The Historical Implications of Middle Kingdom Scarabs Found in Palestine Bearing

Private Names and Titles of Officials

Author(s): Daphna Ben-Tor
Source: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , May, 1994, No. 294
(May, 1994), pp. 7-22
Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of
Oriental Research

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357151

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 The Historical Implications of Middle
Kingdom Scarabs Found in Palestine Bearing
Private Names and Titles of Officials

DAPHNA BEN-TOR
The Israel Museum
P.O.B 71117
Jerusalem 91710
Israel

The presence of Middle Kingdom Egyptian scarabs bearing private names and titles
of officials in Middle Bronze Age Canaan generated a scholarly controversy regarding
the relations between Egypt and Palestine during that period. Analysis of distinctive
characteristics of the scarabs, and of the contexts (whenever available) in which they
were found in Egypt, indicates that their original function was primarily as funerary
amulets. Examination of the inscriptions and the archaeological contexts of officials'
scarabs found in Palestine demonstrates that the scarabs reached Canaan, after having
been plundered from tombs in Egypt, no earlier than the time of the 13th Dynasty, and
that their main use in Canaan was, similar to Egypt, as funerary amulets.
It is suggested that scarabs, including those bearing private names and titles of
officials, initially arrived in Palestine through the Asiatics who settled in the eastern
Delta during the late Middle Kingdom.

ixty-seven Egyptian scarabs bearing private To resolve this problem, two separate issues
names and titles of officials from Middle must be addressed: First, we have to determine the
Bronze Age Canaan have so far beenoriginal
pub- function of the scarabs in Egypt. Second,
lished (Appendix A). Seven of the officials we
whose
have to deal with the archaeological contexts in
names appear on the scarabs were most probably which
ac-they were found in Canaan.
tive during the Hyksos period (Appendix A, nos.Unlike
1, the majority of Egyptian scarabs that are
6, 9, 42-44; the same officials in nos. 16, 18, 45,
now61,
regarded by most scholars as amulets (Petrie
67), but the majority are of the 12th and 13th
1917: 4; Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 13-17;
Dynasties. Tufnell 1984: 1; Ward 1978: 46, 58; 1987: 514,
In trying to account for the presence ofn.these
33), the group bearing names and titles of
scarabs in Canaan, scholars have reached contra- officials is still often referred to as "officials' seals"
dictory conclusions. Some regard them as official (Martin 1971: xi-xii; Johnson 1977: 142-44; Mar-
seals of the Egyptian administration, reflecting an tin in Tufnell 1984: 147). Close to 1900 such scar-
Egyptian rule over Canaan, or at least strong diplo-abs are known so far (Martin 1971: 7-141),2 dating
matic and economic relations (Giveon 1967: 29, almost exclusively to the Middle Kingdom and the
nn. 1-3 with additional bibliography; 1987: 24, Second Intermediate Period (Martin 1971: xii).
32-33; Weinstein 1975: 1, nn. 1, 2 with additional Doubts have been raised, however, concerning
bibliography); others suggest, based on the archae-the function of some of the scarabs as seals. For ex-
ological contexts in which the scarabs were found,ample, those made of precious materials, which are
that they were plundered from Egyptian tombs and very shallowly engraved, could not have been used
brought to Canaan during the Hyksos period, when for sealing (Ben-Tor 1989: 26, 61:17). This is also
southern Canaan maintained strong contacts withthe case with scarabs whose bases are covered with
Egypt (Weinstein 1974: 56; 1975: 9-10, n. 74). a thin gold sheet, on which the inscription appears

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 8 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

(Martin 1971: 193;

names and titlesBen-Tor
of officials (Tufnell 1975: figs.198
10-
instances in 12). Of those, many
which about 22 percent bear funerary epi-
scarabs
have been thets (the same percentage
found-the bestprivate-name scarabs
exam
Hyksos treasurer have in general;
H3r, Appendix of B). Thewhom
use of those
abs are known (Martin 1971: 78-85, nos. 984- scarabs for sealing differs in no way from the use of
design scarabs (below).
1088a)-most scholars agree that they were used as
amulets (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88; Johnson The great diversity of the seal impressions,
1977: 141; Martin in Tufnell 1984: 147), though those
it bearing funerary epithets, and the fact that
has been suggested that they were seals used by most of them bear no inscription, indicate that
minor officials on behalf of their superiors, whosescarabs were chosen for sealing randomly, depend-
names appear on the scarabs (Steindorff 1936: 179). ing on the available material, regardless of their
A very significant phenomenon concerning scar-decorations or inscriptions, and that their use as
seals was a secondary one, unlike the government
abs bearing names and titles of officials is that 22 per-
cent bear funerary epithets following the name,3 aseals which were made expressly for this purpose,
common phenomenon in Egyptian funerary inscrip- as indicated by the word btm, "seal," inscribed on
tions, examples of which are found on tomb walls, many of them (Martin 1971: 142-48, 183 under
stelae, and funerary objects recovered from tombs.btm, not including the word as part of a title). The
latter bear names of government departments in
Based on these epithets, it has been suggested that the
entire corpus of scarabs bearing officials' names and Egypt and the Nubian forts in the second cataract
region, such as Mirgissa, Uronarti, Shalfak, and
titles served in Egypt as funerary amulets of the
officials whose names and titles are inscribed. These Buhen (Martin 1971, pls. 43-47). Very few of
scarabs were compared to other magical means used these government seals bear a title or a name in
by Egyptian officials to eternalize their names and
addition to the government department,5 and none
titles (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88-89). bear funerary epithets. Most important, this group
Most of the scarabs under discussion were pur-
does not include a single scarab!
chased on the antiquities market, and we have no The sites where the great majority of sealings
were found-El-Lisht, the town of Kahun, and the
knowledge of their provenances (Martin 1971: 192-
fort of Uronarti-provide archaeological evidence
94). However, the majority of those whose origins
to support the conclusion that the use of scarabs
are known were found in or very close to large Mid-
dle Kingdom cemeteries, such as El-Lisht, El-Lahun,
for sealing represents a secondary use:
Thebes, Abydos, and Egyptian cemeteries at the sec-
ond cataract region in Nubia (Martin 1971: 189-90; El-Lisht
Appendix C here). About 50 percent of the scarabs
found in funerary contexts were found in tombs The great majority of the sealings were found in
(Appendix C). debris outside the brick enclosure wall of the pyra-
A factor that makes our problem more complex mid of Senusert I (Hayes 1953: 191; Appendix B
is that sometime during the late Middle Kingdom, here). The scarabs used for the sealings date from
the early 12th Dynasty to the late 13th Dynasty
for a limited period, all types of scarabs (including
those bearing officials' names and titles) were used(Hayes 1953: 191). Of the 31 sealings bearing
for sealing. This is indicated by the thousandsofficials'
of names and titles found at the site, 26 are
clay seal impressions found in El-Lisht, the town from
of this debris, which contained hundreds of seal-
Kahun,4 and the Egyptian forts in Nubia, mainly the
ings of boxes, jars, baskets, and bundles of offerings
fort of Uronarti by the second cataract. The great contributed to the funerary foundation of the king
majority of these sealings were made by scarabs (Appendix B). However, the great majority of scar-
bearing geometric and symmetric hieroglyphic de- abs bearing names and titles come from the large
cemetery outside the brick enclosure wall of the
signs, representing the entire range of scarabs typi-
cal of the 12th and 13th Dynasties (Petrie 1890, pyramid of Amenemhat I (Appendix C), and seven
of them were found in tombs (Appendix C, nos. 10,
pl. 10; 1891, pls. 9, 10; Petrie, Brunton, and Murray
1923: pls. 64, 65; Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 47- 11, 13, 20, 34, 85, 89). The archaeological material
55; Hayes 1953: 191; Reisner 1955: 26-69; Dun-of the site has not been sufficiently published, but as
ham 1967: 65-80; Tufnell 1975: 67-90, figs. 2-12; 26 percent of the private name sealings bear funer-
Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 99-102; Weinstein ary epithets, and as this cemetery was extensively
1992: 33; Appendix B here). A small number of plundered in antiquity (Hayes 1953: 178), it is very
sealings, however, were made by scarabs bearing likely that many of the scarabs used for the sealings

