TUGAS MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS

DRAWINGS

Tugas ini dibuat merupakan tugas dalam mata kuliah

Bahasa Inggris
Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2017-2018

Oleh :

HELMY RAJENDRA INZAGHI

MUHAMMAD ZAKIY TAJUDDIN

Program Studi : PJJ Konsentrasi Jalan Tol

JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

POLITEKNIK NEGERI JAKARTA
General Description
In engineering, most design information is shown on drawings. Today, drawings
are generally on drawn by hand. They are produced on computer, using CAD
(computer-aided design) systems.

Drawing Types and Scales

Drawing Types

 General arrangement (GA) drawings

General Arrangement (GA) drawings show whole devices or

structures, using a small scale. This means objects on the drawing are
small, relative to their real size (for example, a 1:100 drawing of an entire
building).
Depending on the complexity of the building, this is likely to require a
number of different projections, such as plans, sections and elevations, and
may be spread across several different drawings

 Detail drawings
 Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large scale, such as 1:5
or 1:2. Small parts are sometimes shown in a detail as actual size (1:1), or
can be enlarged to bigger than actual size

Scales

Usually the word scale is used for an instrument used for drawing straight
lines. But actually in Engineer’s language scale means the proportion or
ratio between the dimensions adopted for the drawing and the
corresponding dimensions of the object.

Types of Measurement Scales

1) Nominal Scale

Nominal Scale is assigned to items that is divided into categories without

having any order or structure, for instance Colors do not have any assigned
order, We can have 5 colors like Red, Blue, Orange, Green and Yellow and
could number them 1 to 5 or 5 - 1 or number them in a mix, here the
numbers are assigned to color just for the purpose of identification, and
ordering them Ascending or Descending doesnt mean that Colors have an
Order.
B. Ordinal Scale

Ordinal Scale is ranking of responses, for instance Ranking Cyclist at the

end of the race at the position 1, 2 and 3. Not these are rank and the time
distance between 1 and 2 may well not be the same as between 2 and 3,
so the distance between points is not the same but there is an order
present, when responses have an order but the distance between the
response is not necessarily same, the items are regarded or put into the
Ordinal Scale

C. Interval Scale

interval scale for instance when asked to rate satisfaction with a training on
a 5 point scale, from Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly
Disagree, an interval scale is being used. This means that we can interpret
differences in the distance along the scale. We contrast this to an ordinal
scale where we can only talk about differences in order, not differences in
the degree of order i-e the distance between responses.

D. Ratio Scale

A Ratio Scale is at the top level of Measurement. The factor which clearly
defines a ratio scale is that it has a true zero point. The simplest example of
a ratio scale is the measurement of length (disregarding any philosophical
points about defining how we can identify zero length) or money. Having
zero length or zero money means that there is no length and no money but
zero tempratue is not an absolute zero, as it certainly has its effect. Ratio
scales of measurement have all of the properties of the abstract number
system.
Types of views used on drawings

A. PRIMARY VIEWS

Multiview projections show the primary views of an object, each viewed in a

direction parallel to one of the main coordinate axes. These primary views
are called plans and elevations. Sometimes they are shown as if the object
has been cut across or sectioned to expose the interior: these views are
called sections.

 PLAN VIEW

A plan is a view of a 3-dimensional object seen from vertically above

(or sometimes below). It may be drawn in the position of a horizontal
plane passing through, above, or below the object. The outline of a
shape in this view is sometimes called its planform, for example
with aircraft wings.

The plan view from above a building is called its roof plan. A section
seen in a horizontal plane through the walls and showing the floor
beneath is called a floor plan.

Description : A plan view of Millbank Prison, 1828

 ELEVATION VIEW

An elevation is a view of a 3-dimensional object from the position of

a vertical plane beside an object. In other words, an elevation is a
side-view as viewed from the front, back, left or right.
Elevations are the most common orthographic projection for
conveying the appearance of a building from the
exterior. Perspectives are also commonly used for this purpose. A
building elevation is typically labeled in relation to the compass
direction it faces; the direction from which a person views it. E.g. the
North Elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces true
north on the compass.

Developed Elevation

A developed elevation is a variant of a regular elevation view in

which several adjacent non-parallel sides may be shown together, as
if they have been unfolded. For example, the north and west views
may be shown side-by-side, sharing an edge, even though this does
not represent a proper orthographic projection.

Principal facade of the Pantheon, Paris, by Jacques-Germain Soufflot

 SECTION VIEW

A section is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement

of a 3-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is often used
in technical drawing and is traditionally crosshatching. The style of
crosshatching often indicates the type of material the section passes
through.

A 3-D view of a beverage-can A 2-D cross-sectional view of a

tove with a cross-section in yellow compression seal.

 EXPLODED-VIEW DRAWING

An exploded view drawing is a type of drawing, that shows the

intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. It shows all parts of
the assembly and how they fit together. In mechanical systems
usually the component closest to the center are assembled first, or is
the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing
can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where the parts
on the outside normally get removed first.

Exploded diagrams are common in descriptive manuals showing

parts placement, or parts contained in an assembly or sub-assembly.
Usually such diagrams have the part identification number and a label
indicating which part fills the particular position in the diagram.
Many spreadsheet applications can automatically create exploded
diagrams, such as exploded pie charts.
 In patent drawings in an exploded views the separated parts should
be embraced by a bracket, to show the relationship or order of
assembly of various parts are permissible, see image. When an
exploded view is shown in a figure that is on the same sheet as
another figure, the exploded view should be placed in brackets.

Fully assembled and exploded view in a patent drawing

B. AUXILIARY VIEWS

An auxiliary view or pictorial, on the other hand, is an orthographic view

that is projected into any plane other than one of the six primary views.
These views are typically used when an object contains some sort of
inclined plane. Using the auxiliary view allows for that inclined plane (and
any other significant features) to be projected in their true size and shape.
The true size and shape of any feature in an engineering drawing can only
be known when the Line of Sight (LOS) is perpendicular to the plane being
referenced. Auxiliary views tend to make use of axonometric projection.

C. ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

An isometric projection shows the object from angles in which the scales

along each axis of the object are equal. Isometric projection corresponds to
rotation of the object by ± 45° about the vertical axis, followed by rotation of
approximately ± 35.264° [= arcsin(tan(30°))] about the horizontal axis
starting from an orthographic projection view. "Isometric" comes from the
Greek for "same measure". One of the things that makes isometric
drawings so attractive is the ease with which 60° angles can be constructed
with only a compass and straightedge.

Isometric view of the object shown in the engineering drawing below.

D. OBLIQUE PROJECTION

An oblique projection is a simple type of graphical projection used for

producing pictorial, two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects:
it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays (projectors)
from the three-dimensional source object with the drawing surface
(projection plan).
In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel lines of the
source object produce parallel lines in the projected image.