Module for Drug Education, Consumer Education

and Healthy Eating

Module 1:
Concepts of Drug Education

In this module you will learn about the basic concepts of drug education.
Lesson 1 is about common concepts in drug education such as terminologies,
how drug enters the body, reasons for drug use/misuse/abuse and signs of drug
abuse. Lesson 2 gives you the drug scenario in the Philippines and the
Comprehensive Drug Act of 2002. Lesson 3 tackles about risk and protective
factors from drug use, misuse and abuse.

After this module you should be able to:

1. identify the concepts and terminologies used in drug education;
2. analyze the drug scenario in the Philippines; and
3. analyze the risk and protective factors for drug use, misuse, abuse and
dependence.

The Module will be facilitated or acquired through Printout, Email, Messenger,

LMS, Zoom, Google Meet, or any available platform on the convenience of the
learners.

Lesson 1: Common Concepts in Drug Education

People experiment with drugs for many different reasons. Many first try drugs
out of curiosity, to have a good time, because friends are doing it, or in an effort to
improve athletic performance or ease another problem, such as stress, anxiety, or
depression. Use doesn’t automatically lead to abuse, and there is no specific level
at which drug use moves from casual to problematic. It varies by individual. Drug
abuse and addiction is less about the amount of substance consumed or the
frequency, and more to do with the consequences of drug use. No matter how often
or how little you’re consuming, if your drug use is causing problems in your life—at
work, school, home, or in your relationships—you likely have a drug abuse or
addiction problem.

If you are worried about your own or a friend or family member’s drug use, it is
important to know that help is available. Learning about the nature of drug abuse
and addiction—how it develops, what it looks like, and why it can have such a
powerful hold—will give you a better understanding of the problem and how to deal
with it.
DRUGS - Are any substances or chemicals which when taken into the body either
though nasal, oral, transdermal or intravenous way have psychological, emotional
and behavioral effects on a person.

DRUGS OF ABUSE - Are drugs commonly abused by users. In Philippines the three
drugs of abuse are shabu, marijuana and inhalants.

DRUG DEPENDENCE - Is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive

phenomena of variable intensity in which the use of a drug takes on a high priority
thereby creating a strong desire to take the substance.

Psychological dependence is a strong emotional desire to continue using a

drug.

Physical dependence is a condition in which someone develops a tolerance for

a drug or shows withdrawal symptoms without it.

DRUG MISUSE. Is the use of a substance incoherent or inconsistent with the

prescribed dosage or frequency of use.
DRUG ABUSE . Is the use of an illegal drug or intentional misuse of a drug that can
be legally purchased at a pharmacy.

DRUG TOLERANCE. Is the condition of the body to adapt to the effects of

substances to the body thus requiring an even larger amount of the substance to
experience the same physiological and mental effect experienced when taking the
smaller dosage.

Withdrawal symptoms - are unpleasant reactions that occur when a drug is no

longer present in the body.

Both drug misuse and drug abuse can be life threatening. Depending on the
drug, misuse can cause a wide variety of symptoms, from rashes and upset stomach
to fatal organ damage. Drug abuse or misuse can harm body organs and systems.
There are several categories of drugs. Some drugs are medicines. A medicine is a
drug that is used to treat, prevent, and/or relieve illness symptoms. Medicines are
classified according to their purpose. Antibiotics fight infections, cough suppressants
relieve symptoms, and vaccines prevent disease.

Some drugs, however, are not medicines.

Alcohol is a nonmedical drug present in drinks such as beer and wine.

Nicotine is a nonmedical drug present in tobacco.
Some drugs are legal, and some are illegal.
Legal drugs are drugs permitted by law to be used, possessed, or sold.
Illegal drugs are drugs not permitted by law to used, possessed, or sold. Both
alcohol and tobacco are illegal for teens.