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1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 9

were plundered from the tombs, fourwhere they

sealings had the name of k
bearing
originally been used as funeraryt3wy of the early 13th Dynast
amulets.
Wheeler 1930: 49; Reisner 1955: 26). However,
Tufnell (1975: 69), who analyzed the designs on the
The Town of Kahun
scarabs used for the sealings, has shown that there
are many 12th Dynasty designs, and even a broken
The town was originally built for the workers
sealing naming Senusert II, whose reign predated
of the pyramid complex of king Senusert II in
the building of the fort (Reisner 1955: 54:13).
El-Lahun. It later housed the priests and officials
Moreover, a sealing bearing the name of the Hyksos
connected with the pyramid endowments and other
king M3C-ibCrC (Tufnell 1975, fig. 12:446), extends
activities in the area, until the end of the 13th Dy-
the time span of the sealings into the Hyksos period.
nasty (Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 87-88, 102). The
The archaeological evidence that caused Reis-
town was surrounded by the large cemetery of El-
ner to date the sealings to the 13th Dynasty was
Lahun. The hundreds of hieratic papyri found in
never called into question, and the fact that the
Kahun were dated by Griffith (1898) to the period
sealings were made by 12th Dynasty scarabs and
from the time of Amenemhat III to the early 13th
seals does not conflict with this conclusion. All it
Dynasty (Tufnell 1975: 68; n. 3), but a sealing bear-
indicates is that scarabs used for the sealings were
ing the name of Neferhotep I (Tufnell 1975: 69,
not always contemporaneous with them. However,
fig. 12: 444), extends the town's period of activity to
the use of 12th Dynasty scarabs and the fact that
the time of the latter's reign. The sealings, however,
15 percent of the private name sealings bear funer-
record the names of Senusert I-III (Tufnell 1975:
ary epithets favor the probability that scarabs were
68; n. 4), and there is a consensus among scholars
brought to Uronarti either from the cemeteries of
that the typological range of the scarabs covers the
Semna and Mirgissa nearby, or from cemeteries in
time from the founding of the town during the reign
Egypt, after they had been plundered from tombs.
of Senusert II to the late 13th Dynasty (Tufnell 1975:
An important observation made by Reisner distin-
70; 1984: 86; Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 99-102;
guishes between the function of what he calls official
Ward 1987: 515; Weinstein 1992: 33).
sealings (made by the government seals), which are
Petrie (1890: 31), excavator of the site, states,
always stamped once, and private sealings (made by
"During the latter part of the 12th Dynasty and the
scarabs, including those bearing private names and ti-
beginning of the 13th, the inhabitants of the town
tles), which were usually stamped several times over
ransacked the tombs for materials and brought away
the official seal, in most cases by the same scarab
many slabs of offerings, some of them inscribed, also
(Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 54; Reisner 1955: 29).
stelae, statuettes and parts of tombs." This evidence,
There is ample archaeological and textual evi-
and the fact that 20 percent of the private name seal-
dence from Egypt to prove that tombs were exten-
ings bear funerary epithets, make it very probable
sively plundered during all periods of Egyptian
that scarabs were part of the loot from this plunder-
history. Already during the Old Kingdom, tomb
ing. The sealing bearing the name of Senusert I,
walls bear a magic formula of warning the visitors,
whose reign predates the building of the town, and
"Any person who would enter this tomb uncleanly,
the designs on many of the scarabs used for the seal-
and do something evil against it, they shall be
ings indicate the use of scarabs and seals not con-
judged for it by the great god" (Lichtheim 1988:
temporaneous with the sealings themselves, which
11). Many tombs were reused after they had been
according to Griffith's dating of the papyri are proba-
plundered, and we often find inscriptions of pious
bly not earlier than the reign of Amenemhat III.
officials boasting on their tomb walls, "I made this
tomb on the side of the West, in a clean place
The Fort of Uronarti where no person's tomb was" (Lichtheim 1988: 11).
Garstang, who excavated the tombs of the
nomarchs
The largest group of sealings found at Beni-Hasan,
in the found
Nu- evidence attesting to
extensive
bian forts in the second cataract region plundering of the tombs by the workers
was discov-
ered at Uronarti, where Senusert III them
who built builtand a
whofort in
were in charge of the burials.
his 16th year and set up templeHeendowments.
asserted, "In cases where
Thou- the chambers of adjoin-
ing tombs
sands of clay sealings were found in the lay floor
alongside,debris
the workmen or others en-
gaged inand
of the inner fort, a deposit of dust constructing
decayed a new chamber, seem to have
mud
from the walls about 10 to 25 cmconsistently
deep. The plundered that next to it... but it is
excava-
doubtful
tor dates this debris to the 13th whetherbased
Dynasty, they found
on much within ... their

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 10 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

quest was jewelleryThe[sic]

titles on many
andof the scarabs found in Canaan
valuables,
as our are of very
observations go,high officials
would such as treasurers,
be magis-
rar
trates, chief stewards,
these later plunderers, as they chamberlains,hardly
high priests,
and chief scribes,
the pilferings of those who all courtiers of high rank with
performed
terment" close connections
(Garstang 1907: to the pharaoh (Appendix A, nos.
48).
The problem of 3-6, 8, 10, 12,
tomb 14, 16-19, 21, 25-28, 30-32,
robberies 35-38,
during
Kingdom in Abydos 40-46, 48,led50-55, 57,to 59, 61-67).
the The titles are all
buildin
mastaba S8, to set potential plunderers known from Egyptian records, and most of the
(Weigall in Ayrton, Currelly, and Weig officials concerned had no business outside the royal
18). In reality, the court or their nomes in Egypt.8
supposed Moreover, in the
mastabas c
bish heaps that included group found in Canaan, clay there are no titles such as
sealings,
of which were made byor overseers
army commanders design of provincesscarab
on be-
Ayrton, Currelly,half andof the pharaoh,
Weigall which we would1904:
expect to find 18
were made by private had these officials
name actually functioned
scarabs, in Canaan. an
is insufficient to justify It should also be noted
the that no official govern-
conclusion
(1977: 142) regarding ment seals or sealings
the were found
lack of in Canaan,
funer in
and the actual function contrast to Nubia, of whichthese
was under Egyptian
offici rule
The sealings are securely during the Middle Kingdom, dated where many to such th
13th Dynasty but items many were found were(above). made by
scarabs (Weigall in VeryAyrton,
few scarab sealings wereCurrelly
found in Canaan,
1904: 18). As Abydos and only one was(of unclearthecontext), largest
was made by a
portant funerary site scarab bearing
in a name and title of the attendant
Egypt, and tothe
found within the the area king's table
of S3-nb, found in Tell-el Ajjul
Middle Kingd (Ap-
seems very probable pendix A, no. 10). There
that in are, Abydos,
however, several sca- as
sites discussed above, rab sealingsthe scarabs
on jar handles, used
a custom not known in f
ings had previously Egypt been
during that period.9
plunderedTwo examples made by fro
The evidence discussed so far indicates that scarabs bearing names and titles are known (Ap-
pendix
scarabs bearing names and titles of officials were A, nos. 11, 28): one from Shechem, which
not used as official seals in Egypt, but were proba- name and title of the steward lImn-m-h3t.
bears the
bly made for funerary purposes by the officials It is stamped once on a handle of a jar together with
concerned, to be used as tomb offerings.6 a Syrian cylinder seal which is rolled five times
(Rowe 1936, pl. 26:S.4). A steward by the same
As is the case in Egypt, the archaeological context
name is known from the time of Amenemhat II
of the scarabs bearing names and titles of officials
found in Canaan is not always clear. Of the 67 (Rowe
pub- 1936: 234-35); but even if the official con-
lished scarabs, 37 are of a known provenance cerned
(Ap-is not the same one, the name indicates a
pendix A, nos. 1-37), but only 15 come from 12th
a clearDynasty date (Rowe 1936: 234-35; Giveon
(1974:
context (Appendix A, nos. 2, 3, 8, 12-16, 22, 24, 25,224, n. 2; Kempinski 1993: 335). However,
27-29, 36). Thirteen scarabs were found in theCanaan-
jar is of a later date, typical of the MB IIB phase
ite tombs (Appendix A, nos. 6, 9, 12-16, 22,and postdating the time of the 12th Dynasty (Ami-
24-27,
ran 1969:
36. There is no proof for no. 37), 17 bear funerary ep- 103, pl. 32; Dever 1992: 3). The cylinder
ithets (25 percent) (Appendix A, nos. 4, 12,seal14,is21,
dated to the first half of the 18th century B.C.
(Kempinski
27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 41, 46, 50, 53, 58, 60, 64, 65), and 1993: 333-37, with additional bibliog-
raphy), and could therefore coincide with the late
24 have exact parallels (scarabs of the same officials)
in Egypt (Appendix A, nos. 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, 25, 12th Dynasty. However, regarding the late date of
30, 31,
33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 52, 56, 61, 63-67).
theTwo
jar, the sealings, which were made for either
scarabs, both of unknown provenance but definitely
decorative purposes or as a personal mark of prop-
erty by the owner, were not necessarily made by
found in Canaan, of the high official-the treasurer
Snb-sw-m-c (Appendix A, nos. 51, 52)-who
seals is
contemporary with one another. Moreover,
known from 12th Dynasty inscriptions (Giveon
they had no connection with the 12th Dynasty
1980: 179), have 28 exact parallels in Egypt (Martin
official whose scarab was used for the sealing.10
1971: nos. 1513-1541a): one from the town of Six jar handles from Jericho were stamped by a
Kahun (Martin 1971: no. 1517), and one from thescarab bearing the name and title of the scribe of the
12th Dynasty cemetery in El-Lisht, where it wasVizier Snb.f, with a funerary epithet following the
found inside a tomb (Martin 1971: no. 1526).7 name (Rowe 1936: 235, pl. 26:S5). The MB IIB con-

