Transformer 1

Transformer (Construction and Operation)
Three-phase Transformer Connections

There are various methods
available for transforming 3-
phase voltages to higher or
lower 3-phase voltages i.e.
for handling a considerable
amount of power. The most
common connections are
(i) Y— Y(ii)  — (iii) Y— 
(iv) A — Y(v) open-delta or
V— V(vi) Scott connection
or T— T connection.
33
Transformer Connections
The (delta – delta), the (delta – y), and the (Y – Y) connections are the most generally
used. They are illustrated in figure 8.
The Y - delta and the delta - delta connections may be used as step up transformers for
moderate voltages/ The Y - delta has the advantage of providing a good grounding point
on the Y connected side.
Delta connections are not the best for transmission at very high voltage; they may however
be associated with other connections which provide means for properly grounding the high
voltage system.
• The step up delta - Y and step down Y - delta connections are the best for high
voltage transmission systems. They are economical in cost, and they provide a stable
neutral where the high voltage system may be directly grounded.
•
• The Y - Y connection may be used to interconnect two delta systems and provide
suitable neutrals for grounding both of them
34
Transformer Connections
Standard 3 phase to 3 phase transformer connections
35
Auto Transformer Connection
Part of an auto transformer winding is common to both primary and

secondary circuits. Fig. 9 shows a typical auto transformer connection.
Fig. 9 Auto transformer connection
36
Transformer Ratings
The capacity of the transformer is stated in kilo-volt-amperes (

kVA) which depends on the maximum current the transformer can carry
within the limit of a certain temperature rise.
Recall that power in AC circuits depends on the current flowing as
well as on the power factor PF of the load. Transformer raring is not
expressed in kW since kW is dependent of PF of the load which is
variable.
Power kW = kVA x PF
The efficiency of the transformer is the ratio of power output to the power
input,
37
Efficiency = output power / input power x 100%
The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the difference

between the no load and rated full load values of terminal voltage
expressed in %,
Regulation = (No load V2 - full load V2) / Full load V2 x 100%
38
Fig. 1-12 -
Transformer ratings
39
Parallel Operation of Transformers

Parallel operation of transformers in power stations is not usual, except
in the case of station service transformers, two of which are usually
provided.
The following lists the requirements for parallel operation:
1. Rated voltage of transformers secondary windings must be

equal.
2. Polarities must be the same.
3. Voltage ratios must be the same.
4. Percent impedance and its direction must be equal.
5. The phase sequence (rotation) and phase angle must be
equal.
40
Winding Construction
• The high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) windings of a
large transformer. Note that they are wound on cylinders
which are made from Bakelised or varnished paper.
Fig. 2-3 cylindrically wound HV and LV transformer coils

41
• Fig. 2-4 shows the construction of the core and coils for a three
phase transformer with cylindrical windings.
Fig. 2-4 Three phase transformer with cylindrical windings

42
Other Components of Typical Transformers
Bushing
• Bushings are made of porcelain and are constructed to provide
ample current carrying capacity. The high voltage bushings are
generally of the clamp type, hollow and oil filled.
• Transformers installed in areas near sea may become salt

contaminated and flash over. To prevent this, manufacturers
offer specially designed bushings in which the length of
porcelain between the live and grounded ends is increased and
provisions are made to inhibit salt adherence thereby
increasing dielectric strength.
43
Pressure Relief Devices

• There is pressure relief devices mounted on the top surface of
the tank to protect against tank rupture due to the abnormally
high pressures that could result from gas produced by arcing
during a major internal fault.
• Abnormal pressure will break the bursting disk/plate in the

vent. The vent should be checked daily for possible rupture of
the disk.
44
Breathers
• This device removes dirt and moisture from external air
drawn into the tank by the breathing action of the transformer.
• Silica gel dehydrating agent is blue when dry, gradually

turning to pink when saturated. Wet silica can be reused over
and over by heating it until the blue color returns.
45
Oil Level Indication