Drugs and cells of the body are like keys and locks. A key can open only a certain
lock. Likewise, a specific drug can work only on certain cells. Cells have receptor
sites that allow only certain drugs to affect them. A receptor site is the part of a cell
where the chemicals of a drug fit. If the chemicals fit a cell’s receptor site, the drug
can work on the cell, which then affects the body as a whole.
HOW DRUGS ENTER THE BODY

BY MOUTH
● Pills, capsule or liquid
● Swallowed
● Travels to the stomach or small intestine
● Absorbed directly into the bloodstream
● Transported by blood throughout the body

BY INJECTION
● Liquid
● Injected by syringe
● Goes directly into skin, muscle, or blood vessel
● Once in bloodstream acts almost immediately

BY INHALATION
● Fine powder, liquid, spray
● Inhaled through the nose or mouth
● Enters the respiratory system
● Crosses easily from lungs into bloodstream
● Can affect a person very quickly

BY ABSORPTION
● Creams, ointments, spray, patches
● Applied directly to skin or mucous membranes
● Absorbed and drawn into bloodstream
● May act locally or throughout the body

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE A DRUG’S EFFECTS

There are many factors that determine the effects a drug might have on the mind
and body. These factors include:
● the way a drug enters the body. The way a drug is taken affects the
speed with which it enters the bloodstream.
 ● the dose or amount of a drug taken at one time. The greater the dose,
the greater the drug’s effect.
● the solubility or ability of a substance to be dissolved. Water-soluble
drugs leave the body quickly. Fat-soluble drugs can stay in fat tissue for
weeks or months.
● the weight, age, and health status of the person. The more a person
weighs, the less effect a drug will have on the body. The younger a person
is, the greater the effect. Drugs will affect a person who is poor health
more than a person who is in optimal health.
● the emotional state of the person. A drug can intensify emotions such
as depression and anger.
● whether the person is taking more than one drug at the same time. A
physician should know all the drugs a patient is taking to help avoid drug
interactions.
●
PRESCRIPTION AND OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS
Some medicines are widely available and can be found on the shelves of
many stores. Other medicines, though, can be purchased only with a prescription
from a physician.

Prescription Drugs
Many medicines are prescription drugs. A prescription drug is a medication
that can only be obtained with a written order from a physician. The written order is
called prescription. A pharmacist is a licensed professional who fills the prescriptions
that a physician write. A physician writes a prescription for a patient; the patient
takes it to a pharmacist; and the pharmacist fills the order for a prescription. It is
illegal to obtain a prescription drugs without a prescription.

Many prescription drugs are available as either a brand-name drug or generic

drug. A brand-name drug has a registered name or trademark assigned to it by the
pharmaceutical company that manufactures it. A generic drug is a drug that contains
the same active ingredients as a brand-name drug but has no registered name or
trademark. Generic drugs usually are less expensive than brand-name drugs.
 When writing a prescription, a physician indicates the patient’s name, the type
of medicine, the number of pills (or capsule or tablets) or amount of liquid, dose,
directions, and whether a generic drug may be provided instead of a brand-name for
the given medicine. A prescription drug label provides all that information and notes
any warnings, the date the prescription was filled, and the expiration date. Labels
and accompanying fact sheets indicate the intended purpose of a prescription
medication. Sometimes, however, physicians may use a prescription drug for a
condition not listed on the label. They base this practice on their experience and
current information.

Over-the-counter Drugs
An over-the-counter (OTC) drug is a drug that people can buy without a
physician’s prescription. People can buy OTC drugs in grocery stores, pharmacies,
and discount stores. Common OTC drugs are pain relievers, allergy medication, ad
cough syrups. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that OTC drugs
have a label with detailed information. The label lists the active ingredients in the
drug (the chemicals that make the drug work), the drug’s uses and purpose, and
how to take it, the inactive ingredients (those used to add color, flavor, and other
properties), and warnings about improper uses and possible side effects.
Warnings on OTC drug labels may caution people about eating foods or taking other
drugs that can interact with the medication, using the medication when they have
certain chronic breast-feeding, or driving or operating heavy machinery while using
the medication.

GUIDELINES FOR USING OTC DRUGS IN SAFE WAYS

Similar to prescription drugs, OTC drugs are complex substances that can be
harmful if used incorrectly. Following are guidelines for using OTC drugs in safe
ways:
⮚ Take OTC drugs only with the permission of your parents or guardian.
⮚ Read the label before using the drug.
⮚ Take only the dosage shown on the label.
⮚ Follow directions precisely.
⮚ Tell a parent or guardian right away if you experience side effects.
 ⮚ Check with a physician or pharmacist if you are going to use more than one
OTC drug at a time.
⮚ Do not use and OTC drug after its expiration date.
⮚ Do not engage in demanding activities such as riding a bicycle if a medicine
causes drowsiness.
⮚ Do not purchase an OTC drug if its tamper-resistant seal is broken. Inform the
store manager.