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1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 11

The solution
text of the handles, the high probability oftothe
the problem is found in the site of
official
concerned being active during the time in
Tell el-DabCa ofthethe 12th
eastern Delta. The site is iden-
Dynasty (Rowe 1936: 235), and the
tifiedfunerary
with the Hyksos epithet
capital Avaris, and contains
following the name, indicate that
important
at Jericho
evidence concerning
just asthe atAsiatic settlement
in the area (Bietakwith
Shechem, the sealing had no connection 1979; 1984;
the 1987; 1989; 1991,
with additional
official whose name and title appear on the bibliography).15
scarab. The beginning of
this settlement
All the scarabs bearing private names and is dated by the large amount of
titles
that were found in archaeological
Canaanitecontexts
pottery found in Pal-
there to the MB IIA phase
estine were discovered in MB (ForIIB-Cthe most
contexts
recent analyses
(Ap- see Bietak 1991: 31-
pendix A, nos. 2-4, 8, 12-16,38,22, 24,
49-51, 25,
53-55). The 27, 28, phase MB IIA-
transitional
30-34[?], 36), that is, later than the
B is the 12th
fourth Dynasty
level of occupation at the site and is
in Egypt, except for one scarab dated
from by the excavator to
Aphek, the time of the 13th Dy-
which
was found in the last phase of MB
nasty IIA
(Bietak (Appendix
1991: 38-40, 51; Weinstein 1992: 30-
A, no. 29). Furthermore, many31). Aof these
gradual scarabs
Egyptian influence on the material
were found in multiburial Canaanite tombs to- culture of the Asiatic settlement is noted by Bietak
(1984: 483; 1991: 45-46), who states that the popu-
gether with other types of scarabs used as funerary
amulets, a large number of them bearing funerary
lation ultimately became completely Egyptianized.
In view of all the above, it appears that scarabs
epithets and titles of officials of the highest rank,
who could not have been in service in Canaan. It were brought to Canaan through the Asiatics who
thus seems that these scarabs reached Canaan after
settled in the Delta and adopted the Egyptian custom
having been plundered from tombs in Egypt. of using them as funerary amulets. The scarabs bear-
The questions to be considered now are when, by
ing private names and titles found in Canaan reflect
therefore no more than a Canaanite adaptation of an
whom, and for what purpose did scarabs--including
those bearing private names and titles-arriveEgyptian
in funerary custom, transmitted through the
Canaan. Scarabs first appear in Canaan during Asiatics
the living in the Delta. Their appearance in
late MB IIA in very small numbers (Weinstein
Canaan had nothing to do with relations between the
1975: 1-7; 1992: 35). During the transitional phase
Egyptian state and Canaan during the Middle King-
of MB IIA-B they occur in larger numbers (Wein- dom,16 but rather reflects close contacts between the
Asiatics living in the Delta region and their kin liv-
stein 1975: 1-2, 4-7),1 and already feature local
designs.12 The numbers increase dramatically dur-
ing in Canaan, beginning during the time of the 13th
Dynasty.
ing the MB IIB-C when scarabs are found in almost
every contemporary Canaanite site in large numbers
and include additional local productions.13 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

There is no consensus among scholars concerning

I wish to thank Dr. J. Weinstein for his helpf
the absolute chronology of the Middle Bronze Age
in Canaan, especially for the date of the transitional
NOTES
phase of MB IIA-B (Weinstein 1992: 29; Dever
1992: 3). But according to all chronologies this
Based on the names, contemporary Egyptian
phase is later than the 12th Dynasty in Egypt andand scarab typology. (Martin 1971: xii, and in
earlier than the Hyksos period. 14 This period of tran-1984: 147; Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2; Tufnell 1984: 142-
sition coincides with the time of the 13th Dynasty, 147). Giveon, who at one point suggested a Hyksos date for
which was one of gradual decline of the Middle many of them based on their MB IIB-C contexts (1974:
Kingdom. It seems very unlikely that Egypt would224), later admitted to a late Middle Kingdom date for the
develop an interest in Canaan at that time. As Wein- majority (1976: 127; 1980: 179, n. 1; 1987: 32-33).
stein (1975: 14) states, "It may seem strange that 2Very few additional objects, most of them from Pal-
when Egypt was strong and Palestine weak (the con- estine, have been published since; see Appendix A.
dition existing in MB IIA), trade was at a minimum, 3Martin (1971: 187-88): imJy, im3Ow, im3w c3,
but when Egypt's political and military fortunes de- whm Cnf, whm Cn0 dt, whmt Cnf, mic trw, m3ct zrw, nb
im3h, nbt im3h, and the funerary formula: htp di nsw.
clined and Palestine's increased (the situation in late
4"Kahun" is used here to distinguish the town from
MB IIA and early MB IIB), trade rapidly expanded.the larger site of El-Lahun, as is often done when dealing
Nevertheless, this indeed seems to have been the with material found in the town. (Tufnell 1975; Kemp
case, and future analyses of Palestine's relations withand Merrillees 1980: 57-102; Weinstein 1992: 33).
Egypt in the Middle Bronze Age should take this 5Martin (1971), nos. 442, 732, 1254, 1255, 1256,
phenomenon into consideration."
1618, and 1856 bear the same title: .hty-c (no. 732 has
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 12 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

