Eyepiece

Draw Tube
Course
adjustment knob
(LPO) Body Tube

Fine adjustment Nose piece

knob (HPO)
Revolving
Nose piece

Stage
clips
Inclination
Stage
Joint
Mirror
Pillar
Transmission Electron Microscope - Type of microscope that can achieve magnification
of up to 100,000 times
Iris Diapgrahm – Controls the amount of light
Why is number 6 revolving? – To allow shifting from one objective to another
What type of light source should be used for this mirror surface?
- Artificial light
Fine Adjustment Knob - used to manipulate when viewing using the High Power
Objective?  
Condenser – illuminating part
Stage Clip – Mechanical Part
Eyepiece – Magnifying part
The ability of the microscope to show two close objects as separate units is called
Resolution
When shifting from the Low Power Objective to a higher objective, only a little
adjustment is needed in order to focus sharply the object.  This is so because the
compound microscope is Parfocal
An objective lens is responsible for collecting light rays previously focused on the
specimen.
When should the fine adjustment knob always be used? –
When you focus on a new specimen, always begin with Low power and coarse
adjusment
Which part of your microscope should you use to carry it to your table?
Stage micrometer - used in measuring a microscopic object under the microscope
The space between the tip of the objective in use and the slide containing the specimen
is the _____________.
If you move a slide to the left while viewing, in which direction will it appear to move?
- Right
The higher the magnification, the lesser you see of the specimen. – TRUE
When zoomed in all the way, you should NOT use the coarse adjustment knob because
you could crack the slide. – TRUE
When holding the microscope, you should have one under the base and the other
holding the stage. – FALSE
It is proper to close one eye when looking through the microscope to see the specimen
clearly without straining the eyes. – FALSE
You must turn the nose piece to the LPO position before putting the microscope away. –
TRUE
You can use any type of paper or cloth in cleaning the optical lenses of the microscope.
- FALSE

Inversion - The phenomena where the orientation and direction of movement of objects
when viewed under the microscope  is different from the actual.

If a drawing of 50 mm wide and 500 mm long is made at a magnification of 10 X its

original size, what is the size of the actual specimen?
- 5 mm width; 50 mm length
If the magnification of a drawing made of a specimen is below one (1), then it is
considered to be a/an reduced magnification
 1. Scanning (4x) Objective
2. Low Power (10x) Objective - : This next shortest objective is probably the most
useful lens for viewing slides. Almost any feature you need to observe in this
course can be located with the 100X total magnification this objective provides.
As an added benefit, the low power objective is always safe to use as it cannot
be lowered to the point of contacting and thus possible breaking a slide. This is
also true of the scanning objective mentioned above.
3. High Power (40x) Objective - This objective (sometimes called the "high-dry"
objective) is useful for observing fine detail such as the striations in skeletal
muscle, the arrangement of Haversian systems in compact bone, types of nerve
cells in the retina, etc.
4. Oil immersion (100x) objective - This longest objective is used for observing
the detail of individual cells such as white blood cells, the cells involved in
spermatogenesis, etc.  The lens must be used with a specially formulated oil that
creates a bridge between the tip of the objective and the cover slip.  Since the
refractive indices of air and this lens are different, the lens will not work without
this special oil
To use the lens, first make sure the specimen is in focus under the high power (40X) objective. Next,
move the high power objective out of position, place a small drop of oil on top of the cover slip above
the specimen to be viewed and move the oil immersion lens into place. Use the fine adjustment knob to
bring the specimen into focus.
MICROSCOPE PARTS
I. Optical Parts
A. Illuminating Parts
1. Condenser
2. Disc or Iris Diaphragm
3. Mirror

B. Magnifying Parts
1. Eyepiece or Ocular Lens
2. Objective Lens

II. Mechanical Parts

1. Arm – used to carry the microscope
2. base – supports the entire microscope
3. Pillar – is a connection between the base and the rest of the microscope
4. Stage – is where the glass slide is placed
5. Stage Clips – is used to hold the slide in place
6. Inclination joint – is used to tilt the microscope
7. Iris Diaphragm – equipped with a lever that regulates the amount of light entering
the Abbe condenser
8. Draw Tube – is where the eyepiece or ocular lens is inserted
9. Body Tube – is the connection between the ocular lens and the objective
10. Fine Adjustment Knob – is used to focus the object under high power objective
(HPO)
11. Coarse Adjustment Knob - is used to focus the object under low power objective
(LPO)
Abbe condenser
Iris Diaphragm

Mirror
The yellow band tells us that it is a 10x objective lens. Red is 4x, Blue is 40x and White is
100x. The first number "10" is the power (10X). The 0.25 is the Numerical Aperture.

