Introductory there (5|F:TlJS there) TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
o ;FDFgI ZLT[ V\U|[HLDF\ JFSIGL X~VFT STF"YL YFI K[P VCL STF"G[ :YFG[ thereGM p5IMU YFI
K[P VF V\U|HLGM V[S lJlXQ8 5|SFZ K[P
o VCL JFSIDF\ there GM VY" S\. GYL T[ DF+ JFSIGL X~VFT SZL VF5[ K[P
o There 5KL JPSF DF\ ‘to be’ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 is/ are VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL STF" VFJ[ K[P
o There YL X~ YTF JFSIDF\ lS|IF5N T[GL 5KL VFJTF STF" 5|DF6[ V[PJ S[ APJ DF\ VFJ[ K[P V[8,[
S[ STF" V[PJ TM lS|IF5N V[PJ VG[ STF" APJ TM lS|IF5N APJ DF\ CMI K[P
o 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ is/ are/ wh. Que 5C[,F D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ VG[ 5KL there VG[ ALH] D}SJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P VG[ is/ are 5KL not D}STF\ isn’t/ aren’t D}SLG[ JFSI GSFZ AGFJFI K[P
o Formula:
o CSFZo There + is/ are + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM
o GSFZo There + is/ are +not + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM
o 5||`GFY"o Is / are/ + there + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
5|P GSFZo Isn’t/ aren’t + there + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
11
How many? – How much?
o How many? = How much? = S[8,]\
How many VG[ How much A\G[GM U]HZFTLDF\ VY" ;DFG YFI K[P 5Z\T] V\U|[HLDF\ T[DGM
VY" lEgG K[P
o How many 5|`GGF p¿ZDF\ 1, 2, 10, 25, 50, V[D RMSS; ;\bIFGM q VF\S0FGM lGN["X YFI K[P
VFD4 H[ J:T]GL U6TZL Y. XSTL CMI T[JL J:T]G[ How many J0[ 5|`GFY"DF\ 5}KFI K[P
o How much 5|`GGM p¿Z H[ J:T] U6LGF XSFI T[JL J:T]GF[ 5|`GFY"DF\ p5IMU SZFI K[P H[D S[
AWL H ãjI JFRS s GFDf J:T]VM 5F6L4 T[,4 WFT] 4 VGFH JU[Z[ 5}KJF How much J5ZFI K[P
o U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]G[ Constable nouns & G U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]G[ Uncountable nouns
SC[ K[P
o How many & How much GF 5|`GGF HJFADF\ S[8,LS JFZ some, any H[JF XaNM J5ZFI
K[P some XaN CSFZDF\ TYF any XaN 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o p5ZF\T some VG[ any A\G[ XaNM countable & uncountable DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
a lot of , plenty of
o some S[8,FS4 enough – 5]ZT]\ 4 No- GFP VF XaNM U6L XSFI VG[ G U6L XSFI V[D A\G[
5|SFZGF 5|`GF[ GF HJFA DF8[ VF5L XSFI K[P
o HIFZ[ a few – YM0]\P V[ U6L XSFI VG[ a little - YM0]\ P V[ G U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]VM DF8[
J5ZFI K[P
Going to:
o ElJQGL SM. IMHGF S[ .ZFNF G[ RF,] JT"DFGSF/DF\ NXF"JJF going to GM p5IMU YFI K[P
Formula:
CSFZo STF" + is / am/ are + going to + lS|IF5N G]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
GSFZo STF" + is / am / are + not + going to + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
12
Can, could, would, use – used to- to be used
Can V[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[ VG[ T[ XlST q SFI"ÙDTF NXF"J[ K[P
Can ;FY[ C\D[XF lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5 H J5ZFI K[P
Formula:
can GL Formula DF\ can GF :YFG[ Could D}SL N[TF\ formula AGX[P
E}TSF/ DF\ SF[. lJlXQ8 AFATGL XSITF VYJF ;DY"TF jIST SZJF DF8[ could GF :YFG[ was /
were able to JF5ZL XSFI H[ JW] IMuI U6FI K[P
would V[ 56 V[S ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P T[ will G]\ E}PSFGL V[SFNL 8[J VYJF ZLT NXF"JFI K[P
would GF H[JL H ALHL ZRGF K[ used to GF +6 5|SFZ K[P use - used to - be used to.
use XaNGM p5IMU lS|IF5N TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P VF lS|IF5NGM VY" JF5ZJ]\ S[ p5IMUDF\\ ,[J]\ V[D
YFI K[P
used to V[ would GL H[D E}PSFDF\ J5ZFI K[P be used to – get, used to – become used
to ZRGFDF\ 8[J 50L UI[,]\ S[ 8[JF. UI[,]\ V[JM VY" YFI K[P
used to VG[ be used to 5KL C\D[XF lS|IF5N G]\ D}/~5 J5ZFI K[P
used to GM JW] p5IMU E}PSFDF\ YTL JFZ\JFZGL 38GFVM DF8[ YFI K[P
13
May –Might
May 56 canGL H[D ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P
5ZJFGUL VF5JF S[ ,[JF DF8[ may lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P
SM. G[ X]E[rKF S[ VFXLJF"N VF5JF DF8[ 56 MayGM p5IMU YFI K[P
Might 56 May GL H[D H ;\EJ jIST SZJF DF8[G]\ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P
Might VG[ MayGM VY" V[S H K[P
Formula:
CSFZo STF" + may/ might + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
GSFZo STF" + may/ might + not + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
5|`GFY"o May/ Might + STF" + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Formula: (must)
CSFZo STF" + must + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Formula:
CSFZo STF" + have / has/had+ not + to lS|IF5NG]\ D}P~ + AFSLGF XaNM
14
Should- Ought to
Should V[ AWF H STF" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P Should VG[ Ought to A\G[ ST"jI NX"S XaNM K[P T[GM
VY" YJ]\ HM.V[4 SZJ]\ HM.V[ JU[Z[ YFI K[P
Ought to 56 Should GL H[D AWF H STF" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
Should VG[ Ought to 5KL C\D[XF D]bI lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/ ~5 VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ lS|IFVM E}PSF DF\ ATFJJL CMI TM should/ ought to 5KL have D}SL lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS'N\T
D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
GSFZ JFSI SZTL JBT[ shouldn’t VG[ oughtn’t D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Formula:
E}PSF DF8[ o STF" + should / ought to (not) + have + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5
15
Adverbs (lS|IFlJX[QF6Mfo
H[ XaNM lS|IF5NGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[JF XaNMG[ lS|IFlJX[QF6M SC[JFI K[[P
H[ adverbs lS|IF S[JL ZLT[ Y. V[ ATFJ[ T[G[ V\U|[HL DF\ adverbs of manner ( 5|SFZ NX"S f
SC[JFI K[P soundly, sweetly, bravely, JU[Z[ 5|SFZ NX"S adverbs K[P
H[ adverbs lS|IF SIFZ[ Y. T[ ATFJ[ T[G[ adverbs of time – s ;DINX"S lS|IFlJX[QF6 f SC[JFI
K[P today, yesterday, soon JU[Z[ ;DI NX"S adverbs K[P
H[ adverb lS|IF SIF\ Y. T[ ATFJ[ T[G[ adverbs of place ( :Y/ NX"S f SC[JFI K[P there, out,
here, JU[Z[ :Y/ NX"S adverbs K[P
lJX[QF6G[ K[0[ le CMI TM e SF-L y ,UF0TF\ adverb AG[ K[P gentle – gently.
lJX[QF6G[ K[0[ y CMI VG[ y GL 5C[,F\ jI\HG CMI TM ly ,UF0TF\ 5C[,F\ y GM i SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
happy – happily.
AFSLGF lJX[QF6MFG\ DM8[EFU[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ ly ,UF0TF\ adverb AG[ K[P
when, where, why VG[ how H[JF adverb 5|`GFY" JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ VFJ[ K[P
adverb H[ XaNGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[GL A\G[ V[8,L GHLS D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Always, never, of ten, sometimes V[ AWF time – adverb K[P H[ lS|IF5NGF VY"DF\ JWFZM
SZ[ T[GL 5C[,F\ 56 to be lS|IF5N 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HM lS|IF5N ;CFISFZS VG[ D]bI lS|IF5NG]\ AG[,]\ CMI TM VF lS|IF lJX[QF6M ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
VG[ D]bI lS|IF5NGL JrR[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HM ;SD"S lS|IF5N GL 5KL TZT H SD" VFJT]\ CMI TM adverb SD" GL 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
16
Question tags
lJWFG JFSIG[ T[ lJWFG lJX[ CDlT 5}KJF S[ CSFZDF\ SC[JF DF8[ 8}\SF 5|`GM 5}KFI K[P H[DG[
Question tags SC[JFI K[P
DC[X CMlXIFZ K[4 GlC m v Mahesh is clever, isn’t he?