an to recognize
additional title: imy-r the appearance of some so-called "Hyksos N
hwt-ntr).
designs"
official seal of the in Canaan earlier
fort of than their appearance in
Mirgissa,
without a name. TheEgypt, but he declined to considerare
others most of them
officias local
mid town of Senusert
Canaanite designs. The III near
forthcoming publication El-L
of the
m c"rw; these are Rishon
thele-Zion scarabs
only will include a thorough discus- se
official
names. (Stamp-seals bearing privat
sion of this question.
some, including funerary epithets
13Tufnell (1984) deals with a large number of objects
302, 329, 567, 806, 1648,
that sufficiently and
reflect the quantity other
and variety of the
material. Note 12 hereare
marked as stamp-seals], discusses local
not productions.
offic
not bear names of14The high chronology suggested by Dever
government (1992: 3)
depar
to be funerary amulets similar
dates this transitional phase between 1775 and 1750to B.C. t
scarabs, the name isarethe
These dates most
now also accepted by Ward (asigni
chrono-
there are no scarabs bearing
logical table distributed only
during his lecture in Jerusalemti
few bearing a namein May 1993).
without a title (A
6For the religious implications
15Canaanite pottery has been found in other conce
northern
Egyptian sites, mainly in the
these scarabs as funerary eastern Delta (Weinstein
amulets du
1992: 27-28), indicating
Hornung and Staehelin Asiatic settlement
1976: 88; in the Joh
area.
7Scarabs bearing However, since most of the and
names material is either related to
titles
only rarely foundburials
inor stillthe
awaits publication,
tombs it cannot be of
used for th
(e.g., Martin 1971:
determining195, 196,
the development and absolute390).
chronology of S
were found in other tombs
the Asiatic settlement in the region. (e.g., M
bearing the name 16Because
Nht, hardly which was
any 12th Dynasty Egyptian fo
material
'In-it.f). Five scarabs
was found inof the
contemporary treasurer
contexts in Palestine (Wein-
five tombs at different sites
stein 1975), it seems very unlikely that trade(Mart
would have
1064, 1065, 1065a, 1077a),
been initiated and
by Egypt during the early 13th two
Dynasty
names and titles of different officials were found in Tomb (above). Thus, the appearance of scarabs in Palestine at that
275 in El-Haraga (Martin 1971: nos. 272, 1344). It thus particular time probably reflects the beginning of new trade
seems that these scarabs were used as funerary amulets by routes, initiated by the Asiatics who settled in the eastern
individuals other than their original owners as well, afterDelta region.
they had been plundered from the tombs of the latter. The scarabs are listed according to provenance. The
8See discussions of some of the titles by Tufnell information includes: the inscription with a reference to
(1984: 142-47 with additional bibliography), especially Ward 1982, all publications beginning with Martin's cat-
concerning the titles: sd3wty bity, imy-r pr wr, imy-hnt, alogue, with data concerning the context or date of the
iry-ct n d3dw, imy-r sd3wt, wr m3w; and by Helck (1958: scarab in each publication, a reference to PN, the present
51-53, 59-60, 71-72, 81) for wr mdw smCw, smsw h3yt, location of each scarab, and exact parallels from Martin
nty m srwt, imy-r pr wr. (1971). See Martin (1971) for all previous bibliography.
9Although such sealings were found in Tell-el Dabca
in the eastern Delta, the custom probably was imported
APPENDIX A
from Canaan (see discussion below). I thank C. Mlinar
for sending me the drawings of the Tell-el Dabca scarabs Scarabs Bearing Private Names and Title
and sealings. Found in Palestine Tombs and funerary epi
loKempinski (1993: 335) considers the cylinder seal printed in bold type
contemporary with the scarab; he therefore dates the
sealings to the time of the late 12th Dynasty (early 18th Tell el-CAjjul
century B.C.) and connects them to events following the
1. ysinn-name without title, probably Semitic
campaign recorded on the Khusobek stela. However, be-
Martin 1971, no. 306, pl. 27:25: Level II.
cause the jar itself is definitely of an MB IIB date, this
Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2911: towards the end
suggestion seems very doubtful. Second Intermediate Period.
11A cemetery near Rishon le-Zion, dated to the tran- Giveon 1974: 230:k: no clear context.
sitional phase of MB IIA-B, recently was excavated by
London, University College E XIII 82/1
the Israel Antiquities Authority. More than 100 scarabs
were found in these multiple burial Canaanite tombs, 2. irw whmt Mry-Pth-Bistt-Ward 1982: no. 558:
which include Egyptian imports as well as local produc- Maker of furniture legs.
tions (unpublished). Martin 1971: no. 614, pl. 20:39: Level III, Room DN.
12The question of local productions of Middle Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2913: beneath the burnt layer
Bronze Age scarabs has been dealt with only partially in the lower city, at the southwest corner of the
(Schroer 1985: 51-107; Keel 1989: 40-87, 211-80; mound. 13th Dynasty.
Schroer 1989: 90-207). Ward (1987: 526) was the firstGiveon, 1974: 230:c: MB IIB-C context.

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1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 13

PN I: 160:14. (mry Pth). Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2912; part of an isolated build-
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum,
ing block that produced a scarab of Neferhotep I;
I.10242 probably 13th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:i: MB IIC context.
3. s' wr n imy-r sd3wt Nhsy. nfr-Ward 1982: no. 1371:
PN I: 313:23.
Chief Scribe of the Treasurer.
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Martin 1971: no. 799, pl. 11:15: Level II, Room AN. Martin 1971: nos. 1547-1556: same name and title.
Tufnell 1984: 144-45, no. 2910: 13th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:h: MB IIC context. 9. 4tmy Sth-Ward 1982: no. 1186a: Seal Maker.
PN I: 209:4. Martin 1971: no. 1665, pl. 11:10: Grave 424.
London, University College E XII 64/2 Tufnell 1984: 146-47, no. 2916: earlier part of Sec-
Martin 1971: nos. 796-800: same name and title. ond Intermediate Period.

Giveon 1974: 230:j: no clear context.

PN I: 321, 29.
4. sd3wty
1982: bity wr m3w
no. 1472: Rc m3c
Seal Bearer h.rw
of the whm
King Cnh-Ward
of Lower
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum,
Egypt, and 717: greatest of seers (priest). 35.3773
Martin 1971: no. 811, pl. 8:7.
Tufnell 1984: 146, no. 2914: could have come from 10. 3tw n tt hk3 S3-nb-Ward 1982: no. 13: Attendant of
the upper city or from a grave. 13th Dynasty. the Ruler's Table.
Giveon 1974: 230:d: MB IIB-C context. Giveon 1974: 230:1: no clear context; a pellet of gray
PN I: 217:7. clay with the seal impression on its flat surface.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum Giveon 1985: 108-9, no. 138.
38.619 PN I: 282:17.
London, British Museum 135621
5. c nsw Ht-Cnh-Ward 1982: no. 585: King's Arm.
Martin 1971: no. 915a, pl. 42B:6. Shechem
Tufnell 1984; 144, no. 2909: early 12th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:f: no clear context. 11. imy-r pr `Imn-m-h3t-Ward 1982: no. 132: Steward
PN I: 231:14. (administrator).
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum Martin 1971: no. 177, pl. 1:21: impression on a jar
35.4005 handle, southwest temenos area.
Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2: 12th Dynasty.
6. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt Hir-Ward 1982: no. 1472: PN I: 28:8.
Seal Bearer of the King of Lower Egypt, and 364: Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, 1.982
Overseer of the Treasury.
Martin 1971: no. 1064, pl. 29:23: Grave 489. Lachish
Tufnell 1984: 146, no. 2915: Second Intermediate
Period. 12. (web) Ck n Nibt (-Iw).f-n.i nb im~)-Ward 1982:
Giveon 1974: 230:e: no clear context. no. 630: Enterer of Nehbet (priest).
PN II: 304:17. Martin 1971: no. 63, pl. 23:32: Tomb 129.
Giveon 1974: 230:s: MB IIB context.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
PN I: 14:7.
35.3793
Martin 1971: nos. 984-1088a: same name and title. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
33.1954
7. iry pdt S3-hi-Ward 1982: no. 516: Bowman.
13. 3Iri-mr-Name without title.
Martin 1971: no. 1309, pl. 12:23: southeast part of
town, Room AB. Martin 1971: no. 267, pl. 11:1: Tomb 129.
Tufnell 1984: 147, no. 2917; Tufnell believes it came Giveon 1974: 230:q: MB IIB context.
PN II: 265:25.
from Grave 27, which lies partially under the walls
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
of this chamber; 13th Dynasty.
33.1956
Giveon 1974: 230:g: no clear context.
Ben-Tor 1989: 63:15.
14. imy-r hwt-ntr Df3.i IcFpi-hmm nb im5l/-Ward
PN I: 283:17.
1982: no. 250: Overseer of the Temple.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum Martin 1971: no. 1769a, pl. 42A:19: Tomb 4004.
33.1725 Giveon 1974: 230:r: MB IIB-C context.

