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09 Concept of Minimally Dent Update 2007 PDF
09 Concept of Minimally Dent Update 2007 PDF
09 Concept of Minimally Dent Update 2007 PDF
Dan Ericson
The consequences
It is quite clear that the
mere process of restoring teeth with
different materials will not cure the
disease that caused the cavity in the
first place. Therefore, it is imperative that
Figure 3. This symbol of a rose-bur with a Figure 4. Traditional preparation technique often each restorative procedure also includes
disarming knot might give a vision of prevention renders removal of a smaller amount of caries as treatment directed against the disease
and minimally invasive dentistry. compared to healthy dentine. process, as the evidence base demonstrates
that filling survival is not impressive.12
Fillings are only second to prevention.
focus on the topic are among others: the health is beyond restorative artefacts.18 But, on the other hand, small fillings
vast technical possibilities to make tissue- The option to adopt the MID concept survive better than large ones.21 So, once a
preserving restorations using adhesive depends also on the recall convention.17 In decision to restore is made, it is important
materials5,6 and that restoration thresholds some countries, every individual is raised to maintain a maximum amount of the
have changed in many countries.16,17 and aged within a dental recall system. In original structure.
Further, the limited survival of traditional others, the tradition is to visit the dentist The introduction of adhesive
restorations in an increasingly older when symptoms arise or there are too restorative materials and the deeper
population has made us aware that dental few dentists.19 To assess and monitor risk knowledge of the caries lesion in enamel
Fractures
Large fillings and teeth with
large restorations are more prone to
failure.21,27 In replacing a restoration, there
is a considerable waste of healthy tooth
substance and increase of cavity size.28,29
This is particularly true when replacing
tooth-coloured resin composites, when it
Figure 5. A screenshot of the Cariogram model. Can be downloaded free. http://www.db.od.mah.
se/car/cariogram/cariograminfo.html is difficult to identify the border between
filling and tooth. The result of resin
replacement is a faster increase in cavity
size. The fact that large fillings survive for
and dentine are main achievements in techniques promote less removal of healthy a shorter time than small ones, increases
clinical dentistry that have allowed the tissue; the motives for repair and refurbishing
further application of a tissue-preserving n The high risk for iatrogenic effects. procedures.
attitude in restoring teeth.2 Many Even though fillings are not
techniques have been reviewed.5,6 But permanent, they are still needed to fill
before arriving at an operative or preventive The limited survival of restorations the defect after excision of necrotic (and
treatment decision, we need to consider: A huge evidence-base clearly healthy) tissue. It is also obvious that
n What happens if I restore? What is the establishes that secondary caries and disease preventing efforts and the timing
survival rate of fillings? fracture of fillings are the main reasons of the restoration placement is crucial to
n If I don’t? What is the ‘survival’ of small for restoration replacement in general maximize longevity.
and large caries lesions (before they dental practices.12,13,22,23 The survival times
progress beyond prevention)? of restorations are increasing, at least from
the days of GV Black24 when a filling should Early diagnosis of lesions and accurate risk
protect the tooth ‘for two or three years.’ But assessment
Drives for MID in cariology there is still no such thing as a ‘permanent’ Caries diagnosis has been
It is essential to sharpen the filling. It is also evident that 65% of the described as a mental resting place on the
motives for MID in relation to how far the time in practice is spent for re-restoration way to a treatment decision.30 Diagnosis
techniques have come and where the or repair of previous restorations, again the (from Greek, through knowledge) implies
traditional alternatives lead. Some motives main reason being secondary caries.11. The that it is not merely the recognition of
are not new at all as ‘fillings are not curative’ mean annual failure rates of stress-bearing lesions using more and more sophisticated
and this is of course still true. Beyond that, restorations have been reported to be 3.0% tools,31 but rather the conceptual triad:
the current most important motives are for amalgam and 2.2% for direct composite n Identify the caries lesion;
(condensed after Ericson9): restorations.12 n Establish whether it will progress or not;
n The limited survival of restorations; n Assess if more lesions will occur.
n Early diagnosis of lesions and accurate
Secondary caries
risk assessment are available; Tools for early detection of caries lesions
It might be wise to recognize
n The extensive knowledge on caries A number of tools, apart
that ‘secondary caries is no different from
progression rates; from the eye, explorer and traditional
primary caries except that it occurs next
n Adhesive restorative materials and radiograph, have been developed. Examples
to a filling.’25 The difficulties in diagnosing
4 DentalUpdate January/February 2007
Cariology/RestorativeDentistry
Restoration thresholds
In many European countries,
restoration thresholds have become
more and more ‘into the dentine’16. As an
example, for occlusal cavities (on a second
molar in a 20-year-old), the threshold for
operative treatment is a moderately-sized
open cavity and/or radiolucency into the
dentine for approximately 70% of dentists
in Scandinavia.44 Similar data can be found
for proximal caries lesions.45
In the light of caries progression
rates and restoration survival data, operative
intervention should be postponed until all
other methods of controlling the disease
Figure 6. Annual dentine caries progression rates in a prospective study by Mejare and co-workers have been exhausted. This also means that
2004.42 The progression of early dentine lesions (left side of tooth) to deep dentine lesion (right side) is early lesions have to be monitored more
less frequent in the older age groups. or less throughout life, preferably in an
individual recall system.17
As a consequence of the
evidence of caries diagnosis accuracy,
of objective tools are digital radiographic models that have been validated, the progression and restoration survival data,
techniques, DIFOTI32 (digital imaging optic Cariogram may be of value38,39 (Figure every filling should be carefully considered
trans-illumination), electric conductivity 5). Such tools can help the clinician to and a lesion restored when:
methods and laser and light fluorescence structure the information on caries risk and n We are certain of progression and cannot
techniques.33 However, little clinical data are also institute measures directed towards the stop it;
available to validate the technologies.31,34 specific risk situation. It can be downloaded n There are symptoms;
The laser fluorescence methods have been for free (http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/ n There are aesthetic considerations;
debated lately,35-37 and visual criteria for cariogram/cariograminfo.html). n The surface is needed for oral function.