Examples of Drug Misuse

Remember that drug misuse is the incorrect us of a prescription or OTC drug. Drug
misuse can occur in any of the ways:
⮚ Not following directions on the label.
⮚ Combining medications without checking with a physician.
⮚ Taking more of a drug than is indicated.
⮚ Using a drug prescribed for someone else.
⮚ Giving your prescription medication to someone else.
⮚ Using a drug for longer than advised.

Examples of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse, using an illegal drug or intentionally misusing a prescription or OTC
drug, can occur in any of the following ways:
⮚ Using illegal drug.
⮚ Taking medicine when you do not need it.
⮚ Ingesting a substance that was never intended to enter the body.
⮚ Using a drug for reasons other than medicinal purposes.
⮚ Faking health problems to get or renew a prescription.

Why do people use drugs? 

People use drugs for a variety of reasons. Young people often use drugs for the
same reasons that adults do. Some of these include:
⮚ to have fun 
⮚ to relax and forget problems 
⮚ to gain confidence 
⮚ to socialize 
⮚ out of curiosity
⮚ as a form of escapism 
⮚ to lessen inhibitions 
⮚ to remove personal responsibility for decisions 
⮚ to celebrate or commiserate 
⮚ to relieve boredom and stress 
⮚ self-medication to cope with problems

Physical warning signs of drug abuse

⮚ Blood shot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual
⮚ Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
⮚ Deterioration of physical appearance
⮚ Unusual smell on breath, body or clothing
⮚ Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination

Behavioral warning signs of drug abuse

⮚ Drop in attendance and performance in work or school
⮚ Unexplained need for money or financial problems. May borrow or steal.
⮚ Engaging in secretive or suspicious behavior
⮚ Sudden change in friends, favorite hangout or hobby
⮚ Frequently getting into trouble, accidents, illegal activities
Lesson 2: Drug Scenario in the Philippines

Reports of drug related crime are common in the Philippines media. The main
concern tends to be towards metamphetamine or shabu which gets the most media
attention. It does seem that need to educate young people as to the dangers of drug
use, and there is no legal drug use is on the rise, and this has worrying implications
for the future. There is an urgent need to help those who are already addicted to
escape their misery. Failure to do this could mean there will be further deterioration
within many Filipino communities.

Drug user profile indicates that majority of drug dependents in the country are
poly-drug users or users who use several types of illegal drugs. More often than not,
the abuse is done mainly for pleasure. There are also cases where illegal drugs are
used by individuals to cope with the demands of their work, like those working in
graveyard shifts, or working for long hours and the like.

The availability of illegal drugs encourages them to take illicit drugs.

Methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu remains to be the most abused drug in
the country, followed by marijuana or cannabis sativa and
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy. Ecstasy, well known for
being a “party drug,” which is commonly used in parties and nightlife, is considered
as the most expensive drug in the market. Solvents and other inhalants are also a
preference and are usually abused by street children.

Statistics for Drug Problems in the Philippines

Drug substance abuse has taken an alarming proportion of the Country’s
problems at the turn of the 21 st century. One point five million (1.5 million) Filipinos
are users, with the youth taking the hardest hit. They are the greatest number of
drug users. Among them are more than 350, 000 identified high school students in
the Country. A survey by the University of the Philippines Population Institute
showed that the initial age of use of nicotine, alcohol and drugs is 16-17. Forty
percent (40%) of the males surveyed were smoking and thirty-seven percent (37%)
of the youth regularly used alcohol.

A US government report in 2009 concluded that illegal drug use was a

significant problem in the Philippines due to corruption and poor law enforcement.
There was particular concern expressed about the amount of metamphetamine
(shabu) and cannabis production in the area. Drug addiction appears to be on the
rise in the Philippines. There are believed to be as many as 6.7% million drug
abusers according to figures from 2004—this is a dramatic increase from 1972 when
there was only believed to have been around 20,000 drug users in the Philippines.
The drug that is most abused in the Philippines continues to be alcohol—they are
the second highest consumers of alcohol drinks in South East Asia.

In 2019, the government and the police have been relentless in its “Oplan
Tokhang” operations, government’s knock-and-plead crackdown on drug suspects
where 240,565 were arrested, while 1,530,574 have appeared or surrendered during
the same period in 153,276 police operations (Delizo, 2019). The government
initiated drug education campaign and built rehabilitation centers to help drug
dependents.