8. sd3wty bity smr wCty imy-r sd3wt Snbi-Ward 1982:PN I: 406:16 (Df3.1 IHCp), 269:21 (Imm).
no. 1476: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, 38.57
Egypt, Sole Friend, Overseer of the Treasury. Tell-el Farca (S)
Martin 1971: no. 1554, pl. 22:8: Level II, Room
AC. 15. 3Imny-name without title.

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 14 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

Martin 1971: no. Martin

219a, 1971: no. 1508,
pl. pl. 14:7.
42B:4: Tom
Tufnell 1984: 144, Giveon
no. 1974: 231:bb:
2907 no context.and 2340:
mediate Period. PN I: 268:21 (Hipr-snb).
Giveon 1974: 230:b: MB IIB-C context. Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
PN I: 31:13. 38.981

London, Institute of Archaeology, London University

E.V1 9/13
24. ihms (n) ct ... (?) D?-Ward 1982: no. 563: Atten-
dant of the ... Chamber. (see nos. 564-568).
16. Sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt H3r-see no. 6. Martin 1971: no. 1766a, pl. 42:19: Tomb I.
Martin 1971: no. 1077a, pl. 42B:1: Tomb 565. Giveon 1974: 231cc: MB IIB-C context.
Tufnell 1984: 144, no. 2908: not earlier than Jericho PN I: 404:9.
Group IV; Second Intermediate Period. Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum 2499m
Giveon 1974: 230:a: MB IIB-C context.
PN II: 304:17. Jericho
London, Institute of Archaeology, London University
25. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr Nmty-m-wsht (Cnty-m-
Accho
wsht)-Ward 1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the
King of Lower Egypt; no. 141: Chief Steward.
17. wr mdw smCw W3h-k--Ward 1982: no. 721: Mag- Martin 1971: no. 354, pl. 20:14: Tomb B3.
nate of the Southern Tens. Tufnell 1984: 142, no. 2904: multiple successive buri-
Martin 1971: no. 391a. als, at least 25 bodies, a much disturbed tomb. 13th
Giveon 1974: 231:dd: no context. Dynasty.
Giveon and Kertesz 1986: 10, no. 4. Giveon 1974: 230:n: MB IIB context.
PN I: 73:23. PN I: 69:19.

Israel Antiquities Authority 73-107 Amman, Museum J.5851

Martin 1971: nos. 353-356a: same name and title.

18. sd3wty bity

Giveon and imy-r
Kertesz sd3wt
1986: 10, no..Hir-see no. 6.
5: no context. 26. iry ct n d3dw Pnwy-Ward 1982: no. 496: Hall
PN II: 304:17. Keeper of the Audience Hall.
Israel Antiquities Authority 73-163 Martin 1971: no. 475, pl. 5:20: Tomb G37.
Tufnell 1984: 143, nos. 2906, 2338: last layer of
19. wr m3w WDd(?)-Ward 1982: no. 717: Greatest of
Group II, early 13th Dynasty.
Seers (priest) Giveon 1974: 230:m: no clear context.
Giveon 1974: 231:ee: no context.
PN I: 133:6. (pnw).
PN I: 74:14.
Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1954.757
20. imy-r st Mntw-m-h3t-Ward 1982: no. 313: 27.
Over-
imy int HInnw m3c hrw-Ward 1982: no. 425:
seer of the Storehouse.
Chamberlain (in the immediate entourage of the
Giveon 1974: 231:ff: no context.
king).
PN I: 154:7.
Martin 1971: no. 1107, pl. 1:6: Tomb H13.
Gezer Tufnell 1984: 143, nos. 2905, 2254: 12th Dynasty, but
could be later.
21. ss' C n nsw (n) sm3yt 'Imny nb im'i-Ward 1982: Giveon
no. 1974: 230:p: MB IIC context.
1363: Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Archive. PN I: 245:1.
Martin 1971: no. 209, pl. 35:26. Amman, DAJ J.5847
Giveon 1974: 230:t: no context.
Giveon 1985: 110:2 28. s' n t3ty Snb.f whm cnh-Ward 1982: no. 1449:
Scribe of the Vizier.
PN I: 31:13.
London, British Museum 104925 Martin 1971: no. 1574, pl. 15:8: six seal impressions
on pot handles, one from room 17, three from room
Megiddo 44C, (two from Watzinger's excavations).
Giveon 1974: 230:o: MB IIB context.
PN I: 314:5.
22. imy-r pr h.sb
Steward ihw Iw.f snb-Ward
of Reckoning Cattle. 1982: no. 160:
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
Martin 1971: no. 85, pl. 8:2: Tomb T.5067; MB IIB 33.1305, 1362-64
context.

Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2: 12th Dynasty. Aphek

PN I: 16:1.
29. imy-r pr Nr-ib(?)-see no. 11.
Israel Antiquities Authority 39.538
Giveon 1978: 16, fig. 13.
23. imy-r mntw Snb-6pr-Ward 1982: no. 195: Overseer
Giveon 1988: 44-45: 37, broken. Area A, Locus 2130,
of Beduin. Stratum A-13, Late MB IIA, post-Palace II phase.

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1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 15

Brandl
Martin 1991: 206 reads the name as Hnr, and Sass
13th 1985: 111-12, no. 1, fig. 1:a; with
Dynasty.
Weinstein 1992: 35: 13th Dynasty. previous bibliography.
PN I: 206:19. Said to have been found in a tomb in Jerusalem.
Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University 21252/70 PN I: 312:15.

CAin Samiya Of Unknown Provenance

30. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr Nhy snbi-see no. 25. 38. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr smsw nsw Rdi n Pth-se
Giveon 1974: 231:u. fig. 1/2:1: MB IIB-C context(?) no. 25, and Ward 1982: no. 1523: King's
PN I: 207:22. Retainer.
Martin 1971: no. 896a.
M. Dayan Collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 440
Martin 1971: nos. 774-77: same name and title.Giveon 1974: 231 :gg. (Giveon's reading is rejected be-
cause of the parallels in Martin 1971, pl. 24:21-22).
31. siry nsw S3-Pth whm 'nh nb im3?h-Ward 1982: no.
PN I: 228: 1 or 3.
1461: Royal Linen Keeper.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
Giveon 1974: 231:v. fig. 1/2:2: MB IIB-C context (?) 35.2892
PN I: 282:1.
Martin 1971: nos. 892-96a: same name and title.
M. Dayan collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 431
Martin 1971: no. 1293: same name and title. 39. iry-ct n km-w Wsr psv-Ward 1982: no. 492: Hall
Keeper of Winnowers (or Winnowing Place).
32. wr mdw imCw 33(?) or Hrw-sri(?)-see no. 17.
Martin 1971: no. 432, pl. 10:19 (reads iry km3w).
Giveon 1974: 231:w. fig 1/2:3: MB IIB-C context(?) PN I: 86:8.
PN I: 245:19
London, University College 11364
M. Dayan collection; present location unknown
40. ssv (n) knbty Nhzy-Ward 1982: no. 1441: Scribe of a
33. imy-r gnwtyw S3 Pth-Ward 1982: no. 407: Over-Magistrate.
seer of Sculptors.
Horn 1972: 142-43, pl. 17.1.
Giveon 1974: 231:x. fig 3:4: MB IIB-C context(?) PN I: 207:19.
PN I: 282:1.
Berrien Springs, MI, Horn Archaeological Museum
R. Braun collection
62.003
Martin 1971: nos. 1287-88: same name and title.

