CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material used for various construction purposes, made by mixing cement and various aggregates, as sand, gravel, or shale, with water and allowing the
Concrete mixture to harden.
Water Cement Aggregate Admixture
Admixture is the chemicals
substance used to aid the
The majority of a concrete properties of concrete or cement.
Concrete is made up of three main ingredients: mixture is made up of both
water, Portland cement, and aggregates. The ratio Cement is a binder, a coarse and fine aggregates, There are four functions of
The water in the concrete mix should be clean substance used for which help increase the strength admixture :
of the ingredients changes the properties of the and free of impurities. The amount of water construction that sets, of the concrete beyond what
Compotitio final product, which allows the engineer to design relative to the amount of cement changes how hardens and adheres to cement can provide on its own. 1.) This can be as simple as
concrete that meets their specific needs. easily the concrete flows, but also affects the other materials, binding Sand, gravel, and crushed stone adding a pigment to color the
n final strength of the concrete. More water them together. Cement is are used as aggregates. concrete.
Admixtures are added to adjust the concrete makes for easier flowing concrete, but also seldom used solely, but it Recycled materials, including 2.) used for faster curing times in
mixture for specific performance criteria makes for lower strength concrete upon is used to bind sand and blast furnace slag, glass (mostly cold weather
curing gravel (aggregate) for decorative purposes), and 3.) creating extremely high-
together ground-up concrete are starting strength concrete,
to be used as concrete 4.) Increasing the flow-able without
aggregates. compromising the strength.

Properties The Hardening of Concrete Workability of Concrete Hydration in Concrete Compressive Strength Durability of concrete
Concrete derives its
strength by the hydration
of cement particles.
Cement hydration is a
chemical reaction
The transition process of changing of concrete between cement and
from plastic state to hardened state. The hardening water. Cement hydration Compressive Strength - is
Workability is often referred to as the ease
of concrete is based or related to the setting of process is very important, defined as the measured
with which a concrete can be transported, because this process will maximum resistance of a Durability of concrete is the ability
cement paste. Thus cement properties greatly
determine the final concrete or mortar specimen to to resist weathering action,
affect the timing of hardening. placed and consolidated without excessive
strength of concrete. an axial load, usually expressed chemical attack, and abrasion
The volume of concrete after hardening will be
bleeding or segregation. A chemical reaction in psi (pounds per square inch) while maintaining by desired
smaller than the volume when it is still in plastic
called hydration takes at an age of 28-days. engineering properties.
condition, because during hardening, the concrete
is depreciated by the evaporation of water. place Between the water
and cement, and
concrete normally
changes from a plastic to
a solid state in about 2
hours.

Type and
Water Type and
cement Suitable Cement Type of Amount
Temperature Content Cement Water-cement ratio Amount of
ratio of
Aggregate
Cement
Fineness Relative Admixture Type and Chemical Sand to Physical Chemicial
of Humadity Amount of Weather conditions
cement Aggregate Admixture Aggregate Durability Durability
Temprature Wind Ratio Quality and The Curing is durability is durability
proportions of the Enviroment against freezing against alkali
ingredients and thawing aggregate
action, reaction, Sulphat
permeability of attack chloride
 ingress, delay
water, and entringities
temperature formation,
stress corrosion of
reinforcement
Water cement ratio Suitable Temperature Cement Content Type of Cement
The transition process of changing of concrete from
Setting of Concrete plastic state to hardened state. Setting of concrete is
based or related to the setting of cement paste. Thus Type and Amount of
cement properties greatly affect the setting time. Fineness of cement Relative Humadity Admixture Aggregate

CONCRETE

Concrete is Concrete’s long life Concrete is a non- It is resistant to wind,

Building of the molds
economical and relatively low It is not as likely to Concrete has the combustible material water, rodents, and
and casting can
when maintenance rot, corrode, or ability to be molded which makes it fire- insects. Hence,
Adventage occur on the work-
ingredients are requirements decay as other or cast into almost safe and able to concrete is often
site which reduces
readily increase its building materials. any desired shape. withstand high used for storm
cost.
available. economic benefits temperatures. shelters.

Concrete has a relatively low tensile

strength (compared to other building low ductility, low strength-to-weight ratio, and Concrete is susceptible to cracking.
Disadventage
materials),