detection of early occlusal caries are still
applicable, provided the surfaces are clean
and dry. Probing can cause iatrogenic Caries progression rates Adhesive restorative materials and techniques
damages. Combining radiographs and The actual progression of caries promote less removal of healthy tissue
visual criteria-based diagnoses increases have been studied in various populations.40-42 One of the most important
diagnostic accuracy.37 The spotting of an Mean values in such studies demonstrate prerequisites for MID within cariology is
active incipient caries lesion is a clinical that early enamel lesions progress rather the development of adhesive restorative
symptom to be acted upon, as this proves slowly and, for early dentine lesions, the materials,2 useful for a number of
beyond any reasonable doubt that the annual progression rate to deep dentinal procedures from preventive restorations
patient is highly susceptible to caries. lesions is approximately 20% of all dentinal as fissure sealants, to large fillings and
Caries risk assessment involves lesions. One could also say that 80% do not even crown-replacements.46 These
the process of analysing and weighing up progress significantly during one year.40 adhesive materials have revolutionized
risk factors and then coming up with a Also, average progression times for dentine dentistry by opening the alternatives in
value of the risk to develop caries lesions caries progression vary with patient’s cavity preparation. Smaller cavities can be
or not. The result will be used for selection age42 (Figure 6). Early dentine lesion in prepared, aiming at removing diseased
of appropriate prevention strategies. 12−15 year-olds show annual progression dental tissue only.6,37 The fluoride releasing
Assessing caries risk is a complex task, and in 32.5% (one out of three progresses). If materials may contribute slightly to less
the theme of risk assessment prompts the restorative decision is based on the secondary caries.47
extensive elaboration beyond the focus of radiographs only (caries in the dentine), Several new preparation
this chapter. Among those risk-prediction one would end up with unnecessary techniques have emerged as a consequence
restorations in two out of three cases, given of the knowledge of caries progression
January/February 2007 DentalUpdate 5
Cariology/RestorativeDentistry
The conclusion
The main reasons for restoration
replacement are secondary caries and
restoration fractures. Secondary caries is
the same disease as primary caries, but
located in the tooth structure adjacent to
the restoration. To increase the survival rate
of restorations, the main focus should be to
address the conditions that caused caries
in the first place, and the second to make
fillings less prone to fracture.
Within cariology, MID has lately
Figure 7. Interproximal preparation protection device, based on a steel band attached to a wedge. This evolved faster since we now understand
makes application simpler and the wedge retains the device even after the interproximal contact is lost the disease better and the evidence-
during preparation (FenderWedge Directa AB, www.trycare.co.uk). base on the short survival of restorations
prompts action. We can intercept disease
development and have the technical
possibilities to remove a minimal amount of
rates, survival of fillings and new adhesive decrease iatrogenic damages.26,29 healthy tooth substance and make smaller
materials. A lesion orientation in preparation A truly MID procedure, adhesive fillings. There has been a change
procedures is promoted,48,49 which means minimizing iatrogenic effects, is the from ‘caries lesions are treated operatively’
first to access the dentine caries to remove step-wise excavation approach.53 The towards ‘caries lesions are treated by
or modify the infected dentine, leaving procedure is based on considerations of addressing their causes’, as well as using
the affected dentine, then to modify the caries pathology; to change the cariogenic a more tissue-preserving approach when
cavity as little as possible to receive the environment, and not to remove carious restoring teeth.
filling material, as pertinently described by dentine close to the pulp because this risks Even though we do not have
Ericson et al.6 Several reviews on operative an iatrogenic pulp exposure. After a sealing sufficient evidence that prevention is always
techniques have also been described period, lesions arrest and the vital dentine effective,54 we have an enormous evidence-
elsewhere.5,50 This is conceptually different responds by remineralization and formation base indicating, without doubt, that fillings
from ‘fitting the filling in the tooth’ − of pulpal dentine. At re-entry, the excavation are futile to treat the disease. Such therapy
an approach using classical amalgam is continued as far as hard dentine, reducing is directed towards the symptoms − the
preparation rules. The lesion orientation is the risk for unnecessary exposure, root- cavities and, at its best, it buys some time,
also applied in repair or refurbishing of a canal treatment and weakening of the as stated by Black in 1908. When it comes
restoration.26,29 tooth. to MID philosophy, addressing ‘caries as a
whole’ – I dare say ‘Black to the future’.
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