41. tmy-r imywt-prw Pmpw nb im.?-Ward 1982: no.

34. imy ht sD prw Shtp ib-Ward 1982: no. 431: a police 39: Overseer of Household Goods.
official.
Martin 1971: no. 472, pl. 42:21.4 (Palestinian origin
Giveon 1974: 231:y. fig 1/2:5: MB IIB-C context(?)
not noted).
PN I: 318:1.
Brandle and Sass 1985: 112-13, no. 3, fig. 1:d, pl.
M. Dayan collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 406
2:c; bought in Palestine.
Berlin,
35. Cnh n tt hki Nfr-iw nb imhh-Ward 1982: no. 611: Charlottenbourg 22667
Participant of the Ruler's Table (Member of the
Ruler's Household). 42. s3 nsw smsw lIpk-Ward 1982: no. 1245: Eldest
Prince.
Giveon 1974: 231:z: no clear context.
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 2, fig. 1:2., pl. 7:2.
Giveon 1980: 183, no. 9, fig. 3, pl. 40:4.
Giveon 1987: 38-39.
Said to have been found in the Hebron region.
PN I: 194:7.
M. Dayan collection, present location unknown.
Martin 1971: nos. 127-69: same name and title.
R. Braun collection

43. s3 nsw smsw YckCm(?)-see no. 42.

Beth Shemesh
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 3, fig. 1:3, pl. 7:3.
36. smsw h3yt SnCC-ib-Ward 1982: no. 1309: Elder 44.ofs3 nsw smsw K(wppn-see no. 42.
the Portal.
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 5, fig. 2:1, pl. 7:5.
Brandl and Sass 1985: 112, no. 2, fig. l:c, pl. 2:b; Martin 1971: nos. 1679-85: same name and title.
with previous bibliography.
From Tomb 13 (formerly Tomb 3). MB IIB context. 45. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt Hi3r-see no. 6.
PN I: 312:14. Giveon 1976: 129, no. 6, fig. 2:2.
Phildelphia, University Museum, 61-14-977 Said to have been found at Yabne Yam (Nebi
Martin 1971: no. 1479: same name and title + nb Rubin).
im@h.
46. h3ty-c (n) Nzn(?) S Cw nb im@b-Ward 1982: no.
876: Count of Nehen.
Jerusalem(?)
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 7, fig. 2:3, pl. 7:6. Reads hity-
CCwy sJ Cw nb imj.
37. ntyWho
m srwt Snbthe
is among whm Cnh-Ward 1982: no. 839:
Magistrates. PN I: 56:28 (3wy).

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 16 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

47. imy-r pr n 56. imy-r pr

inc S3 mryt-see no. 11.
Nn-hm-sn-War
Giveon 1980: 181, no. 6, fig. 2:3,of
Overseer of the Department pl. 40:2.
Store
Giveon 1976: 131, Giveon
no. 1987:8,
36-38, fig.
no. 6, fig. 2:3.
2:4, pl. 8
Ben-Tor 1989: 63:13. PN I: 282:10: (s3 mry), 282:12: (s3 mrt)
PN I: 204:28. R. Braun collection
Private collection Martin 1971: nos. 1298-99: same name and title.

57. wr mdw imCw S3 Mntw-see no. 17.

48. ss c n nsw sm3yt Rdi-n-pth-Ward 1982: no. 1363:
Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Archive. Giveon 1980: 183, no. 7, pl. 40:3.
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 9, fig. 3:1, pl. 8:2. Giveon 1987: 38, no. 7.
PN I: 228:3. Seen in an antiquities store in Jerusalem; only an
Martin 1971: nos. 878-87: same name and title. impression could be obtained.
PN I: 282:7.
49. nbt pr hty-Ward 1982: no. 823: Lady of the House
(married woman). 58. nbt pr Bbl whm(t) Cnb-see no. 49.
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 11, fig. 3:3, pl. 8:4. Giveon 1980: 183, no. 8, fig. 2:4.
PN I: 277:26. Giveon 1987: 38, no. 8, fig. 2:4.
Seen in an antiquities store in Jerusalem, only a
50. wCb C~ n sbk ijwy niwt.f whm Cnb6Ward 1982: drawing.
no. 657: Chief Priest of Sobek. PN I: 95:16.
Giveon 1976: 131-32, no. 12, fig. 3:4, pl. 8:5.
Ben-Tor 1989: 60:7. 59. smsw h3yt `Ib-ic-see no. 36.
PN I: 267:3. Niccacci 1980: 60, no. 133, pl. 4.
Private collection PN I: 19:4.
Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum
51. sd3wty bity smr wCty imy-r sd3wt Snb-sw-m-c-see
no. 8. 60. imy-r st n Ct iwf(?) Nfri m3c hrw-Ward 1982: no.
Giveon 1980: 179, no. 1, fig. 1:1, pl. 39:1. 314: Storekeeper of the Meat(?) Pantry.
Giveon 1987: 33-35, no. 1, fig. 1:1, 12th Dynasty. Niccacci 1980: 60-61, no. 136, pl. 4.
PN I: 313:21. PN I: 203:11.

M. Dayan collection; present location unknown Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum.
Martin 1971: nos. 1513-41a: Same name and title, one
from Kahun, (1517), one from Lisht, Tomb
61.405
sd3wty bity 61,
imy-r sd3wt
Niccacci 1980: no. 137, pl. .H3r-see
4. no. 6.
from the Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I (1526).
Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum

52. sd3wty bity smr wCty imy-r sd3wt Snb-sw-m-c-see

62. idnw(?)n imy-r ipt-nsw IUnmsw-Ward 1982: nos.
no. 51.
573, 36: Deputy of the Overseer of the Royal
Giveon 1980: 179-81, no. 2, fig. 1:2, pl. 39:2. Counting-House.
Giveon 1987: 35, no. 2, fig. 1:2. Niccacci 1980: 61, no. 138, pl. 4; reads: sd3wt n(t)
Bought in Jerusalem, said to have originated in the imy-r ipt-nsw.
Hebron region. PN I: 270:13-15.
R. Braun collection
Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museu

63. h3ty-c imy-r hmw-ntr Snwsrt-Ward 1982: no.

