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Dip Fundamentals & Image Rectification: T S Viswanadham
Dip Fundamentals & Image Rectification: T S Viswanadham
DIP FUNDAMENTALS
&
IMAGE RECTIFICATION
T S Viswanadham
viswamandham_ts@nrsc.gov.in
A beautiful picture!
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Rows: 153
Columns: 171
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DIGITAL IMAGE
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RASTER MODEL
Number of bits: n
Number of gray levels: 2n
Range of gray levels: 0 to 2n-1
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Binary image
Grayscale image
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Multispectral image
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PIXEL SIZE
PIXEL SIZE
vs.
SCALE
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TRUE COLOUR
IMAGE
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Band 3 Band 4
Band 4 FCC
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FCC (132)
IMAGE HISTOGRAM
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F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
DN values
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Non-Linear Enhancement
Exponential
Logarithmic
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Raw Data
1 1 1
1/9 1 1 1
1 1 1
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Edge Deatection
-1 -1 -1
-1 8 -1
-1 -1 -1
Edge Enhancement
-1 -1 -1 0 0 0
-1 8 -1 + 0 1 0
-1 -1 -1 0 0 0
-1 -1 -1
= -1 9 -1
-1 -1 -1
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• The NDVI value becomes negative for water, 0 for soil and > 0 for vegetation
based on Bio-mass and health condition
• NDVI is used to study vegetation status
• NDVI removes topographic effect . It also reduces the effect of gain and Offset
factor of Sensor
• NDVI is less sensitive to noise compared to Ratio Vegetation Index
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PC1 PC2
PC3
PC4
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FCC of PC1,2,3
Eigen Values
170.06
29.96
6.40
0.98
Eigenvectors
Objective of Classification
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Supervised vs Unsupervised
classification
• Supervised Classification Algorithms require
maximum human supervision.
• The ‘supervision’ is accomplished using training
samples of the desired classes present on the image.
• Unsupervised classifiers require less human
interaction
• Based on the number of classes needed the computer
groups similar category pixels in to the desired
number of classes using clustering methods
An overview of classification
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Image Classification
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PROJECTIONS
A map projection is the manner in which the
spherical surface of the Earth is represented on a
flat (two-dimensional) surface. This can be
accomplished by direct Geometric projection or
by a Mathematically derived transformation.
or
A method by which the curved 3-D surface of the
earth is represented on a flat 2-D map surface.
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Cylindrical
projections
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Standard parallels
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Shape - Conformal
Area - Equivalence / equal area
Distance - Equidistant
True Direction - True direction
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POLYCONIC
Conic Projection - Mathematically based on an infinite number of cones tangent
to an infinite number of parallels.
No. of zones: 60 (between 84 N & 80 S, rest of polar areas projected by UPS system)
Zone dimension: 6 Long x 8 Lat Scale Factor: 0.99996 at central meridian (CM)
Projection: Secant TM (to maintain an accuracy 1 in 2500)
Unit : Meter Latitude of Origin: Equator
False Easting: 500,000 m Std. meridians: 180 km on either side of CM
False Northing: 0 m (10,000,000 for southern hemisphere
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IMAGE REGISTRATION
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IMAGE DISTORTIONS
GEOMETRIC
DISTORTIONS
Systematic Random
Panoramic Roll
Yaw
IMAGE DISTORTIONS
GEOMETRIC
DISTORTIONS
Systematic Random
Panoramic Roll
Yaw
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IMAGE DISTORTIONS
GEOMETRIC
DISTORTIONS
Systematic Random
Panoramic Roll
Yaw
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ATTITUTE DISTORTIONS
1. Registration
2. Resampling
1. Locate GCPs.
2. Compute and test a transformation.
3. Create an output image file.
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Rectification
The process of transforming the data from one grid system into
another grid system using a geometric transformation. Rectification
is not necessary if there is no distortion in the image.
Registration
The process of making an image conform to another image. A map
coordinate system is not necessarily involved.
Georeferencing
The process of assigning map coordinates to image data. The
image data may already be projected onto the desired plane, but
not yet referenced to the proper coordinate system. Rectification,
by definition, involves georeferencing.
Orthorectification
Orthorectification is a form of rectification that corrects for terrain
displacement and can be used if there is a DEM of the study area.
It is based on collinearity equations, which can be derived by using
3D GCPs. In relatively flat areas, orthorectification is not necessary,
but in mountainous areas (or on aerial photographs of buildings),
where a high degree of accuracy is required, orthorectification is
recommended.
Resampling Methods
Nearest Neighbor
Bilinear Interpolation
Cubic Convolution
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