D.C.

MOTOR SPEED MOTOR UNIT

Introduction:-
The arrangement of a rheostat in series with the armature winding or
regulating speed of a d.c. motor has drawbacks, one limitation is poor
speed-regulation with variation in load. There is also I2R power loss
across the rheostat and hence poor efficiency.
In SCR control, the output pulsating dc voltage which appears across
the armature depends on the point at which the SCR is triggered. Thus
maximum output voltage occurs when there is no delay at firing time.
The output voltage decreases as the firing delay increases. This has
advantage of good efficiency, good regulation, greater reliability and
compactness.
Circuit Operation:- (Refer Fig. 1, 2, and 3)
The full wave bridge supplies pulsating d.c. voltage to the motor field.
For armature a separate rectifier bridge is available. The armature d.c.
voltage system also gives a regulated d.c. voltage of 22 volts across a
zener diode. This voltage assures synchronization of UJT firing
circuit with anode voltage of SCR.
This is functioning as a relaxation oscillator. Capacitor C1 charges
through the speed control resistance R4 and discharges through the
pulse transformer to generate a triggering pulse for SCR.
For the value of R4, higher is the rate of charging of C1 and easier the
firing of SCR. This means higher motor speed.
Firing of SCR is also controlled by the motor speed and resultant back
emf developed across the motor. Diode D1, R1 and R2 and R3 form a
potential divider chain. The potential is proportional to voltage drop
across SCR. Higher the motor speed, the counter emf is larger and
voltage across SCR is lower. C1 has charging rate which is lower.
Motor speed as reflected in counter emf therefore provides feedback
which is sensed by C1. This feedback gives speed regulation against
load variation.
Let us imagine the R4 is set to operate the motor at 700RPM for a
particular load. Assume now that the load is increased tending to slow
down the motor to 500RPM. This reduced speed results in a lower
counter emf and accordingly a higher voltage across the SCR. Hence
C1 charges more rapidly and turns the SCR ON somewhat earlier than
before the increase in load.
The circuit had provision for soft starting means you can start the d.c.
motor with above 300 rpm minimum setting. The supply to the d.c.
motor armature is available only when the speed control knob is
brought to most anticlockwise position. (minimum speed position)
Ammeter can be inserted in armature circuit by removing the jumper.
This unit is suitable for half HP motors only.
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:-
1. Make connections for armature and field windings. (A1 – A2) and
(F1 – F2) ensure the proper terminals before making connections.
2. Connect a jumper across the binding posts.
3. Switch on the supply and move the control knob for speed control
to most anticlockwise position and turn on the motor. Increase the
motor speed slowly by moving the knob in clockwise direction.
4. You may slowly load the motor and check the regulation of the
system. Do not apply sudden loads on the motor.
 ELECTRONIC TIMER
Time delay circuits are used in industrial control devices to apply or
remove power from a load or loads at a present time after a starting
signal is applied. The circuit arrangements are many and varied. The
delay action in these circuits is frequently determined by the charge or
discharge of a capacitor in an RC circuit. In this set up we have used
SCR time delay circuit using UJT.
The circuit diagram (Refer Fig. 1) illustrates the arrangement. When
power is applied the circuit is started and the following actions take
place. The relay RL1 is turned on & load 1 is turned on for a time
interval t determined by the time constant ( C1(R1 + R2)) and the
characteristics of UJT Q1. At the expiration of t seconds load 2 is
turned on and Relay RL1 releases, turning OFF load 1.
Load 2 remains ON until power is removed by opening SW1. The
circuit is restarted by closing S1.
DETAILED OPERATION:-
Before S1 is closed, there is no power applied. The SCR (Q2) is OFF.
The relay is also OFF. AB is normally closed (N/C) &AC is normal;ly
open (N/O). The N/C constants (AB ) are connected across the
capacitor C1 so that there is zero voltage across the capacitor C1
when AB contacts are closed.
When the power is apllied by closing SW1 the relay 1 is turned ON,
contacts AC close & the power is apllied to load 1 (which may be
another relay, lamp or simply some resistence or LED). Load 2 is
energised when SCR is turned ON, because when Q2 is ON, power is
apllied to load 2 which mat be relay, lamp or a LED.
Thus this timer applied power to load 1 for a fixed amount of time t
and also it applies power to load 2. AFTER a fixed amount of time t.
OBSERVATIONS:- and operating instructions
1. Apply the power to the circuit by closing switch SW1.
2. SET R2 pot to MIN Position and note down the timer action.
3. SET R2 pot to MAX Position and note down the timer action.
4. Now set the pot at the intermediate position and connect a digital
multimeter across the capacitor C1.
5. Now remove power.
With the help of a good quality DVM measure the resistance of pot
R2 at certain point and apply power by closing switch SW1 and also
start a stop watch. (preferably digital one)
Note down the readings in the following table.
Sr No. Value of R2 Value C1 Observed Delay Calculated Delay
T=R2Cln(1/1-η)
________________________________________________________
1 T
2
3
4

n = Intrinsic stand OFF ratio / 0.65 (Typical)

Attempt to answer the following
1) Does the circuit operate as relaxation oscillator?
2) How the timing stability is actioned in this set up?
3) For proper operation, it is desirable to use low-leakage type
capacitor Explain.
4) Is it possible to use the set for sequential operation?
5) You may cinnect additional capacitor across C1 and measure the
time delays.
PRECAUTION:-
1) Do not keep the supply ON for a long time as seen as the timer
times out. (This will avoid unnecessary power dissipation across RS)
2) Operate pot R2 carefully.
 SEQUENTIAL TIMER
Sequential timers are required in a variety of applications such as
washing machine controls, electronic welding systems where a series
of specific events shouls take place successively. It is also desirable
that individual timer intervals for the events should be made
adjustable to suit a specific application or just for the sake of
flexibility. The sequential timer includes both these features.
In fact the sequential timer is made up by making use of a building
block or module in a repetitive fashion. The electronic timer used
used in the expt. No.1 forms the basic block. If one desires to control
four events in a sequential fashion, simply he has to use 4 such blocks
in series or cascaded fashion.
Refer diag No. 1
The timer modules 1, 2, 3, are connected in a cascaded fashion such
that as soon as Module 1 times out, power is applied for module 2. As
soon as Module 2 times out, power is applied to Module 3 and so on.
Moreover the time intervals for modules 1, module 2, module 3 can
be set by controlling pots R2 of respective modules thus generating
time intervals t1, t2, t3 etc in a sequential fashion. Hence the name
sequential timer.
RL1 (Relay 1) for every timer is ON for a specified amount of time.
Set by potentiometer (R2). You may note that as soon as RL1 times
out (by UJT action) SCR is turned ON and now power is applied to
RL2. N/O contacts of RL2 are connected in series with the DC power
supply set for next timer module. So this also applies power to Rlof
next timer module in sequence. The process consumes till the end of
the chain or sequence.
All the features of the expt 1 are maintained in this set up also except
instead of lamps, LEDs are used for indication of state of Relays.
OBSERVATIONS
1. Observe the operation of the set up first.
2. You may enter the readings in the table.
Sr. No. Time 1 C1 Observed Calculated interval
Value of R2 Interval T=R2C2ln(1/1- η)

1
2
3
In this fashion timer 1, 2, 3 may also be studied.
3. You may check for the effect of power supply variations on the
time intervals by connecting the output for an AUTO
TRANSFORMER and controlling the voltage between 200 volts to
250 volts.
Attempt the following
1) Suggest some useful applications for the set-up with the help of
block diagrams.
2) It is possible to make the sequence repeat itself automatically.