53. smsw
Giveonh3yt
1980: Swd_3-hr m3c1:3,
181, no. 3, fig. lrw-see
pl. 39:3.no. 36. Count, and no. 259: Overseer of God's Servants.
Giveon 1987: 35-36, no. 3, fig. 1:3. Ben-Tor 1989: 60:1.
PN I: 303:6. Giveon reads the name Sd3-hr. PN I: 279:1.
R. Braun collection Private collection
Martin 1971: no. 1249: same name and title.
54. hrp ch S3-rmny-Ward 1982: no. 1140: Controller
of a Palace.
64. sd3wty bity imy-r bnrt Snb nb img/-Ward 1982:
Giveon 1980: 181, no. 4, fig. 2:1, pl. 40:1. no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower
Giveon 1987: 36, no. 4, fig. 2:1. Egypt; no. 302: Overseer of a Prison.
PN I: 283:10. Ben-Tor 1989: 60:5.
M. Dayan collection; present location unknown PN I: 312:15.
Private collection
55. si n mF Kmn(i)-Ward 1982: no. 1384: Army Scribe.Martin 1971: no. 1499: same name and title.
Giveon 1980: 181, no. 5, fig. 2:2, pl. 39:4.
Giveon 1987: 36, no. 5, fig. 2:2. 65. rh nsw S hthr whm Cnh Ward 1982: no. 857a:
Ben-Tor 1989: 60:8. King's Acquaintance.
PN I: 354:10. Ben-Tor 1989: 61:20.
R. Braun collection PN I: 283:20.

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1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 17

Private collection 67. s3 nsw smsw kwppn-see no. 44.

Martin 1971: no. 1312: same name and title. Ben-Tor 1989: 63:16.
Private collection
66. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr wdb wpt Nhzy-snbi-See no.
30-Ward 1982: no. 775: Chief Steward who Di-
rects the Household(?) The title wdb wpt always ACKNOWLEDGMENT

follows imy-r pr wr.

Ben-Tor 1989: 63:14. I thank O. Keel for the information conce
PN I: 207:22. present location and registration numbers of s
Private collection 17, 18, 23, 24, 27.
Martin 1971: nos. 778-79: same name and title.

APPENDIX B

Clay Sealings Bearing Private Names and Titles, from Egypt and
Nubia (seals printed in bold type were found in tombs)

31. 302-Semna
The information includes provenance, funerary epi- West, stamp seal(?)
32. 314-Mirgissa
thets or formulas, and an indication whenever the sealings fort, mc h rw
33. Assisting
were made by stamp seals and not by scarabs. 324-Kahun town, stamp seal
34. 336-Mirgissa
data concerning funerary epithets or formulas are pro- fort
vided at the end. Second numerals are from Martin 1971. 35. 348-Shalfak fort
1. 8-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8 36. 372-Tukh (Nubt), whm Cnh
2. 9-Uronarti Fort, nb im@3 37. 381 -Unknown
3. 32-Kahun town, mDc (hrw)? 38. 405-Tukh (Nubt)
4. 33-Kahun 39. 412-Mirgissa fort
town. m3c (hrw)? 40. 412a-Kahun town
5. 34-Kahun town, (mDc hrw)? 41. 415-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
6. 42-Kahun town wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
7. 43-Kahun town 42. 416a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
8. 44-Kahun town, stamp-seal wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
9. 49-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8 43. 421-Kahun town
10. 62-Tukh (Nubt) 44. 442-Kahun town, stamp seal
11. 71-Quban Fort, m3c rw, htp di nsw 45. 451-Uronarti fort. m3C hrw
12. 74-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 46. 454-Kahun town
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 47. 455-Kahun town
13. 87-Kahun town 48. 471-El-Lisht, whm Cnh, pyramid cemetery
14. 107-Uronarti fort Amenemhat I

15. 126-Uronarti fort, m3c Irw 49. 509-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw
16. 183a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 50. 531-Uronarti fort, stamp seal(?)
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 51. 533-Urfonarti fort
17. 185-Uronarti fort 52. 540-Unknown, nb im@h
18. 207-Mirgissa fort 53. 604-Mirgissa fort
19. 219-Kahun town, stamp seal 54. 606-Tukh (Nubt), whm Cnh
20. 222-Uronarti fort 55. 626-Mirgissa fort, stamp seal
21. 223a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 56. 650-Kahun town, whm Cnh, m3c (hrw)
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 57. 676-Tukh (Nubt)
22. 232-Urfonarti fort 58. 683-Tukh (Nubt), m3c hrw
23. 254-Urfonarti fort 59. 686-Tukh (nubt)
24. 255-El-Lisht, m3c rw, debris outside brick 60. 693-Uronarti fort

enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 61. 694-Mirgissa fort

25. 258-El-Lisht, m3ct hrw, debris outside brick 62. 699-Uronarti fort
enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 63. 702-Uronarti fort
26. 266-Urfonarti fort 64. 703-Kahun town, m3c hrw
27. 279-Uronarti fort 65. 726-Uronarti fort, mDc hrw
28. 287-Kahun town 66. 731-Uronarti fort
29. 288-Kahun town 67. 732-Kahun town, stamp seal
30. 289-Tukh (Nubt) 68. 733-Buhen, whm Cnf

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18 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

69. 739-Uronarti fort 115. 1390-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw

70. 741-Uronarti fort 116. 1414-Kahun town
71. 742-Shalfak fort 117. 1415-Kahun town

72. 854a-Unknown, nb im3h, m3c rw 118. 1435-Uronarti fort

73. 916-EL-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 119. 1443-Tukh (Nubt)
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 120. 1463-Kahun town, htp di nsw
74. 1094-Uronarti fort 121. 1464-Semna West fort, htp di nsw
75. 1109-Mirgissa fort, mf hrw 122. 1475-Uronarti fort
76. 1126-Kahun town stamp seal 123. 1485-Kahun town, nb im3h
77. 1128-Tukh (Nubt) 124. 1486-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8, stamp
seal
78. 1132-Kahun town, mDC (hrw)(?), nb im3,,
stamp seal 125. 1491-Mirgissa fort
79. 1139-Uronarti fort 126. 1501-Uronarti fort

80. 1144-El-Lisht, mC hrw, debris outside brick 127. 1502-Shalfak fort, m3c hrw
enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I. 128. 1560-Kahun town, m3C hrw
81. 1147-Mirgissa fort 129. 1563-Kahun town

82. 1153-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of 130. 1578-Tukh (Nubt), m3C hrw

Amenemhat I 131. 1582-Tukh (Nubt)
83. 1158-Uronarti fort 132. 1584-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw
84. 1182-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 133. 1599-Kahun town

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 134. 1600-Kahun town

85. 1188-Kahun town, stamp seal 135. 1601-Dahshur

86. 1200-Mirgissa fort 136. 1612-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosur

87. 1202-Mirgissa fort, whm Cnh wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
88. 1225-Uronarti fort 137. 1613-Mirgissa fort, nb im3h
89. 1226-Kahun town, nb im@3 138. 1618-Kahun town, stamp seal
90. 1227-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 139. 1621-Kahun town

wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 140. 1622-Kahun town, stamp seal

91. 1235-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure 141. 1624-Mirgissa fort
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 142. 1635-Mirgissa fort
92. 1237-Kahun town 143. 1639-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
93. 1248-Kahun town wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
144. 1644-Uronarti fort
94. 125 1-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 145. 1648-Uronarti fort, stamp seal
95. 1255-Kahun town, stamp seal 146. 1673-Uronarti fort
96. 1256-Unknown, stamp-seal 147. 1688a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclo-
97. 1257-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure sure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 148. 1690a-El-Lisht, mc h rw, debris outside
98. 1260-Kahun town, stamp seal brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of
99. 1261-Kahun town, stamp seal Senusert I
100. 1262-Kahun town, stamp seal 149. 1708-Unknown
101. 1263-Kahun town, stamp seal 150. 1714-Uronarti fort
102. 1264-Kahun town, stamp seal 151. 1725-El-Lisht, from pyramid cemetery of
103. 1274-Uronarti fort Amenemhat I
104. 1275-Mirgissa fort 152. 1750-Mirgissa fort
105. 1299a-El-Lisht, nb im3h, debris outside 153. 1766d-El-Lisht, mc (jhrw), debris outside
brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of
Senusert I Senusert I
106. 1301a-Kahun town 154. 1769-E1-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
107. 1306a-Serra East fort, nb im@ wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
108. 1322-Uronarti fort 155. 1775-Uronarti fort
109. 1329-Mirgissa fort, nb im3 156. 1780-Mirgissa fort
110. 1330-Mirgissa fort, nb im3i 157. 1781-Semna West fort
111. 1338-Mirgissa fort 158. 1783-Mirgissa fort, whm Cnh, m3c (hrw)?,
112. 1370-Kahun town stamp seal
113. 1371-Uronarti fort 159. 1784-Kahun town
114. 1380a-El-Lisht, whm Cnh, (mc) trw, debris 160. 1785-E1-Lisht, from pyramid cemetery of
outside brick enclosure wall of the pyramid Amenemhat I
of Senusert I 161. 1786-Uronarti fort