HM lJWFG JFSI CSFZ TM Que. tags GSFZDF\ VG[ lJWFG JFSI GSFZ TM Que. tags CSFZ CMI
K[P
Question tags GF O[ZOFZMo
is – isn’t can – can’t
are – aren’t must – mustn’t
am – ain’t / am not has – hasn’t
was – wasn’t have – haven’t
were – weren’t do – don’t
will – won’t should – shouldn’t
shall – shalln’t did – didn’t
would – wouldn’t.
Let / Let’s
let us = Let’s. SM. 56 ;}RGF SZTL JBT[ AM,GFZ ;FY[ 5MTFGM 56 T[DF\ ;DFJ[X SZ[ K[ tIFZ[
Let’s GL ZRGF YFI K[P
Let GL ZRGF JF/F VF7FY" JFSIMDF\ DM8[ EFU[ you VwIFCFZ CMI K[P H[D S[4
Let me go – (TD[ q T]f DG[ HJF NMP
Let her cook – T[6L G[ ZF\WJF NMP
Let us, Let him, Let them H[JL ZRGF DF\ OST 5ZJFGUL DFUJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[JM VY" CMI K[P
Let lS|IF5NGM VY" allow – SZJF NM4 5ZJFGUL VF5M V[D YFI K[P
Let GF :YFG[ allow JF5ZL XSFI 56 allow GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ lS|IF5NGL 5C[,F\ to
D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 Let me go.
Allow me to go.
17
Exclamatory Sentences (pNUFZ JFRS JFSIMf
pNJFZ JFRS JFSIM DF\ what/ How XaN X~VFTDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ lS|IF5N JFSIGF V\T[
D}SFI K[P JFSIG[ V\T[ (!) D}SJ] OZlHIFT K[P
pNUFZ JFRSG]\ lJWFG JFSIDF\ 5lZJT"G SZTL JBT[ what /how SF-L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
T[G[ :YFG[ 5|YD STF" VG[ 5KL lS|IF5N D}SL lJWFG JFSIGL ZRGF SZJL 50[ K[P
How / what G[ very J0[ VlElJST YFI K[ VG[ 5KL D}/ JFSIGF lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 D}SL
AFSLGF XaNM ,BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
S[8,FS pNUFZ JFRS XaNMo
How beautiful! – S[8,] ;]\NZ
Excellent! – p¿D
of course! – CF:TM
How sad! – S[8,]\ N]oBN
How interesting! – S[8,]\ Z;5|N
Bravo!- XFAFX
How sweet! – S[8,]\ DL9]\
How marvelous! – S[8,]\ ;Z;
How terrible! – S[8,]\ EIFGS
How funny! – S[8,]\ DhFG]\
Thank god! - CFX
god! – C[ EUJFG
Congratulations! – VlEG\NG
What a pity! – S[8,L N]oBN JFT
Wonderful! – VF`RI"HGS
What a shame! – S[8,]\ XZDHGS
Hurry up! – H<NL SZ
Quite right! – lA,S], AZFAZ
How absurd! – S[8,]\ CF:IF:5N
Oh dear! – VZ[
Thanks! – VFEFZ
How surprising! – S[8,]\ VF`RI"HGS
What nonsense! – S[JL D}B"F.
How great! – S[JM DCFG
Beware! - ;FJWFG
18
Degree:
Degree GF +6 5|SFZ K[P possitive, comparative VG[ Superlative.
Possitive Degree DF\ D}/ lJX[QF6 H J5ZFI K[P lJX[QF6G[ -er 5|tII ,UF0JFYL T[G]\
Comparative degree G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P JFSIDF\ V[ ~5 5KL C\D[XF T],GFNX"S XaN than J5ZFI
K[P
H[GL T],GF Y. CMI T[G]\ GFD STF" TZLS[ VG[ H[GL ;FY[ T],GF Y. CMI T[G]\ GFD than 5KL
D]SFI K[P HIFZ[ A[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]GL T],GF SZJL CMI tIFZ[ H Comparative degree J5ZFI
K[P
lJX[QF6GF D}/ ~5G[ -est 5|tII ,UF0JFYL T[G]\ Superlative degree AG[ K[P V[ ~5GL 5C[,F
C\D[XF VFl8"S, the D}SFI K[P Superlative degree +6 S[ T[YL JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\
V[SGL `F|[Q9TF ATFJJL CMI tIFZ[ H J5ZFI K[P
than 5KL ;J"GFD (pronoun) – GF SD" lJElSTGF ~5M ( her, his, JU[Z[f GlC 56 STF"
lJElSTGF ~5M s she, he, you) JU[Z[ D}SFI K[P
Formula:
STF" + to be G]\ ~5 + not + as + D}/ lJX[QF6 + as + ;ZBFD6L H[GL ;FY[ Y. K[ T[ XaN
36LJFZ as. ...as GF AN,[ not so... as H[JL ZRGF 56 J5ZFI K[P
CPG sCo): STF" + c. d G]\ ~5 + than + ALHM ;ZBFD6LGM XaN
CPG sSup) : STF" + to be (+ not ) + S.D G]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Comparative & Superlative degree GF lJX[QF6GF S[8,FS lGIDM K[P H[ GLR[ D}HA K[P
;FDFgI ZLT[ ‘er’ & ‘-est’ 5|TII ,FU[ K[P tall – taller – tallest.
V\T[ e CMI TM DF+ ‘r’ & ‘st’ ,FU[ K[P wise – wiser – wisest.
K[0[ y CMI TM VG[ T[ 5C[,F\ jI\HG CMI TM y GM i YFI K[ VG[ 5KL -er /est 5|tII ,FU[ K[P
heavy – heavier – heaviest
happy – happier – happiest
GFGF s 3-4) lJX[QF6MG[ ‘er’ S[ ‘est’ D}STF K[0[GF VÙZM A[J0FI K[P
big – bigger – biggest
hot – hotter – hottest.
19
HM XAN ,F\AM CMI TM VG[ A[ S[ T[YL JW[ :JZ CMI TM T[GL VFU/ more & most ,UF0FI K[P
difficult – more difficult – most difficult
beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful.
HM K[0[ ly CMI TM 56 more & most ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Carefully – more – carefully – most carefully
bravely – more bravely – most bravely.
S[8,FS lJX[QF6GF XaNM VlGIlDT CMI K[P good – better – best, bad/ ill – warse – worst,
much/ many – more – most.
20
Squence of tense s SF/FgJI f
HM D]bI JFSIDF\ JPSF S[ EPSF G]\ lS|IF5N VFJ[,] CMI TM T[GF 5KLGF UF{6 JFSIDF\ JFSIGF EFJ
S[ VY" 5|DF6[ SM. 56 SF/G]\ lS|IF5N VFJL XS[P
HM D]bI JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSFDF\ CMI TM UF{6 JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSFGF IMuI~5DF\ CMJ]\ HM.V[P
5Z\T] HM UF{6JFSI S]NZTGF lGID 5|DF6[ AgIF SZ[ T[J]\ lJWFG CMI4 SM. SC[JT CMI S[ C\D[XF
;FRL U6FI V[JL CSLST CMI TM D]bI JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSF DF\ CMJF KTF\ 56 UF{6 JFSIG]\
lS|IF5N C\D[XF ;FPJP SF DF\ H ZC[ K[P
21
Active –Passive voise
A.v : STF" + lS|IF5N + SD"
P.v: SD" + ;PlS| + E}PS' + by + SD"
VCL\ A.V DF\ O[ZOFZ YTF STF"G]\ :YFG SD" ,[ K[ VG[ SD"G]\ :YFG STF" ,[ K[P
SF/ 5|DF6[ IMuI ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL lS|IF5NG] E}P S' VG[ by D}SJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P T[GF 5KL STF"GL SD" lJElST VFJ[ L[P
HIFZ[ STF" SD" AG[ VG[ SD" STF" AG[ tIFZ[ V[P J q APJ GF GFD D]HA ;PlS|IF5N D]SFI K[P VG[
;J"GFDDF\ 56 O[ZOFZ YFI K[P TYF STF" lJElST SD" lJElST VG[ STF"” lJElST SD" lJElST
I - Me She – her
We – us It – It
You – You They – them
He – him.
