in doing this formatting can do this or you can do it

The Digital Storage on your own with a step-by-step manual with you.
Alternatively referred to as digital Characteristics of a hard disk include:
storage, storage, storage media, or storage 
medium, a storage device is o Tracks
any hardware capable of holding information o Sectors
either temporarily or permanently. In this
chapter, our focus is on the permanent type of o Platters
storage systems. o Form factor
A storage medium is the physical material on which o Read/write head
a computer keeps data, information, programs, o Revolutions per minute
and applications
Cloud storage keeps information on servers on  A head crash occurs when a read/write head
the Internet, and the actual media on which the touches the surface of a platter
files are stored are transparent to the user  Always keep a backup of your hard disk
 Imagine transporting your laptop while its running
A storage device is the hardware that records and/or and you bump it to something; figure how the
retrieves items to and from storage media read and write head crashes to the fine platter
surface.
 A head crash occurs when a read/write
In using a computer system, there is what we head touches the surface of a platter
call Access time in storage device, and it  Always keep a backup of your hard disk
measures:
The Solid State Drive
 The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate
an item on a storage medium Another type of storage that computer uses
 The time required to deliver an item from memory to nowadays is the SSD(solid state drive). It is a flash
the processor memory storage device that contains its own
processor to manage its storage
An SSD (solid state drive) has several
Hard Drives advantages over traditional (magnetic) hard disks:

A hard disk, also called a hard disk drive (HDD)

contains one or more inflexible, circular platters  Faster access times
that use magnetic particles to store data,  Faster transfer rates
instructions, and information  Quieter operation
 More durable
The storage capacity of hard disks varies and is  Lighter weight
determined by:  Less power consumption
 The number of platters the hard disk contains  Less heat generation
 Whether the disk uses longitudinal or  Longer life
perpendicular recording  Defragmentation not required
 Density
Since there’s no moving parts inside the SSD
In setting up a hard drive, formatting is the process (just like a flash drive), it is much efficient to use
of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors where
data will be stored. People who are knowledgeable
 External hard disk  Track is divided into evenly sized sectors
Another type of storage which is a separate  A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to
freestanding storage device that connects with a cable  Single-session disc
to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile
 A CD-R is an optical disc on which users can write
device. Portable just like a flash drive but has a larger
once, but not erase
space to store data and information.
 A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc
RAID (Redundant Array Of Independent Disks)
DVD
RAID on the other hand is a group of two or more
integrated hard disks or SSDs. They are often  A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which
used by power users such as multimedia jobs to users can read but not write on or erase
store big chunks of data.  A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-recordable
WORM formats, on which users can write once but
not erase
Portable Flash Memory Storage  DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are competing
DVD-rewritable formats that users can write on multiple
A memory card is a removable flash memory times
storage device that you insert and remove from a
Enterprise Hardware
slot in a computer, mobile device, or card
reader/writer  allows large organizations to manage and
store data and information using devices intended
 SDHC
for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and
 SDXC maximum availability
 MiniSD  RAID duplicates data, instructions, and
 microSDHC information to improve data reliability
 MicroSDXC
 CF
Network attached storage (NAS)
 is a server that is placed on a network with the
 xD Picture Card
sole purpose of providing storage to users,
 Memory Stick prO Duo computers, and devices attached to the network.
 M2  This type of storage is efficient for companies that
USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer works collaboratively in a single projects or
or mobile device collaboration of workers.

Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides

storage to computer or mobile device users
Storage Area Network (SAN)
Examples: -is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of
providing storage to other attached servers. This
 Google drive type is a larger version of NAS where servers are
 One Drive connected with each other
 iCloud
An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc Another enterprise storage is the Tape
made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and
read by a laser. technology. It is a magnetically coated ribbon of
plastic capable of storing large amounts of data
Optical discs commonly store items in a single track and information. A tape drive reads and writes data
that spirals from the center of the disc to the edge of and information on a magnetic tape
the disc
CD
 Other Types of Storage
 A magnetic stripe card has a magnetic stripe that
contains information.
 A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit
embedded in the card.
 The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a
memory chip that contains the information
to be transmitted via radio waves.
 An RFID reader reads the radio signal and
transfers the information to a computer or
computing device.
An NFC (Near Field Communication)
-enabled device contains an NFC chip
An NFC tag contains a chip and an antenna
that contains information to be transmitted
Most NFC tags are self-adhesive
Software:
Software is a set of programs, which is designed
to perform a well-defined function. A program is a
sequence of instructions written to solve a
particular problem.
There are two types of software −
 System Software
 Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of programs
designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself.
System software is generally prepared by the
computer manufacturers. These software
products comprise of programs written in low-
level languages, which interact with the hardware
at a very basic level. System software serves as
the interface between the hardware and the end
users.
Operating Systems
 An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that
coordinate all the activities among computer or
mobile device hardware.
o Start and shut down a computer
o Provide a user interface
o Manage programs
o Manage memory
o Coordinate tasks
o Configure devices
o Monitor performance
o Establish an Internet connection
o Provide file management and other device or
media-related tasks
o Updating operating system software
o Control a network
o Administer security
Operating System Functions
Starting Computers and Mobile Devices
 If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a
power button to turn it on
The process of starting or restarting a computer is
called booting
 Cold boot
o Turning on a computer that has been powered off
completely
 Warm boot
o Using the operating system to restart a computer
(discussed earlier in module 1)
An operating system includes various
power options:
 Sleep mode saves any open documents running
programs or apps to RAM, turns off all unneeded
functions, and then places the computer in a low-
power state
 Hibernate mode saves any open documents and
running programs or apps to an internal hard drive
before removing power from the computer or
device
User interface (UI)
-controls how you enter data and instructions and
how information is displayed on the screen
 With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact
with menus and visual images
 In a command-line interface, a user types
commands represented by short keywords or
abbreviations or presses special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions

Manage Multitasking Environment
How an operating system handles programs directly
affects your productivity
Single tasking
 allows a single user to perform only one task at a
time is called a Single-User Single-Tasking
Operating System. Functions like printing a
document, downloading images, etc., can be
performed only one at a time
Multitasking
 allows a single user to perform more than one task
at a time is called Single-User Multitasking
Operating System
Foreground and background
A priority assigned to programs running in a
multitasking environment. The foreground contains the
applications the user is working on, and
the background contains the applications that are
behind the scenes, such as certain operating
system functions, printing a document or accessing the
network.
Single user and multiuser
 A Single-UserOperating System is a system in which
only one user can access the computer system at a
time like a common used in a desktop or laptop
computer. A Multi-User Operating System is a system
that allows more than one user to access a computer
system at one time like a server allowing users to
connect.
Memory management
 optimizes the use of the computer or
device’s internal memory.
 Virtual memory
 is a portion of a storage medium
functioning as additional RAM

 The operating system determines the order
in which tasks are processed
External Device Management
A driver is a small program that tells the
operating system how to communicate with
a specific device
Plug and Play automatically configures
new devices as you install or connect them
POINT for Discussion:
How to uninstall a device attached to the
computer.
Monitoring Performance
A performance monitor is a program that assesses
and reports information about various computer
resources and devices
Connectivity
Operating systems typically provide a means to
establish Internet connections
Many programs, including operating systems,
include an automatic update feature that regularly
provides new features or corrections to the
program.
Operating systems often provide users with a
variety of tools related to managing a computer, its
devices, or its programs
 Some operating systems are designed to work
with a server on a network
 These multiuser operating systems allow multiple
users to share a printer, Internet access, files,
and programs
 A network administrator uses the server operating
system to:
 Add and remove users, computers, and other
devices
 Configure the network, install software and
administer network security
User management
A user account enables a use to sign in to, or
access resources on, a network or computer
 A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
 A password is a private combination of characters
associated with the user name
  Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system by
Google.
Types of Operating Systems
Most operating systems usually come pre- Server Operating Systems
loaded on any computer you purchase. Most of
time, people use the operating system that comes  A server operating system, also called
with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or a server OS, is an operating
even change operating systems. For some cases, system specifically designed to run
operating systems are used in larger type of on servers, which are specialized
computers and small ones like mobile computers. computers that operate within a
client/server architecture to serve the
requests of client computers on the network
A desktop operating system is a complete Mobile operating system
operating system that works on desktops,
laptops, and some tablets  The operating system on mobile devices
and many consumer electronics is called
a mobile operating system and resides on
Windows 10 is meant to unify desktop PC’s, firmware
Windows tablets, and Windows smart Phones  Android is an open source, Linux-based
with one interface, one way of operating and one mobile operating system designed by
account: Google for smartphones and tablets
The latest versions of Windows offer these  iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary
features mobile operating system specifically made
 Uses tiles to access apps for Apple’s mobile devices
 Includes the desktop interface  Windows Phone, developed by Microsoft,
 Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard is a proprietary mobile operating system
that runs on some smartphones
 Email app, calendar app, and browser included
 Photos, files, and settings you can sync with
OneDrive Utility Programs
 Enhanced security through an antivirus program,
 A utility program is a type of system
firewall, and automatic updates
software that allows a user to perform
 Windows Store offers additional applications for maintenance-type tasks
purchase

A file manager is a utility that performs functions

The Macintosh operating system has earned a related to file management
reputation for its ease of use
 Displaying a list of files
 Latest version is OS X
 Organizing files in folders
 Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting
UNIX is a multitasking operating system files and folders
developed in the early 1970s. A search utility is a program that attempts to
Linux is a popular, multitasking UNIX-based locate a file on your computer based on criteria
operating system you specify
An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any
associated entries in the system files
 Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system
designed to work primarily with web apps An image viewer allows users to display, copy,
and print the contents of a graphics file
 A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes An adware remover is a program that detects and
unnecessary files deletes adware
 Downloaded program files
 Temporary Internet files Filters are programs that remove or block certain
 Deleted files items from being displayed
 Unused program files  Anti-spam programs
 Web filters
A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and  Phishing filters
unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that
 Pop-up blockers
the operating system accesses data more quickly
and programs run faster
Defragmenting – the scattering of files in A file compression utility shrinks the size of a
different sectors of the hard disk file(s)
 Compressing files frees up room on the storage
media
A backup utility allows users to copy files to
another storage medium  Compressed files sometimes are called zipped
files
A restore utility reverses the process and returns
 Can be uncompressed
backed up files to their original form
A screen saver causes a display device’s screen to
A media player allows you to view images and
show a moving image or blank screen if no animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on
activity occurs for a specified time your computer
A personal firewall detects and protects a
personal computer from unauthorized intrusions

A virus describes a potentially damaging

computer program that affects a computer
negatively
A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or
over a network
A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a
legitimate program
An antivirus program protects a computer against
viruses

Spyware is a program placed on a computer

without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects
information about the user
A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware
and other similar programs
Adware displays an online advertisement in a
banner or pop-up window