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1994 HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS 19

162. 1787-Uronarti fort 183. 1817-Kahun town

163. 1788-Uronarti fort 184. 1824-Uronarti fort
164. 179 1-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure185. 1825-Mirgissa fort
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 186. 1826-Mirgissa fort
165. 1793-Buhen fort 187. 1827-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
166. 1796-Kahun town wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
167. 1797-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure188. 1828-Buhen, stamp seal
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 189. 1829-Kahun town, stamp seal
168. 1798-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure190. 1831-Unknown
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I 191. 1832-Abydos, Tomb C6
169. 1799-Kahun town 192. 1833-Uronarti fort
170. 1800-Uronarti fort 193. 1834-Mirgissa fort, stamp seal(?)
171. 1801-Sedment, Tomb 1288 194. 1835-Mirgissa fort
172. 1801a-Uronarti fort 195. 1836-Kahun town
173. 1802-Tukh (Nubt) 196. 1837-Kahun town. nb imD3
174. 1803-Buhen fort 197. 1838-Uronarti fort
175. 1804-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I Forty-four of the above sealings bear funerary epithet
176. 1805-Mirgissa fort or formulas. There were 31 from El-Lisht, (27 from
177. 1806-Uronarti fort debris outside the enclosure wall of the pyramid of
178. 1809-Kahun town, stamp seal Senusert I, 4 from the cemetery of Amenemhat I); 8
179. 1810-Kahun town them bore funerary epithets. Fifty-five sealings wer
180. 1812-Kahun town, stamp seal from Kahun, 11 of them bearing funerary epithets
181. 1814-Buhen formulas; and 46 were from Uronarti, 7 of which bore
182. 1815-Kahun town, stamp seal funerary epithets.

APPENDIX C

Scarabs Bearing Private Names and Titles, found in Funerary Contexts in Eg

15. 293-El-Lisht,
The information includes provenance, tomb numbers Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
16. 299a-Debeira
and funerary epithets or formulas. Assisting data areEast, cemetery 185, Tomb 545. m3c
hrw
provided at the end concerning funerary epithets or for-
mulas, and scarabs found inside tombs. Second numerals
17. 311 a-Tell el-DabCa, Tomb 5
are from Martin 1971. 18. 321-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
19. 340-Abydos, Tomb 1818. (mc) hrw
1. 6a-Mirgissa, Cemetery M.III, Tomb 2. m3c brw,
whm Cnh, nb im@h, htp di nsw 20. 360-El-Lisht, Pit 951, Pyramid cemetery of
2. 12-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I. Amenemhat I
htp di nsw, mDc hrw 21. 361-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
3. 21-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat22.
I. 373-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
mDc hrw 23. 390-Thebes, Tomb 1102
4. 22-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I. 24. 392-Semna East, Tomb H213. m3ct rw
m3c hrw 25. 446-Esna, Grave 223. m3c hrw
5. 29-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I. 26. 456-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
nb im5h imbhy hr Pth, n k1 n
6. 68-Abydos, Temple of Osiris. whmt Cnh 27. 511-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
7. 77-~Aniba, Tomb S26 28. 517-Buhen, Tomb K7. miC hrw
8. 103-El-Ballas, Tomb Q188 29. 547-Buhen, Tomb H12. whm Cnh
9. 136-Qaw El-Kebir, Grave 7323 30. 555-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
10. 195-El-Lisht, Tomb 453, Pyramid cemetery of 31. 558-CAniba, Tomb S49. whm Cnh
Amenemhat I 32. 561-Thebes, east chamber, burial no. V, Tomb 729
11. 196-El-Lisht, Tomb 453, Pyramid cemetery of 33. 563-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
Amenemhat I. whm Cnl6 34. 619-El-Lisht, Tomb 334, Pyramid cemetery of
12. 237-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I Amenemhat I. whmt Cnl
13. 241-El-Lisht, Tomb 308, Pyramid cemetery of 35. 622-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
Amenemhat I mDc Irw
14. 272-El-Haraga, Tomb 275 36. 651-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I

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 20 DAPHNA BEN-TOR BASOR 294

37. 655-Abydos, 71. 1344-El-Haraga, Tomb 275

Temple of Osiris. w
38. 665-El-Lisht,72. Pyramid 1359-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery
cemetery
of Amenemhat I
m3c hrw 73. 1383-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Senusert I
39. 674-El-Haraga. Tomb 308. mDC Jrw 74. 1396-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
40. 691-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I mc hrw
41. 734-Aniba, Tomb S11. whmt Cnl 75. 1430-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
42. 745-Masmas. Cemetery 201, Grave 37 76. 1440-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
43. 767-Kerma, Grave K1045 77. 1445-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
44. 804-Thebes (CAsasif), Tomb 41. m3c brw whm Cnh
45. 834-Thebes (CAsasif), coffin no. 24, Tomb 37. 78. 1458-Abydos, Tomb 404. nb im53
whm Cnh 79. 1478-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
46. 840-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 80. 1480-Quban, Cemetery 110, Tomb 267
47. 848-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I 81. 1482-Thebes (Sheikh CAbd el-Qurna), Chamber I,
48. 872c-Debeira East, Cemetery 185, Tomb 20 Tomb 97. mic rw?
49. 893-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I. 82. 1484-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat
50. 1063-Qaw el-Kebir, Grave 3763 83. 1497-Abydos, Temple of Osiris
51. 1065-Kerma, Tumulus K X 84. 1506-Sheikh Farag, Tomb 5053
52. 1065a-Debeira East, Cemetery 185, Tomb 8 85. 1526-El-Lisht, Tomb 405, Pyramid cemetery o
53. 1093-Ginari, Cemetery 58, Grave 119 Amenemhat I

54. 1100-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat 86.I 1576a-Debeira East, Cemetery 170, Tomb 20
55. 1111-Abydos, Tomb E.108 87. 1577-Thebes (CAsasif), Burial 2, Tomb 63. whm Cnl
56. 1116-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I88. 1590-Kerma, Grave K1043
57. 1145-El-Haraga, Tomb 291 89. 1619-El-Lisht, Chamber E, Tomb 954, Pyramid
58. 1157-El-Lahun, Tomb 903 enclosure of Amenemhat I
59. 1164-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat90.
I 1667-Quban, Cemetery 110, Tomb 37. whm Cnl
60. 1166-Buhen, Tomb H10 91. 1671-Thebes (Sheikh CAbd el-Qurna)
61. 1196-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
92. 1730-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
62. 1206-El-Haraga, Tomb 37 nb im5h
93. 1761-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
63. 1249-Thebes (Sheikh CAbd el-Qurna). mgC brw
64. 1269-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
94. 1777-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
65. 1273-Abydos, north cemetery, Tomb B13 m hrw
66. 1278-Abydos, Tomb 416
67. 1279-Abydos, Tomb D303. nb im3b Thirty-three of the above scarabs bear funerary epithets of
68. 1285-Abydos, Temple of Osiris formulas. Fifty-two scarabs were found inside tombs, 19 of
69. 1292-Abydos, Tomb E.313 them bearing funerary epithets or formulas.
70. 1314-Qaw el-Kebir, Grave 3712

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