p5ZGF ;J"GFD VF5[,F CMI TM T[DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P 56 HFlTJFRS GFD S[ BF:T GFD CMI TM
T[DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
22
too.....so......that. .....not
too V[ V[S lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[P T[GM VY" .........so..........that.........not......... YFI K[P
H[D S[ He is so honest that he will not accept a bribe. VF JFSIDF\ .
so....that.....not
G[ AN,[ too JF5ZLG[ VY" AN<IF JUZ JFSI ,BL XSFI K[P He is too honest to accept a
bribe.
too XaN SF9LG[ T[GL HuIFV[ so XaN D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL H[ lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 CMI
T[ D}SFI K[P 5KL that D}SL to SF9L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL X~VFTFGM STF" S[ ;J"GFD D}SLG[
5KL can’t , couldn’t, won’t S[ wouldn’t DF\YL IMuI XaNM D}SJFP
tIFZ 5KL D}/ JFSIDF\ to 5KL VFJTM lS|IFJFRS XaN VG[ ALHF XaNM ,BJFP
23
As soon as, No sooner......then
V[S lS|IF YFI S[ TZT H ALHL lS|IF YFI T[ ;}TJJF U]HZFTLDF\ cS[ TZTHc q cH[J]\ PPPPPS[ TZT Hc
J5ZFI K[ VFJF JFSIMG[ V\U|[HLDF\ as soon as / no sooner................than J0[ NXF"JFI K[P
as soon as YL X~ YT]\ p5JFSI D]bI JFSIGL 5C[,F\ T[DH 5KL V[D A\G[ ZLT[ VFJ[ K[P 5Z\T]
No sooner TM JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
as soon as GL DFOS T[ JFSIGL JrR[ J5ZFI GlC P J/L No sooner 5KL TZT H ;CFISFZS
lS|IF5NG]\ IMuI ~5 VFJ[ K[P 5KL T[GM STF" VG[ tIFZ 5KL D]bI lS|IF5N D}SFI K[P V[ p5JFSI
5]Z] YIF 5KL H than J5ZFI K[P VG[ T[ 5KL H D]bI JFSI VFJ[ K[P
;CFISFZS lS|IF5N JUZ No sooner ;FY[ D]bI lS|IF5N V[S,]\ J5ZFI GlCP
as soon as JF/F p5JFSIDF\ HM is, am, are, was S[ were lS|IF5N D]bI lS|IF5N TZLS[ CMI TM
No sooner JF/F JFSIMDF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ No sooner 5KL is, am, are, was S[ were VFJ[ K[
VG[ 5KL STF" VFJ[ K[P
24
Direct – indirect Speech:
Direct speech G[ Indirect speechDF\ O[ZJJF DF8[ S], 4 5|SFZGF JFSIM CMI K[P s!f ;FN]
JFSI sZf 5|`GFY" JFSI s#f VF7FY" JFSI s$f VF`RI"SFZS JFSIP
A[ jIlST JrR[GF ;\JFNG[ direct speech SC[ K[P T[ ;\JFNG[ SM. +LHL jIlST NXF"J[ tIFZ[
indirect speech AG[ K[P
Direct speech DF\ AM,GFZG[ reporter VG[ ;F\E/GFZG[ listener SC[JFI K[P AM,GFZ ;FY[
Say, Said, Told, ask H[JF lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P H[G[ reporting verb SC[JFI K[P
JFSIDF\ s “ .........” ) lRgC JrR[GF JFSIG[ reported speech SC[JFI K[P
reporting verb JPSFDF\ S[ E}PSF DF\ CMI TM reported speech GF SM. SF/DF\ O[ZOFZ YTF\
GYLP V[8,[ S[ reporting verb TZLS[ say, says, will say, shall say CMI tIFZ[ SF/ DF\ SM.
O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP VJZ6 lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ that YL DF+ JFSI HM0FI HFI K[P ;J"GFDDF\
O[ZOFZ AM,GFZ VG[ ;F\E/GFZ D]HA YFI K[P
HIFZ[ ;GFTG ;tI 4 SC[JT S[ lJ7FG GM SM. l;wWF\T CMI TM 56 DF+ that J0[ HM0FI K[P SF.
AN,FTM GYLP
reporting verb E}PSFDF\ CMI TM reported speech GF GLR[ 5|DF6[ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P
VJTZ6 lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ that YL JFSI HM0FI K[P
reported speech G]\ JFSI ;FP J G]\ CMI TM T[GM ;FPE}PSF AGL HFI K[P V[8,[ S[ is/ am / are G]\
was/were YFI K[P
RFPJPSF G]\ JFSI RFPE}PSFDF\ O[ZJFI K[ V[8,[ S[ to be G]\ JPSF G]\ ~5 + lS|IF5N + ing CMI T[G]\ to
be G]\ E}PSFG]\ ~5 + lS| + ing AGL HFI K[P is/ am / are G]\ was / were YFI K[P
5}PJPSF G]\ JFSI 5}PE}PSF DF\ O[ZJFI K[P V[8,[ S[ have / has G]\ had AG[ K[ VG[ T[GL ;FY[
E}TS'N\T D}SFI K[P
JFSI ;FPE}PSFG]\ CMI TM 5}PE}PSF AG[ K[ V[8,[ S[ lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' D}SFI K[ VG[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
had D}SFI K[ VG[ did not GF :YFG[ had not D}SFI K[P
JFSI RFPE}PSF DF\ CMI TM RFPE}PSF AG[ K[P V[8,[ S[ was / were G]\ had been YFI K[P
JFSI 5}PE}PSF G]\ CMI TM T[GF SF/DF\ SM. O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
shall, will, can, could, may, might, should, would CMI TM could, would, should,
might V[DGF V[D H ZC[ K[P HIFZ[ shall / will G]\ would, can G]\ could VG[ may G]\ might
YFI K[ VG[ T[DGL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}P~5 V[D H ZC[ K[P V[8,[ S[ will go G]\ would go YFI
56 would went YT]\ GYLP
25
HM ;DI ;}RS XaN CMI TM T[DGM O[ZOFZ GLR[ D}HA YFI K[P
this – that, these – those, here – there, to day – that day, tomorrow – the next,
yesterday – the previous day / the day before, next week – the following week,
last week – the previous week, to night – that night, ago – before, now – then,
come – go, thus – so.
