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José Rizal
FILIPINO POLITICAL LEADER AND AUTHOR

WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

LAST UPDATED: May 15, 2020 See Article History

Alternative Title: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

José Rizal, in full José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, (born June
19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila), patriot,
physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist
movement.

José Rizal
 QUICK FACTS

BORN
June 19, 1861
Calamba, Philippines

DIED
December 30, 1896 (aged 35)
Manila, Philippines

NOTABLE WORKS
“The Social Cancer”
“The Reign of Greed”

FOUNDER OF
Liga Filipina

The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the
University of Madrid. A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to
the reform of Spanish rule in his home country, though he never advocated
Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he
resided between 1882 and 1892.

In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The Social Cancer), a
passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. A sequel, El
filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading
spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated
edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,
hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before
the coming of the Spaniards. He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement,
contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in
Barcelona. Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a
province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the
replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and
expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.

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Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform

society, the Liga Filipina, in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest
Mindanao. He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan, a
Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he had no
connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection,
Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was
publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced
Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of
his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last
Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor,
Reference Content.

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