LPO
Oil immersion
HPO objective

LPO HPO
What is the total magnification of an object image viewed in A?
- 400x
Which objective will you see whole mount of letter "e",   in A or in B?
- B
Which one has lower brightness of field, in A or B?  
- A
LABSTER CELL STRUCTURE:
Finding cells when examining various types of tissues under the microscope helped
scientists agree on the first principles of cell theory. Which of the following is the first
principle of cell theory?
- All organisms are made up of cells
You can observe the first principle recorded for you on the floating screen. The two
scientists credited for developing cell theory extrapolated this first concept to all life.
What was the second principle of cell theory they postulated?
- Cells are the structural and organizational unit of life

All of the organisms, except the algae are multicellular eukaryotes. This means that they
are composed of more than one cell and have one important organelle in common.
Some tissue samples, such as the fox epithelia, have this large internal organelle
stained and very clearly visible. Which organelle is this?
- Nucleus

It seems that a storm has made the organisms with cell membranes disappear, while
the organisms with the cell walls remain, why might this be?
- cell walls protect organisms from harsh environmental conditions

What is the main purpose of the extracellular matrix surrounding osteocytes?

- Bone Strength

Rather than placing all the internal organelles again, choose which of the following
combinations include only organelles present in ALL animal cells
- Nucleus, Golgi apparatus and lysosome

Muscles contain long fibers, making the general myocyte cell shape elongated. Which
of the following internal organelles is unique to myocytes?
- Sarcomeres

Which type of cell junction are tight junctions?

- Occluding Junctions

Mushrooms are fungi and have cell walls but their cell walls are not composed of cellulose like plants

Osteocyte – It is a bone cell. A type of animal cell associated with connective tissue

The membranous endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear membrane. Some sections have
many ribosomes attached and are particularly important for protein synthesis as well as folding,
modification, and transport of proteins.

Mitochondira – powerhouse of the cell because they produce energy in the form of ATP fron nuterients.
Animall cells contain thousands of mitochondria, depending on the type of cell.

Chromosomes – genetic material inside the nucleus is organized into DNA molecules
DNA is enclosed by a specialized membrane called the nuclear envelope

Golgi apparatus – processes the newly created proteins of a cell.

- Involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids into vesicles that are
transported and secreted.
- They also create lysosomes

EUKARYOTES – contains 80S ribosomes

PROKARYOTES – contains 70S ribosomes

ANIMAL CELL – contain as many as 10 million ribosomes

Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes that break down excess or old parts of cells. Can also be used to
destroy invading viruses and bacteria.

The long cellular processes are called canaliculi and they exchange nutrients between osteocytes.
Osteocytes secrete proteins that form a mesh called an extracellular matrix that surrounds the cells.

In addition to the cytoskeleton, the organelles that are present in every animal cell include the nucleus,
golgi apparatus, lysosomes, 80S ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Neurons have multiple processes called dendrites and one thick process called an axon. Dendrites take
in information and the axon transmits information to other neurons or muscles.

Muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells or myocytes.

Sarcomeres are what make skeletal and cardiac myocytes different than any other type of cell in an
animal’s body

The last type of cell you must build in order to discover the identity of the eaten animal is an epithelial
cell.

There are many types of epithelia in your body. They line different organs including your pancreas, liver,
blood vessels, urinary tract, and your skin.

Cell junctions are particularly important to maintain the barrier function of epithelial cells in animals.

Occluding junctions or tight junctions prevent molecules from crossing through a layer of epithelial cells

Anchoring junctions provide strong adhesion between cells

Communicating junctions allow adjacent cells to share small molecules

CELLS:

HUMAN CHEEK
CELLS
HUMAN CHEEK CELLS