p5ZGF XaNM DF\ êW]\ YT]\ GYL V[8,[ S[ go G]\ come S[ that G]\ this YT]\ GYLP
reported speech DF\ VFJTF ;J"GFDM AM,GFZ S[ ;F\E/GFZ DF8[ J5ZFI[, CMI TM T[GL lJElST
5|DF6[ indirect speech DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P VF O[ZOFZ GLR[ D}HA K[P
STF" lJElST SD" lJElST ;A\WS sKõLf lJElST
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
They Them Their Theirs
reporting verb TZLS[ said to G[ AN,[ indirect SZTL JBT[ told J5ZFI K[ VG[ VJTZ6
lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ JFSI that YL HM0FI K[P
reported speech GF 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ A[ 5|SFZGF JFSIM K[P s!f ;CFISFZS lS|IF5NYL sZf
5|`GFY" ;}RS XaNYL X~YTF JFSIM o
s!f HIFZ[ JFSIGL X~VFT ;PlS| H[JF S[ is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, should,
would, can, could, has, have, had, may, might, do, does, did YL YFI tIFZ[ it /
whether J0[ JFSI HM0FI K VG[ JFSI ;FN] AGL HFI K[P VG[ O[ZOFZ ;FNF JFSIM D]HA YFI
K[P said to G[ AN,[ 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ asked J5ZFI K[P VG[ 5|`GFY" lRgC= GLS/L HFI K[P
HIFZ[ JFSIGL X~VFT 5|`G;}RS XaN H[JF S[ what, why, when, who, whom, whose,
which, where, how much, how many, how far JU[Z[ YL X~ YFI tIFZ[ T[ 5|`GFY" ;]RS
XaN H ;\IMHS AGL HFI K[P JFSI ;FN] AG[ K[P 56 5|`GFY" ;}RS XaN H ;\IMHS AGL HFI K[P
said to G]\ asked YFI K[P
5|`GFY" JFSIG[ Indirect speech DF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ do, does, did JU[Z[ GLS/L HFI K[P SFZ6 S[
JFSI 5|`GFY" ZC[T]\ GYL JFSI ;FN]\ AGL HFI K[P
26
pTZMST lGIDM 8}\SDF\ Direct speech DF\ ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[
is, am, are G]\ was, were YFI K[P
have / has G]\ had YFI K[P
;FPJPSF GM ;FPE}PSF4 ;FPE}PSFG]\ 5}PE}SF AG[ K[P had 5KL E}PS' SM. O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
shall / will G]\ would, can G]\ could, may G]\ might YFI K[P should, would, could,
might DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
Do / Does GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ lS|IF5NG]\ E}PSFG]\ ~5 AG[ K[P do/ does not G]\ did not AG[
K[P
Did GLS/L E}TS'N\T D]SFI K[P did not G]\ had not YFI K[P
;DI ;]RS XaNMDF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P say, says, will / shall say CMI TM SF/ AN,FTM GYLP
;GFTG ;tI4 SC[JT S[ lJ7FG GF l;wWFTMDF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYL DF+ that ,FU[ K[P
5|`GFY" JFSIG[ it/ whether J0[ HM0FI K[ VG[ 5|`GFY" ;]RS XaN CMI TM T[ ;\IMHS AG[ K[P
;FNF JFSIDF\ said to G]\ told VG[ says to G]\ tells D}SFI K[P HIFZ[ 5\`GFY" JFSIDF\ asked/
asks D]SFI K[P
5|`GFY" JFSIMG]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[ T[ ;FN] JFSI AG[ K[ VG[ ;FNF JFSIGL H[DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI
K[P
C]SDGM VFN[X S[ VlGJFI" OZHGM EFZ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ ordered S[
commanded J5ZFI K[P
lJG\TLGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ requested XaN J5ZFI K[P
;,FCGM EFJ ;}RJFIM said to G[ AN,[ advised J5ZFI K[P
;}RGGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ suggested J5ZFI K[P
;]RGFGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ Instructed J5ZFI K[P
said to G[ AN,[ told S[ asked 56 J5ZFI K[P
p5ZGF O[ZOFZ YIF 5KL Indirect SZTL JBT[ to åFZF reported speech G]\ JFSI HM0FI K[P
JFSIGL V\NZ ZC[,F please H[JF XaNM GLS/L HFI K[P
VF7FY" JFSIG]\ GSFZ SZTL JBT[ Don’t /Do not lS|IF5N VFJ[ K[P T[G]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[
Do GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ lS|IF5N VFU/ not to VFJ[ K[P
VF`RI"SFZS JFSIM GM VFZ\E SZTL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ what / How YL YTM CMI K[P VFJF JFSIM
G]\ indirect SZTL JBT[ said to G[ AN,[ exclaimed to D}SFI K[P VG[ JFSI ;FN] AGL HFI K[P
T[DF\ O[ZOFZ 56 ;FNF JFSIGL H[D H SF/ & ;J"GFDDF\ YFI K[P
27
reported speech GF JFSIGF EFJ 5|DF6[ exclaimed with delight, exclaimed with,
sorrow , exclaimed with, disgust, exclaimed with joy, joyfully, angrily, in fear,
with wonder, with surprise, with appreciation H[JF phrases J5ZFI K[P
JFSIDF\ J5ZFTF oh, Hurrah, Alas, what VG[ How H[JF XaNM GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ S[8,LS
JFZ ptS'Q8TF ;}RS XaNM very, really S[ Indeed J5ZFI K[P
pN=UFZ JFSIG]\ lJWFG JFSI AGTF\ T[ that ;\IMHSYL HM0FI K[P VG[ JFSIG[ pN=UFZ lRgC=G[ AN,[
5}6"lJZFD V\TDF\ VFJ[ K[P
SM. jIlST 5F;[ 5ZJFGUL DF\ULV[ tIFZ[ T[ JFSIG[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ VF7FY" JFSI CMI K[P VFYL
VFJF JFSIMG]\ indirect SZTL JBT[ said to G[ AN,[ requested, asked S[ told D}SFI K[P
tIFZ 5KL VF7FY" JFSIGF O[ZOFZ D]HA to YL JFSI HM0FI K[ VG[ GSFZ JFSI not to YL
HM0FI K[P Let G[ AN,[[ SIFZ[S allow S[ permit J5ZFI K[P
Let åFZF NZBF:T 56 ;}RJFI K[P VFJF JFSIMG]\ Indirect speech DF\ ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[ said
to G[ AN,[ proposed to VYJF suggested to D}SFI K[P
Let 5KL J5ZFI[, SD" lJElST STF" lJElST AG[ K[P VG[ T[GL ;FY[ should J5ZFI K[P
good morning, thank you V[JL X]E[rKF jIST SZTF JFSIM X]E[rKF NXF"J[ K[P VFJF JFSIM
;LWF\ H HM0L XSFI K[P
VFJF JFSIMDF\ said to G[ AN,[ wished S[ prayed S[ thank H[J]\ lS|IF5N D}SLG[ ;LW]\ H
HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
CJ[4 p5ZGF AWF lGIDM TM JFSIM DF8[ K[P OSZFG]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[ 56 VFH lGIDM K[P
56 OSZF DF\ YM0MS O[ZOFZ SZTF\ wIFG ZFBJFG]\ K[P
OSZFDF\ yes/ no GF 8}\SF ;\JFNM CMI K[ TM T[ 5C[,F\GF JFSIGF ;\NE"DF\ CSFZ S[ GSFZGF VFBF
JFSI ,BJF\ HM.V[P told positively / told negatively YL CSFZ q GSFZGL NXF"J6L Y. XS[ K[P
5|`GGF HJFAGL replied VG[ OZLYL HJFA V5I T[G[ again replied YL NXF"JFI K[P
HIFZ[ 8}\SF 5|`GFY" ;}RS XaN J5ZFI K[P s H[D S[4 why, how, when )VFJF 5|`GFY" XaNMGF
;\NE"DF\ T[GF VFU/GF JFSI D]HA ~5FTZ6 SZJFG]\ CMI K[P
V[SGM V[S jIlST JFZ\JFZ 5|`G 5}K[ TM again asked, inquired JU[Z[ ,BFI K[P
sir H[JF DFGJFRS XaN GLS/L HFI K[P VG[ told with respect / replied with respect
VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ jCF, S[ 5|[DYL Dear JU[Z[ XaNM CMI TM T[ GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ told loving V[D ,BFI
K[P
28
V[S jIlST A[ ;\JFN AM,[ tIFZ[ added D}SL ALH] JFSI HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VF p5ZF\T VD]S ;\NE" DF8[ GLR[ D]HAGF XaNM J5ZFI K[P
IFN VF5JFo reminded J6"G SZJFo related
VFD\+6 VF5JFo invited 5}KTFH SZJFo inquired
8LSFq 8SMZ SZJFo remarked WDSL VF5JFo threatened
DFlCTL VF5JFo informed 5|FY"GF SZJFo prayed
R[TJ6L VF5JFo warned ;CFG}E]lT 5|No told- sympathy
VFHLHL SZJFo begged lX"T SZJF o theatrically
BF+L VF5JF o reassured
pt;FC 5}J"S o told enthusiastically
5|X\XF 5}J"So told admiringly
OZLYL SC[JFo repeated
lJWFG SZJF o stated
29
Prepositions:
In, into, on, at, above.........JU[Z[ G[ GFDIMUL VjII s preposition ) SC[ K[P
prepositions GFD S[ ;J"GFDGM JFSIDF\GF ALHF XaNM ;FY[ ;\A\W NXF"J[ K[P
S[8,FS propositions V[SYL JW] 5|SFZGF XaNMGF 56 AG[,F CMI K[P H[D S[4 into, out of JU[Z[P
VD]S GFD lJX[QF6 lS|IF5N VD]S H prepositions H VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 worry about,
sympathy for.