Drug education was encouraged especially in educational institutions. Drug

education program for the youth is a significant undertaking in order to keep them
away from the dangers of substance abuse. Therefore, schools, local government
units, families, and citizens should work together to stop the proliferation of drug
which is destroying the future of our country.

The State recognizes this dilemma hence, the legal bases for illicit drugs control are
as follows:

1. 1972. The Dangerous Drugs Act was established.

2. 2002. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act was implemented.
3. 2002. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was established.
4. 2002. An Integrated Drug Abuse Data Information Network (IDADIN) was
created to monitor drug use/abuse.

THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 (RA 9165)

It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-
being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous
drugs on their physical and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts
or omissions detrimental to their development and preservation. In view of the
foregoing, the State needs to enhance further the efficacy of the law against
dangerous drugs, it being one of today's more serious social ills.

Toward this end, the government shall pursue an intensive and unrelenting
campaign against the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar
substances through an integrated system of planning, implementation and
enforcement of anti-drug abuse policies, programs, and projects.

The government shall however aim to achieve a balance in the national drug
control program so that people with legitimate medical needs are not prevented from
being treated with adequate amounts of appropriate medications, which include the
use of dangerous drugs.

It is further declared the policy of the State to provide effective mechanisms or

measures to re-integrate into society individuals who have fallen victims to drug
abuse or dangerous drug dependence through sustainable programs of treatment
and rehabilitation.

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES

The following are some of the unlawful acts and penalties listed in RA 9165:

Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and

Essential Chemicals. – The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law,
shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of the
quantity and purity involved, including any and all species of opium poppy or any
part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary
purposes.

Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and

Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals. – The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law,
shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute,
dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of
opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker
in any of such transactions.

Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort. – The penalty of life imprisonment to

death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos(P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person or group of
persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where any dangerous drug is used
or sold in any form.

Possession of Dangerous Drugs. – The penalty of life imprisonment to death

and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million
pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized
by law, shall possess any dangerous drug in the following quantities, regardless of
the degree of purity thereof:
1) 10 grams or more of opium;
2) 10 grams or more of morphine;
3) 10 grams or more of heroin;
4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;
5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”;
6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;
7) 500 grams or more of marijuana;
8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ecstasy”,
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA),
lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and
those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives,
without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far
beyond therapeutic requirement.

. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia

for Dangerous Drugs. – The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months
and one (1) day to four (4) years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos
(P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any
person, who, unless authorized by law, shall possess or have under his/her control
any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or intended for
smoking, consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any
dangerous drug into the body.

Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or

Meetings. – Any person found possessing any dangerous drug during a party, or at
a social gathering or meeting, or in the proximate company of at least two (2)
persons, shall suffer the maximum penalties provided for in Section 11 of this Act,
regardless of the quantity and purity of the dangerous drugs.

Use of Dangerous Drugs. – A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be

positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a
penalty of a minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center for the
first offense, subject to the provisions of Article VIII of this Act. If apprehended using
any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of
imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a
fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand
pesos (P200,000.00).

If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer
the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12)
years and a fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred
thousand pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable
where the person tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of
any dangerous drug provided for under Section 10 of this Act, in which case the
provisions stated therein shall apply.

Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or Are Sources

Thereof. – The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall
be imposed upon any person who shall plant, cultivate or culture marijuana, opium
poppy or any other plant regardless of quantity, which is or may hereafter be
classified as a dangerous drug or as a source from which any dangerous drug may
be manufactured or derived.

Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. – The penalty of life imprisonment to

death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
Million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall make or issue a prescription or any other writing purporting
to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.
 *For the complete law details see https://pdea.gov.ph/images/Laws/RA9165.pdf

Lesson 3: Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse and
Dependence
The use, misuse and abuse of drugs are the result of various factors
surrounding a person. These factors either increase or decrease the possibility of a
person to use drugs. Risk factors are those influences which increase the chance of
using, misusing and abusing. Protective factors are those influences which decrease
the chance of using, misusing and abusing drugs.
THESE FACTORS ARE COMPOSED OF INFLUENCES IN DIFFERENT
DOMAINS OF LIFE
A. PERSONAL
B. FAMILY
C.PEER AND FRIENDS
D.SCHOOL
E. COMMUNITY