• Sight glass is hermetically mounted using an oil resistant
gasket providing visual monitoring of the oil level.
46
Thermometer
• Dial type thermometer permits direct reading of the oil
temperature with a sensor positioned near the top of the oil.
• The dial has a maximum temperature pointer, and there are

alarm contacts which may be set for any desired temperature,
thereby alerting personnel when transformer has reached a
dangerous temperature, and which protects against damage
due to an overload.
47
Terminal Boxes
• In highly polluted or contaminated areas such as around
factories and in coastal districts, the bushings may be affected
by dirt or salt resulting in a flashover. For this reason, such
transformers are equipped with terminal boxes so constructed
that the bushing ends are not exposed.
48
Buchholtz Relay
• Buchholtz relays have long served as mechanical protectors
against internal troubles. This type of relay is designed to give
an alarm when the transformer develops an internal fault, and
is actuated by the gas produced in the transformer and the
rushing flow of the oil.
• Because solid insulating materials and insulating oils produce

different type of gas when damaged, it is possible to determine
the cause of the trouble by checking the quality, quantity and
color of the gas.
49
Buchholtz Relay
50
Transformer Taps and Tap Changers

For many applications, a transformer having a fixed turns ratio
will supply its load with a voltage that does not vary excessively.
However, when a transformer is required to give a constant load
voltage despite changes in load current or supply voltage, the
turns ratio of the transformer must be altered. This is done by a
tap changer.
Because of the basic transformer relationship,
N1/N2 = V1/V2 or V1N2 = V2N1
An increase/decrease in secondary voltage may be achieved by
increasing /decreasing the primary voltage or increasing
/decreasing the number of secondary turns.
There are two basic types of tap changers.
• Off circuit.
• On load.
51
Off Circuit Tap Changers
• With this type of tap changer, the transformer must be de-

energized before any tap changing can be done. The contacts of
tap changer are not designed to break any current and that
includes the no load current. Should the tap changer be used to
break the no load current, severe arcing will result which may
destroy the tap changer and the transformer.
• Off circuit tap changers are used when voltage regulation is

not a problem and when the tap changer needs to be rarely
used. Once selected, the transformer may remain at that tap
setting for the entire operational life.
52
Fig. 2-5 off circuit taps changer
53
On Load Tap Changer
• On load tap changers permit tap changing and thus voltage

regulation to be done with the transformer on load. Tap
changing is usually done on the high voltage winding for the
following two reasons:
• The currents are lower, the tap changer contacts, leads can be
smaller.
• As the HV windings is usually wound outside LV winding, it is
easier to get the tapping connections to the tap changer.
54
Fig. 2-6 on load tap changer connection diagram

55
On Load Tap Changer

This tap changer has four essential features;
• The selector switches select the tap on the transformer.
Because of their construction they cannot make or break the
load current.
• The reactors limit the amount of current circulating due to
voltage difference between two tap positions. Under normal
load conditions, equal current flows in both halves of the
reactor windings and the fluxes balance out.
• The vacuum switch which acts as a circuit breaker which
breaks and makes the load current during tap changing
operation
• The bypasses switch which operates during the tap changing
operation. This switch does not make or break load current
56
Cooling
• It should be noted that although the losses in transformers are small
compared to their input or output power, that do produce a significant
amount of heat which can damage the transformer.
• Transformers are generally cooled by air (forced or natural circulation- AF
or AN) or by oil (OFF or ON). Most indoor transformers are cooled by air.
The windings and core are cooled by natural circulation of air.
• A typical mineral oil cooled transformer is shown in Fig. 7-2-9. This type
of transformer is designed to be used outdoors. It uses a highly refined and
purified oil of low viscosity to cool the windings and core.
• Another method of cooling is to use water. A coil of pipe, usually copper,
is placed inside the tank just below the surface of the oil. The cooling water
passes through the pipe coil helping in heat removal process.
57
Cooling
Fig. 2-9 - Cross section of

a power transformer
58
Cooling
Mineral oil has two advantages:
• Excellent insulating properties
• Good heat transfer properties
Unfortunately, it has two disadvantages:
• Fire risk
• Pollution potential in case of leaks.
The other types of oil problems are due to:

• Oxidation and sludge from high temperature operation
• Dissolved gases from sparking or arcing due to faults.
59
Special Transformers
Distribution Transformers
• Distribution transformers are generally considered a transformers 500 kVA
and smaller, 67 kV and below, both single phase and three phase. Although
majority of the units are designed for pole mounting, some of the larger
sizes are build for station use.
60
Fig. 2-10 Pole/station type distribution transformer rated at 250 kVA.
61
Grounding Transformer
A grounding transformer is intended primarily for the

purpose of providing a neutral point for grounding
purposes. It is normally a two winding unit with a delta
connected secondary winding and a Y connected primary
winding which provides the neutral for grounding purposes.
62
Instrument Transformers
Current and voltage measuring
instruments are designed to operate at low
current and voltage. Also from a safety
standpoint, instruments are not connected
to high voltage. Instrument transformers
reduce high voltage and current to a safe,
usable value for operation.
Instrument transformers are also used to

insulate measuring and control devices
connected to the secondary circuit from
the primary circuit operating voltages. To
provide the necessary protection, the
secondary circuit should be grounded at
one point.
63
64
• Potential or voltage transformers are designed for a standardized low output

voltage in the secondary winding when rated voltage is applied to the
primary winding. The high voltage to be measured is isolated by the
potential transformer so as not to be dangerous to personnel and measuring
equipment.
• The primary winding of a voltage/potential transformer is connected in

parallel. The secondary windings provide a current or voltage that is
proportional to the operating values of voltage and current for operation of
measuring instruments or control devices.
65
66
Fig. 2-11 PT and CT connections

67
Distribution Substation
Figure 1.4. An elevation and corresponding single-line diagram illustrates the basic components
of a distribution substation. This substation has a single source, a single transformer and four
feeders.
68
69
Insulation Deterioration
Reasons for Deterioration

Insulation deteriorates due to the following:
1.Heat
2.Contamination such as dirt, moisture, or oxygen
3.Electrical stress
4.Mechanical stress and strain
70
Cause of Transformer Failures
71
Protection Function – Components
72
Transformer faults
I. winding and terminal faults
II. core faults
III. tank and transformer accessory faults
IV. on–load tap changer faults
V. abnormal operating conditions
VI. sustained or uncleared external faults
73
Transformer Protection
Fault Type Protection Used

1. Primary winding Phase-phase fault Differential; Overcurrent
2. Primary winding Phase-earth fault Differential; Overcurrent
3. Secondary winding Phase-phase fault Differential
4. Secondary winding Phase-earth fault Differential; Restricted Earth Fault
5. Interturn Fault Differential, Buchholz
6. Core Fault Differential, Buchholz
7. Tank Fault Differential, Buchholz; Tank-Earth
8. Overfluxing Overfluxing
9. Overheating Thermal
74

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Transformer (Construction and Operation)

Three-phase Transformer Connections

Standard 3 phase to 3 phase transformer connections

Auto Transformer Connection

Part of an auto transformer winding is common to both primary and

Fig. 9 Auto transformer connection

The capacity of the transformer is stated in kilo-volt-amperes (

Efficiency = output power / input power x 100%

The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the difference

Regulation = (No load V2 - full load V2) / Full load V2 x 100%

Parallel Operation of Transformers

1. Rated voltage of transformers secondary windings must be

Fig. 2-3 cylindrically wound HV and LV transformer coils

Fig. 2-4 Three phase transformer with cylindrical windings

Other Components of Typical Transformers

• Transformers installed in areas near sea may become salt

Other Components of Typical Transformers

Pressure Relief Devices

• Abnormal pressure will break the bursting disk/plate in the

Other Components of Typical Transformers

• Silica gel dehydrating agent is blue when dry, gradually

Other Components of Typical Transformers

Oil Level Indication

Other Components of Typical Transformers

• The dial has a maximum temperature pointer, and there are

Other Components of Typical Transformers

Other Components of Typical Transformers

• Because solid insulating materials and insulating oils produce

Transformer Taps and Tap Changers

Off Circuit Tap Changers

• With this type of tap changer, the transformer must be de-

• Off circuit tap changers are used when voltage regulation is

Fig. 2-5 off circuit taps changer

On Load Tap Changer

• On load tap changers permit tap changing and thus voltage

Fig. 2-6 on load tap changer connection diagram

On Load Tap Changer

Fig. 2-9 - Cross section of

The other types of oil problems are due to:

Fig. 2-10 Pole/station type distribution transformer rated at 250 kVA.

A grounding transformer is intended primarily for the

Instrument transformers are also used to

• Potential or voltage transformers are designed for a standardized low output

• The primary winding of a voltage/potential transformer is connected in

Fig. 2-11 PT and CT connections

Reasons for Deterioration

Cause of Transformer Failures

Protection Function – Components

Fault Type Protection Used

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