VD}S prepositions XaN ;D}CGF :J~5DF\ CMI K[P H[D S[ in change of, in front of JU[Z[P
S[8,FS prepositions GF V[SYL JW] VY" YFI K[P H[D S[4 by & with A\G[GM VY" 5F;[4 ;]WL JU[Z[
;ZBM H YFI K[P
VD]S propositions GM VY" lS|IF5N ;FY[ HM0FTF\ AN,FI HFI K[P H[D S[4 give up TM KM0L N[J]\
HM up G[ AN,[ in V[8,[ give in TFA[ YJ]\ YFI K[P
36F BZF prepositions :Y/ VG[ ;DI A\G[ NXF"JJF YFI K[P in, on, at, from, to, by JU[Z[P
In : (DF\ V\NZ4 :Y/ S[ ;DI NXF"JJF f
V[S HuIFDF\ UlT S[ l:YlT ATFJJF in J5ZFI K[P
Into (DF\ V\NZ4 UlT NXF"JJF S[ JC[RL N[JF S[ EFU 5F0JFGF VY"DF\f V[S HuIFV[YL ALHL HuIFV[
UlT NXF"JJF 56 into J5ZFI K[P
on: (p5Z4 :Y/ NXF"JT] CMI TM V0LG[4 ;DI NXF"JJF VD]S ;DI[f
At: s :Y/ NXF"JJF4 VD]S :Y/[ S[ :Y/ TZO VG[ ;DI NXF"JJF VD]S ;DI[f
Above: s p5Z 56 V[S[ GlC V[8,[ S[ µ\R[4 JW] p5Z S[ p5Z Y.G[P vYL JW]f
Over: s p5Z 56 V0[ GlC T[D p5Z Y. G[ 4 GF SZTF JW]\f
From: s DF\YL 4 :Y/ S[ ;DI DF8[ f
To sTZOv :U/ DF8[4 ;]WL ;DI4 G[ v jIlSTf
With s;FY[ J0[4 v YLf
Without sJUZ4 lJGFf
Near – (5F;[f
By s 5F;[4 J0[4 ;]WLDF\4 5F;[ Y.G[f
Beside (5F;[f
Besides(p5ZF\Tf
Between (OST A[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JrR[4 :Y/ S[ ;DI NXF"JJFf
Among s JrR[4 v A[ S[ T[YL JW] AWFGL JrR[ f
30
Before s VFU/4 ;DÙ S[4 5C[,F 4 v :Y/q ;DI NXF"JJF f
After s:Y/q ;DI4 5FK/ S[ 5KLf
Behind s 5FK/ S[ 5KL4 v :Y/ q ;DI NXF"JJFf
For s DF8[4 TZO4 ;DIf
of s v G]\f
off s V\NZYL S[ p5ZYL ACFZ4 A\W l:YlTDF\f
About s lJX[ f
Under s GLR[4 v YL VMK]\4 vDF\ f
Below s GLR[4 v GF SZTF\ VMK]\f
Against s GL ;FY[ f
During s NZdIFG f
Since s VD]S ;DIYL f
Across s V[S 5FZYL ALH[ 5FZ4 v GL 5[,[ 5FZ f
Throught s v DF\ Y.G[4 v GF äFZF f
Till s ;]WL f
Untill s ;]WLf
Except s l;JFI f
Out of s vDF\ Y.G[ 4 v DF\YL f
along s p5Z Y.G[4 GL AFH]DF\ 4 50B[ 50B[ f
Due to v GF ,LW[
Admist s DF\4 JrR[ V[JM among H[JM VY" f
Like s GF H[J]\ f
S[8,FS GFD4 lJX[QF6 S[ ;J"GFD 5KL VD]S RMSS; prepositions H GLR[ D]HA K[P
Accuse of Inform of
Admit to guard against
Agree to Insist on
Agree with Interfere with
Aim at Long far
Call on Look forward to
Compare to Object to
31
Compare with Recover from
Bestowed upon Refer to
Complain against Relay to
Born of Remind of
Complain of Stand by
Congratulation on Suspect of
Annoyed at Warn against
Anxious for Yield to
Capable of Absorbed in
Committed to Accused of
Concerned with Acquainted with
Confident in alarmed at
Accustomed to Angry with
Consent to Superiors to
deal in Inferior to
deal with Care of
depend on Sick of
differ from Encroach on
distinguish from Encroach upon
get through Hanker after
Deprive of Prior to
Endowed with Proceed with
Entitle to Identical with
familiar of Indebted to
familiar to Indifferent to
foresight to Jealous of
Die of Liable to
Worthy of Liable far
attend to Proud of
authority on reduced to
Collide with Expert in
32
Confidence in Exception to
carving far fond of
lacking in fondness far
Prevention against Substitute for
zeal for Consistent with
33
Reflexive & Emphatic pronouns s :J JFRS VG[
EFJJFRS ;J"GFDM f
lS|IF SZGFZ lS|IF 5MTFGL HFT 5Z H SZ[ V[JM VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ U]HZFTLDF\ 5MT[4 HFT[ V[JF
:JJFRS ;J"GFDM VF56[ JF5ZLV[ KLV[P VFJF H ;J"GFDM V\U|[HLDF\ J5ZFI K[P H[G[ reflexive
pronouns SC[JFI K[P
:JZ JFRS ;J"GFDM SD"GF :YFG[ VFJ[ K[P
V[SJRG ;J"GFDG[ self VG[ AC]JRGGF ;J"GFDG[ selves ,UF0JFYL :JJFRS ;J"GFDM T{IFZ YFI
K[P
My + self = my self Our + selves = Ourselves
Your + self = Your self Your + selves = Your selves
Him + self = Him self
Her + self = Her self Them + selves = Themselves
It + self = It self
HIFZ[ my self, yourself JU[Z[ ;J"GFDM EFZ NXF"J[ tIFZ[ T[DG[ :JJFRS ;J"GFD G SC[TF\
EFZNX"S ;J"GFD SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
:JJFRS ;J"GFD SD"GF :YFG[ VFJ[ K[ P T[GM SNL STF" TZLS[ p5IMU YTM GYLP
HIFZ[ SM. jIlSTV[ lS|IF 5MT[ H SZL K[ V[J]\ EFZ5}J"S NXF"JJF DF8[ :JZJFRS ;J"GFD J5ZFI K[
34
Conjunctions- And, or, But
And, or VG[ But V[ A[ JFSIMG[ HM0JF DF8[ GF\ ;\IMHSM K[P
HIFZ[ A[ H]NF H]NF JFSIMDF\ STF" H]NF H]NF CMI VG[ AFSLGF XaNM ;DFG CMI4 lJX[QF6M H]NF CMI
AFSLGF XaNM ;DFG CMI TM VFJF JFSIMG[ and ;\IMHSM J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ STF"G[ and J0[ HM0[,F CMI TM to be G]\ AC]JRGG]\ ~5 VFJ[ K[P V[8,[ S[ is G]\ are, was
G]\were JU[Z[ YFI K[P
HM A\G[ JFSIMDF\ STF" H]NF H]NF CMI TM HM0LG[ AGFJ[,F GJF JFSIDF\ T[ A\G[GM p<,[B SZJM H~ZL
K[P 5Z\T] HM A\G[ JFSIMDF\ STF" V[S H CMI TM STF"GM V[S H JFZ p<,[B YFI K[P ALHF JFSIDF\
STF" VwIFCFZ CMI K[P
A[ XaNM 4 XaN ;D}CM S[ JFSIM JrR[ lJS<5 NXF"JJF ;\IMHS or GM p5IMU YFI K[P
H[ A[ JrR[ lJS<5 NXF"JJM CMI T[DGL JrR[ H or D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
cv VF VYJF T[ c V[J]\ HIFZ[ NXF"JJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ or GM p5IMU YFI K[P
H[ A[ JFSIMDF\ 5Z:5Z lJX[WGM VY" ATFJTF\ lJX[QF6M VFJ[,F\ CMI S[ V[SALHF JrR[ lJZMWGM EFJ
ZC[,M CMI T[JF\ A[ JFSIMG[ but J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
35
Infinitive Construction s ;FDFgI S'N\TJF/L ZRGF f
V\U|HLDF\ Infinitive 5|SFZGL ZRGFGM p5IMU STF" TZLS[4 SD" TZLS[4 C[T] NXF"JJF4 lJX[QF6GF S[
GFDGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZJF T[DH lS|IF5}ZS TZLS[ YFI K[P
HM Infinitive YL X~ YTF JFSI G[ It YL X~ SZJ]\ CMI TM JFSIDF\GF lS|IF5NYL T[GF A[ EFU
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL lS|IF5NGL 5}J[" It D}SL X~VFTGM EFU 5FK/ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Infinitive ZRGFGF p5IMUYL A[ H]NF H]NF JFSIMG[ GLR[ D]HA HM0L XSFI K[P
I head those words I was sad.