A. PERSONAL (EARLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR VS. SELF CONTROL)

RISK FACTORS
• USE OF DRUGS AT AN EARLY AGE
• RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR
• EXPERIMENTATION
• POOR SOCIAL SKILLS AND INTERACTION
• CHILDHOOD PROBLEMS
• FEELINGS OF ISOLATION
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
• SELF-CONTROL BEHAVIOR
• GOOD REASONING SKILLS
• EXCELLENT SOCIAL SKILLS
• POSITIVE INTERACTION WITH PEOPLE
• SENSE OF BELONGING

B. FAMILY (WEAK PARENTAL GUIDANCE VS. STRONG PARENTAL

GUIDANCE)
RISK FACTORS
 •HISTORY AND PATTERNS OF DRUG USE
•ATTITUDE TOWARD DRUG USE
•POOR PARENTING AND CHILD REARING
•INCONSISTENT FAMILY RULES
•POOR FAMILY VALUES
•POOR FAMILY TIES
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
•GOOD COMMUNICATION WITH PEOPLE
•POSITIVE FAMILY RELATIONSHIP
•CLEAR AND CONSISTENT FAMILY RULES
•STRONG FAMILY VALUES
•POSITIVE EXPECTATION TO CHILD’S SUCCESS IN FAMILY, SCHOOL
AND COMMUNITY
•RELIANCE ON FAMILY FOR EMOTIONAL SUPPORT

C. PEERS AND FRIENDS (SUBSTANCE ABUSE VS. ACADEMIC

EXCELLENCE)
RISK FACTORS
•ASSOCIATION WITH PEERS AND FRIENDS KNOWN TO USE
GATEWAY DRUGS (CIGARETTES AND ALCOHOL)
•PREFERENCE TO STAY WITH PEERS AND FRIENDS THAN WITH FAMILY
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
•ASSOCIATION WITH PEERS AND FRIENDS WHO DO NOT USE
GATEWAY DRUGS
•FORMATION OF FRIENDSHIPS
•RELIANCE ON FRIENDS FOR EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
•INVITING FRIENDS AT HOME TO KNOW THE FAMILY

D. SCHOOL (AVAILABILITY OF DRUGS VS. STRONG ANTI-DRUG POLICIES)

RISK FACTORS
•POOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
•LACK OF COMMITMENT TO STUDIES
•POOR ATTENDANCE IN SCHOOL
•INVOLVEMENT IN FIGHTS AND CONFLICTS
 PROTECTIVE FACTORS
•GOOD TO EXCELLENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
•JOINS EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AND SCHOOL ORGANIZATIONS
•SHOWS INTEREST IN ATTENDING CLASSES

E.COMMUNITY (POVERTY VS. STRONG COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP)

RISK FACTORS
•EASY ACCESS TO GATEWAY DRUGS
•POOR COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD
RELATIONSHIP
•POOR IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY LAWS
•NEGATIVE ATTITUDE WHICH FAVORS DRUG USE
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
•STRONG COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS
•ACTIVE AND POSITIVE COMMUNITY PROGRAMS, PROJECTS AND
ACTIVITIES FOR THE YOUTH
•POSITIVE ATTITUDE WHICH COMBAT DRUG USE
•STRONG COMMUNITY ADVOCACY AGAINST DRUGS

Books

1. Great Book Trading. (2006). Comprehensive drug education manual.

Great Books Trading. Quezon City.
2. Manwong, R. K. (2013). Instructional materials in drug education and
vice control. Quezon City : Wiseman's Books Trading, Inc. 

Online Supplementary Reading Material

1. Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002. Retrieved from

https://pdea.gov.ph/images/Laws/RA9165.pdf
2. Drug Prevention / Abuse. Retrieved from
https://drugabuse.com/addiction/drug-prevention/
3. Drug Addiction and Treatment. Retrieved from
https://www.advancedrecoverysystems.com/process-addiction/drug-
addiction/
4. Drug situation in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://pdea.gov.ph/images/AnnualReport/2012AR/2012PhilippineDru
gSituation.pdf
5. Drug War. Retrieved from https://news.abs-
cbn.com/news/06/18/19/over-6000-killed-in-nearly-3-years-of-ph-
drug-war-pnp