I was sad to hear those wards.
VCL\ JFSIDF\ to VFJTF\ C\D[XF lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 H D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
36
Something, Everything, Anything, Nothing
some, every, any, no lJX[QF6GL ;FY[ thing XaN VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ VlG`RIJFRS ;J"GFDM In
definitive pronouns AG[ K[P VG[ STF" S[ SD" TZLS[ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFI K[P
some CSFZ VG[ any GSFZ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P T[JL H ZLT[ something CSFZ VG[ anything
GSFZJFRS lJWFG JFSIDF\ J5ZFI K[P
nothing V[8,[ S[ not thing VFYL not thing JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM lS|IF5N H[DG]\ T[D J5ZFI
K[P 56 not any thing GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N do DNN ,[JL 50[ K[P
Everything XaN AWL H J:T]4 NZ[S V[JM VY" NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P T[ CSFZ4 GSFZ VG[ 5|`GFY"
JFSIDF\ 56 JF5ZL XSFI K[P
37
The Demonstrative pronouns s NX"S ;J"GFD f
this, that, these, those, such, one, ones, none JU[Z[ NX"S ;J"GFDM K[P
NX"S ;J"GFDGM p5IMU SM. 56 5|F6L S[ 5NFY"GM lGN["X SZJF S[ T[G[ ATFJJF DF8[ T[ 5|F6L S[
5NFY"G[ AN,[ H[ ;J"GFD J5ZFI T[G[ NX"S ;J"GFD SC[ K[P
;J"GFD such V[ NX"S ;J"GFD K[ 56 T[GM AC] p5IMU YTM GYLP
this, that VG[ such ;J"GFD TZLS[ J5ZFI S[ lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI 5Z\T] T[G]\ SFD DF+ VD]S
5|F6L S[ 5NFY"GM lGN["X SZJFG]\ H K[P
HIFZ[ GFDG[ AN,[ T[ XaNM J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[ NX"S ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P VG[ GFD GL VFU/
J5ZFI K[P T[G[ NX"S lJX[QF6 SC[JFI K[P
HIFZ[ such lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI tIFZ[ a/an VFl8"S, V[GL 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5C[,F\ GlC P
a such book GlC 56 such a book V[D ,BFI K[P
SM. lJX[QF6GL 5KL NX"S ;J"GFD JF5ZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ VFU/ VFJ[,]\ GFD OZLYL JF5ZJFG[ AN,[
V[PJ GF GFDG[ AN,[ one VG[ APJGF GFDG[ AN,[ ones J5ZFI K[P
5Z\T]\ VFU/ VFJ[,F GFDGL 5KL ;\A\W lJElSTG]\ ALH]\ GFD CMI tIFZ[ 5C[,F\ GFDG[ AN,[ V[PJ
DF\ that & APJ DF\ those J5ZFI K[P
38
The relative pronouns : s ;\A\WL ;J"GFD f
H[ XaN JFSIDF\ pronoun – s ;J"GFD f VG[ conjunction s ;\IMHS f G]\ V[D A\G[ 5|SFZG]\ SFD
SZ[ T[JF XaNMG[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P
who, what, which, that JU[Z[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD K[P H[ pronoun TZLS[ GFDGL HuIFV[ J5ZFI
K[ VG[ conjunction TZLS[ JFSIG[ 56 HM0[ K[P H[D S[4 I know the girl who lives in that
house.
who DF+ DG]QIM s 5]Z]QFM q :+LVM f DF8[ J5ZFI K[ VG[ T[ 5]l<,\U & :+L,L\UDF\ TYF V[PJ VG[
APJDF\ V[S~5 ZC[ K[P
which OST DG]QI l;JFIGF 5|F6LVM VG[ 5NFYM" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VG[ +6[I HFlT T[DH A\G[
HRGDF\ V[S~5[ H ZC[ K[P
That DG]QI4 5|F6L4 5NFY" AWF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VG[ +6[ HFlT VG[ A\G[ JRGDF\ V[S~5[ ZC[ K[P
H[ GFDG[ AN,[ VF ;\A\WL ;J"GFDM J5ZFI K[P T[ GFD C\D[XF ;\A\WL ;J"GFDGL 5C[,F\ VFJ[ K[P
VG[ T[ GFD Antecedent s 5]ZMUFDL 5N f SC[JFI K[P
I, we, you, he, she, they V[ AWF DG]\QIM DF8[ J5ZFTF 5]Z]QFJFRS ;J"GFDMGL HuIFV[ JFSIMG[
HM0LG[ ,BJF DF8[ who VG[ me, us, you, him, her, them G[ HM0JF whom J5ZFI K[P
My, our, your, his, her, there JU[Z[ G[ whose J0[ HM0JFI K[P
whose GF :YFG[ of which 56 JF5ZL XSFI 56 of which V[ OST 5]ZMUFDL 5N 5|F6LNX"S
CMI TM H J5ZFI K[ HIFZ[ whose AWFG[ DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
H[ JFSIM DF\ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD GF 5]ZMUFDL 5N 5C[,F Superlative degree G]\ lJX[QF6 CMI4 all,
only, nothing H[JF XaNM CMI 4 5|`GFY" ;J"GFD who S[ what CMI4 A[ 5]ZMUFDL 5N v 5|F6L &
jIlST NX"S D[ 5NFY" GM VY" ATFJGFZ TM V[JF AWF JFSIMDF\ who/ which G[ AN,[ that GM
p5IMU JWFZ[ IMuI K[P
V\U|[HLDF\ HM0[,F JFSIDF\ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD H[ GFDGL ;FY[ ;\A\W WZFJT]\ CMI T[GL 5KL TZT VFJJ]\
HM.V[ VG[ V[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFDYL X~ YT]\ JFSI 56 T[GL ;FY[ H VFJ[ K[P V[ 5|DF6[ ;\A\WL
;J"GFDYL X~ YT]\ p5JFSI H[ GFDGL ;FY[ ;\A\W WZFJT]\ CMI T[GL ;FY[ ZC[ T[ DF8[ JFSIGL
DwIDF\ 56 D]SFI K[P
SM. GFDGM EFZ5}J"S p<,[B SZJM CMI tIFZ[ who, which S[ that G[ AN,[ as GM ;\A\WL ;J"GFD
TZLS[ p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[GL VFU/ such S[ some H[JF XaNM D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
39
that GL 5C[,F\ SNL preposition VFJL XS[ GlC VG[ HM JFSIDF\ JF5ZJFGL H~Z 50[ TM K[0[
D}SJ]\ VG[ HM which JF5Z[, CMI TM proposition which GL 5C[,F VFJ[ K[P V[ JBT[ T[G[
JFSIGL V\T[ D}SL XSFI GlCP
;\A\WL ;J"GFD T[GF 5]ZMUFDL GFDGL 5KL TZT H VFJJ]\ HM.V[P
U]HZFTLDF\ SM. JBT c H[ c VwIFCFZ ZC[ K[ V[J[ JBT[ c H[ c D}SL G[ V\U|[HLDF\ EFQFF\TZ SZJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P tIFZ[ what J5ZFI K[P
HIFZ[ what XaNIMUL VjIIGL ;FD[ SD" lJElSTDF\ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ XaNIMUL VjII 36]\ SZLG[
what GL 5}J[" GlC 56 JFSIG[ K[0[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
what DF\ that GM ;DFJ[X YTM CMJFYL what GL 5C[,F\ that D}SL XSFI GlC S[ ALHF SM. GFDGL
;FY[ what HM0L XSFI GlCP
who, which & what G[ ever ,UF0JFYL T[DGM VY" VG]S|D[ H[ SM.4 H[ H[4 H[ S\. H[JM YFI K[P
who ever ( whom ever ) = anyone who
which ever = any which
what ever = any thing which
;\A\WL ;J"GFD JFSIDF\ lS|IF5N S[ XaNIMUL VjIIGF SD" TZLS[ J5ZFI]\ CMI tIFZ[ 36L JFZ T[
AM,FT]\ GYLP ,BF6DF\ 56 36L JFZ VF ZLT[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD VwIFCFZ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Use of to do
SM. lS|IF5N JFSIDF\ V[S JBT J5ZFI]\ CMI VG[ OZLYL T[ JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ lS|IF5N
G JF5ZTF\ to do lS|IF5NGF ~5M s do, dose, did JU[Z[ f J5ZFI K[P H[ SF/ & 5]Z]QF CMI TM
D]HAGF ~5 D}SFI K[P
JFSIDF\ to be & to haveGF ~5M J5ZFIF CMI VG[ JFSIDF\ T[ OZLYL JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U VFJ[ TM
to do J5ZFT]\ GYLP to be & to have lS|IF5NMGF ~5M OZLYL JF5ZJFGM JFZM VFJ[ TM T[ VwIFCFZ
ZC[ K[P
HIFZ[ EFZ5}J"S lJG\TL SZJFGL CMI VYJF S\.S EFZ5}J"S SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ D]bI lS|IF5NGF D}/ ~5
;FY[ to do lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P
40
‘ too........too’ GL JFSI ZRGFDF\ GSFZFtDS VY" ZC[, K[P
HIFZ[ lJX[QF6GL ;FY[ very JF5ZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CMI TM VG[ T[GL ;FY[ VFl8"S, ‘a’ JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U
VFJ[ tIFZ[ ‘a’ very GL 5C[,F\ D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 56 HM too JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM a/an lJX[QF6 &
GFDGL JrR[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P Formula : too + adj + a/an.
Enough GM VY" 5}ZT]\4 HM.V[ T[8,]\ S[ RF,[ T[8,]\ V[JM YFI K[P
Enough HIFZ[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[ lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6GL 5FK/ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ enough lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P tIFZ[ H[ T[ GFDGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[GL VFU/ S[
5FK/ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
41
Such & So
Such & so A\G[GM VY" c V[J]c S[ c V[8,]c YFI K[P 56 A\G\GF VY"DF\ O[Z K[P
such NX"S lJX[QF6 VYJF NX"S ;J"GFD TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P
T[YL T[ GFDGL 5C[,F\ VYJF GFDGL VFU/ VFJ[,F lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ D]SFI K[ VG[ T[ V[S,]\
J5ZFI K[P
So lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[ T[YL T[ GFDGL VFU/ VFJ[,F lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ D]SFI K[P 56 GFDGL 5C[,F\ T[
V[S,]\ VFJT] GYLP
HM GFD V[PJDF\ CMI VG[ a/an D}SFI K[P 5|;\U VFJ[ TM such 5KL a/an D]SFI K[P HIFZ[ so
lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[P VFYL a/an V[ so 5KL lJX[QF6 VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[GF 5KL VFl8"S, a/an D}SJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
42
To Dare & To Need
to dare GM VY" lC\DT CMJL4 lC|DT RF,JL V[JM YFI K[P CSFZ JFSIDF\ dare 5KL lS|IF5N G]\ to
;FY[G]\ D}/~5 J5ZFI K[P
HIFZ[ 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ dare 5KL to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VCL4 ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N do GL DNN JUZ GSFZ & 5|`GFY" JFSIM AG[ K[P
HIFZ[ JPSF CMI VG[ STF" +LP5] V[PJ CMI TM 56 dare G[ ‘S’ 5|tII ,FUTM GYLP
dare ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N TZLS[ DM8[EFU[ 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ J5ZFI K[P
need GM p5IMU ;S|D"S lS|IF5N TZLS[ p5IMU YFI K[P V[8,[ JPSF +LP 5] V[PJDF\ need G[ ‘S’
5|tII ,FUL HFI K[P ;G[ ;PlS| do GL DNNYL GSFZ & 5|`GFY" JFSIM AGL HFI K[P
need GM p5IMU ;PlS| TZLS[ 56 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P need 5KL to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[
K[P GSFZ VG[ 5|`GFY" JFSI ZRGFDF\ to do ;PlS|GM p5IMU YTM GYLP
43
Causal verb s 5|[ZS lS|IF5NM f
Get, make VG[ have V[ 5|[ZS lS|IF5NM K[P
VF lS|IF5N SM.SG[ ;DHFJL G[ S[ lJG\TL SZLG[ SM. lS|IF SZJF 5|[IF" K[P T[J]\ ;}RJ[ K[P VCL\ Get
5KL A[ ZLT[ lS|IF5NGM p5IMU YFI K[P
A.V GL ZRGF CMI TM get 5KLG]\ to JF/]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[ 56 P.V DF\ E}PS' VFJ[ K[P
Have HIFZ[ casual ZRGFDF\ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[GF 5KLG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VYJF E}PS' TZLS[
VFJ[ K[PA.V GL JFSI ZRGFDF\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ P.V GL ZRGF DF\ E}PS'N\T VFJ[ K[P
O[Z V[8,M K[ S[ A.V GL ZRGFDF\ lS|IF5N GL VFU/ to VFJT]\ GYLP VCL SM.G[ 5]Z:SFZ DC[GTF6]\
S[ SM. ZSD VF5LG[ SFD SZJF DF8[ 5|[ZJFGM VY" ;}RJFI K[P
have GF :YFG[ make D}SL XSFI VCL make to have & to get SZTF\ JWFZ[ EFZ ;}RJ[ K[P
44
To be sure to, can not but, cannot help
to be sure to, cannot but, cannot help H[JF XaNM GM VY" YJ]\ S[ SZJ]\4 YIF S[ SIF" JUZ
ZC[J]\ GlC4 YIF S[ SIF" JUZ ZCL XSJ]\ GlC4 H[JM YFI K[P
to be sure to & cannot but 5KLYL lS|IF 5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ cannot help 5KL
JT"DFG S'N\TG]\ ~5 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
is sure to ;FZF VY"DF\ J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ cannot help DZHL p5ZF\T S\. YFI tIFZ[ J5ZFI
K[P cannot but A[p VY"DF\ J5ZFI K[P 56 T[ AC] J5ZFT]\ GYLP s T[GM JW] p5IMU GYLf
45
Other, Another, the other & others
OST A[ H jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMGF ;\NE"DF\ ALHL jIlST S[ J:T] DF8[ the other J5ZFI K[P 56
HIFZ[ A[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T]VM lJX[ JFT YTL CMI tIFZ[ V[SGL JFT SIF" 5KL4 ALHL UD[
T[ V[S jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZTF\ another J5ZFI K[P
the other V[ lGl`RT jIlST S[ J:T]GM lGN["X SZ[ K[P T[YL other GL VFU/ VFl8"S, the J5ZFI
K[P
another XaN an & other YL AG[,M K[PVCL 5C[,[YL H VFl8"S, an VFJ[,M K[P VFYL another
5C[,F\ SNL the VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL VG[ another C\D[XF V[PJDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
HIFZ[ A[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMGL lGN["X CMI tIFZ[ V[S (one) VYJF YM0LS (some)
H]NL 5F0L c AFSLGL AWL c DF8[ the other JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFDF\ 56 lGl`RTTFG]\ ;}RG YFI
K[P
T[YL other GL VFU/ the VFl8"S, JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 56 HM lGl`RT jIlST S[ J:T]GM lGN["X G
CMI VG[ UD[ T[ ALHL V[J]\ ATFJJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ others GL 5C[,F\ the VFl8"S, D}SJFDF\ VFJTM
GYLP
p<,[B YIF lJGFGL jIlSTVM DF8[ others HIFZ[ p<,[B YIF lJGFGL J:T]VM DF8[ et cetra ( etc
8}SDF\f J5ZFI K[P
S\. G[ S\. SFD4 S\. G[ S\. 4 SM. G[ SM. JU[Z[ NXF"JJF V\U|[HLGF\ some work or other,
something or other, some one or other H[JF XaNM J5ZFI K[P
A.V DF8[ Having + E}PS' P HIFZ[ P.V DF8[ Having + been + E}PS'P D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
46
The distributive & Reciprocal Pronouns (lJIMHS
VG[ VgIMgIJFRS ;J"GFDMf
36L jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\YL NZ[SG[ K}8L K]8L U6LG[ T[DG[ DF8[ VD]S lJWFG SZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[
each ;J"GFD VG[ DF+ A[ DF\YL UD[ T[ V[S G[ lJWFG SZJ]\ CMI TM either ;J"GFD J5ZFI K[P
eitherG]\ GSFZFtDS ~5 neither K[P T[GM VY" A[DF\YL V[S 56 GlC V[JM YFI K[P
VFJF JC[RJ]\ JF/F XaNM G[ Distributive pronouns SC[JFI K[P ;D]NFI DF\GL AWL J:T]G[ S[
jIlSTVMG[ H]NL H]NL U6LG[ lJWFG SZJF DF8[ VFJF ;J"GFDM JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
J/L4 JFSIDF\ each GF A[ :YFG CMI TM H[GL ;FY[ T[GM ;\A\W CMI T[GL 5C[,F\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[
VYJF TM JFSIGF K[0[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Each, either & neither HIFZ[ GFDGL ;FY[ J5ZFI K[P tIFZ[ T[DG[ Distributive adjectives
SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ A[ jIlSTVM S[ A[ J:T]VM 5{SLGL SM. 56 V[S lJQF[ JFT SZLV[ tIFZ[ either S[ neither
J5ZFI K[P 5Z\T] HIFZ[ A[YL JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VM lJQF[ JFT SZLV[ tIFZ[ any, no one/ none
GM p5IMU YFI K[P
Each & Every A\G[GM VY" ;ZBM K[P A[ S[ T[YL JW] jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ SC[J]\
CMI tIFZ[ each J5ZFI 56 DF+ A[ jIlST S[ J:T]VMDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ every
J5ZFI GlCP
A[ S[ JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T] CMI TM H T[DGFDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ JFT SZJF every J5ZFI K[P
36L jIlST S[ J:T]DF\YL NZ[SG[ K]8L K]8L U6LG[ T[DG[ DF8[ JFT SZJL CMI tIFZ[ each J5ZFI K[P
56 VFBF;D}CG[ VG],ÙLG[ JFT SZJL CMI tIFZ[ evry J5ZFI K[P
each V[8,[ NZ[S & every V[8,[ V5JFN JUZ NZ[S VFD each SZTF\ everyDF\ JWFZ[ VY" ZC[,M
K[P
each & every C\D[XF V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P Every & every body 56 ;J"GFD K[P H[GM VY"
NZ[S jIlST YFI K[P
every & All the A\G[ XaNM VFBF H]YGM VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P 56 A\G[ H]NF H]NF
JRGDF\ J5ZFI K[P
every V[PJDF\ VG[ T[GL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5N 56 V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P
All the ;DU| H]Y DF8[ AC]JRGGF GFD ;FY[ J5ZFI K[ T[YL T[GL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5N 56 APJDF\ H
VFJ[ K[P
47
all V[8,[ AWF\ & all the V[8,[ H]YGF AWF VFD all & all the GF VY" DF\ YM0MS O[Z K[P
A[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZJF Both & each J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ A\G[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZJL
CMI tIFZ[ Both VG[ SM. V[S G[ SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ each JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Both APJ & each V[PJDF\ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
each other & one author A\G[ VY" V[SALHF G[ 5Z:5Z V[D ;DFG YFI K[P 56 HIFZ[ A[
jIlST S[ J:T]GM ;\A\W NXF"JM CMI tIFZ[ each other & A[ YL JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T]GM ;\A\W NXF"JM
CMI tIFZ[ one another XaN J5ZFI K[P
each other & one another V[ reciprocal pronouns SC[JFI K[P
48
;FNM JT"DFGSF/ s Simple present tense )
usege : (p5IMUf
JT"DFGGL C\D[XGL q ZMHL\NL lS|IFVM NXF"JJF
;GFTG ;tI NXF"JJF
JT"DFGDF\ AGL ZC[,L lS|IFG[ VF`RI"HGS ZLT[ here & there H[JF XaNM åFZF NXF"JJF
E}PSFDF\ AG[,F AGFJ G[ VFA[C]A ZLT[ HLJ\T56[ NXF"JJF
ElJQIGF 5|;\UGM SM.S ;\NE" S[ EFlJ IMHGF lJX[GL DFlCTL NXF"JJF
VJTZ6M s Quotations ) 8F\SJF sNXF"JJF f
Adverb clause & time VG[ condition ;FPEPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSFDF\ NXF"JFI K[P
S[8,FS lS|IF5NMDF\ RFPJPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSF J5ZFI K[P RFPJPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSFDF\ J5ZFI T[JF
S[8,FS lS|IF5NM see, here, smell, touch, feel, derive, wish, hate, care, forgive, know,
believe, dislike, mind, mean, understand, realize, suppose, expect, remember,
truth, forget, possess, owe, own, belong, seem, appear, consist, concern, signify.
sing s lGXFGL f every day, daily, often, always H[JF XaNM
Formula :
STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 q s S[ es JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
STF" + do / dose + not + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Do /dose + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM +?
Don’t / dosen’t + STF" + lS|IF P D}P~ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
49
I. is/ am / are + ing JF/]\ lS|IFP ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N . is/ am / are + not + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
50
Simple past tense (;FNM E}TSF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
GHLSGF E}PSFDF\ YI[, lS|IF NXF"JJF
;DINX"S lS|IFlJX[QF6 G CMI tIFZ[ AG[,L CMI T[JL E}PSFGL lS|IF NXF"JJFP
E}PSF GL 8[JM NXF"JJFP
Sing ( lGXFGL f o Yester day, last day/ night/ week / month, year/ decade JU[Z[
Formula :
P. STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PSF G]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + did not + lS|IFP D]/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Did + STF" + lS|IFP D]/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N. Did not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
51
Perfect past tense ( 5}6" E}TSF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
N}ZGF E}TSF/GL lS|IF NXF"JJF
A[ lS|IFGF VG];\WFGDF\ 5|YD lS|IF 5}P E}PSFDF\ NXF"JJF DF8[
Sing ( lGXFGL f o when, after, before, last
Formula:
P. STF" + had + lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS'N\T + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + had + not + lS|IFP G]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Had + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N : Had + not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
52
Simple future tense ( ;FNM ElJQISF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
ElJQIDF\ YGFZL lS|IF NXF"JJF
Sing ( lGXFGL f o tomorrow, later, next/ day / week / month/ year / decade
Formula:
P. STF" + will/ shall + lS|IF5N G]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + will/ shall + not + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Shall/ will + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N : Shall/ will + not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
53
Master keys of English grammar or English
grammar’s success formula:
I, We, you, they - do, have, verb
He, She, It – does, has, verb+s, es
55
Had + S + V- III + O + ?
W + had + S + V- III + O + ?
P.v : O + had + not + been + V- III + ( by + S )
Had + O + been + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
W + had + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
56
Can / Could / Should / Must / Would / May + not + O + be + V- III + ( by + S ) +
?
W + can / could / should / must / would / may + not + O + be + V- III + ( by + S
)+?
Let: Let + O + V
A.v:
P.v: Let + O + be + V - III + ( by + S )
Let’s:
A.v: Let’s + V + O
57
Had to:
A.v: S + had to + V + O/S + did + not + have to + V + O
Did + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
W + did + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + had to + be + V- III + ( by + S )
58
Format of the Application:
ADDRESS
Date: ___________.
To,
The___________
59
Expected Salary: As per government rule.
References: 1._________
_________
__________
2. _________
__________
__________
I am interested in extra activities like debates, drama, music, games, etc.
I hope your honour will consider my application and send me the interview call.
Thank you in anticipation.
Yours Sincerely
( X Y Z ).
Enct: True copies of the following certificate
1._________
2. ________
3. character certi
4. L.C
5. Exp. Certi.
I have come to know from the news paper that there is a post of ______ vacant in
your _______ ( company, firm, school, etc ). I wish to apply for the above mentioned
post. Following are my qualifications.
In response to your advertisement in ‘ The Times of India’ dated____ 20____ for the
post of _______. I would like to apply for the same. My qualifications, etc. are stated
below.
60
In response to your advertisement in ‘ The Times of India’ of today for the post of a
________. I apply for the same. I give below the particulars of my qualifications and
experience.
I wish to apply for the post of ______ advertisement in today’s Sandesh. The
particulars of my qualifications and experience are as follows.
I assure you that if I am give a chance. I shall satisfy you as possible as I can .
I assure you, sir that I shall prove to be the most proficient _____ at _____. An
interview will convince you of my real ability.
I request you, sir, to give me an opportunity for a personal interview. When I shall
submit the necessary certificates and testimonials.
THANK YOU....
61