Dr.

Bonomali Khuntia
Berhampur University
October 2019
 Digital Circuits
 Combinational Logic
 Output depends only on current input
 Sequential Logic
 Output depends not only on current input but also on past
input values
 Need some type of memory to remember the past input
values
Eg. Traffic light, counter
 Adder
• Combinational logic circuits
give us many useful devices.
• One of the simplest is the
half adder, which finds the
sum of two bits.
• We can gain some insight as
to the construction of a half
adder by looking at its truth
table, shown at the right.

 As we see, the sum can be

found using the XOR
operation and the carry using
the AND operation.
 Full Adder
Truth Table
 K-map

Sum
AB AB Carry
00 01 11 10
Cin

Cin
00 01 11 10
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S  A B C Co  AB  BC  CA
Draw the logic diagrams for both.
 Assignment
Design Full-adder using two half adders and an OR gate.

C= XY’Z + X’YZ + XYZ’+XYZ

S=XY’Z’ +X’YZ’ + XYZ + X’Y’Z
= Z’ (XY’+X’Y) + Z (XY + X’Y’) = XY’Z + X’YZ + XY(Z’+Z)
= Z’ (XY’ + X’Y) + Z (XY’ + X’Y)’ = XY’Z + X’YZ + XY
= Z  (XY) = Z(XY’ + X’Y) + XY
= Z (XY) + XY
 Subtractors
Half-subtractor:

Difference  A  B
Borrow  A B
 Full Subtractor
Inputs Outputs

Difference of Full Subtractor is same as Sum of Full Adder.

Design Full-Subtractor using two half Subtractors and an OR gate.

Difference  A  B  Bin

Borrow  A B  BC  CA
 Binary Adder
The carry bit “ripples” from one adder to the next; hence,
this configuration is called a ripple-carry adder.

Binary Parallel/Ripple Adder

Binary Adder/Subtractor
 Assignments
 Design a 4-bit parallel subtractor using Full-
subtractors.
 Design a 4-bit combinational circuit incrementer
using Full-adders.
 Design a 4-bit combinational circuit decrementer
using Full-adders.
 Algorithm
 Add the numbers with sign
bit treated the same as the
other bits.
 Overflow occurs when the
sum of two n-bit numbers
occupies n+1 bits.
 Overflow is detected by
XOR gate.
 If an overflow occurs, the
result in AC is erroneous.
 Binary Decoder
 Black box with n input lines and 2n output lines
 Only one output is a 1 for any given input

n Binary 2n outputs
inputs Decoder
 2-to-4 Binary Decoder
Truth Table:
X Y F0 F1 F2 F3 F0
0 0 1 0 0 0
X 2-to-4 F1

0 1 0 1 0 0 Y Decoder F2
F3
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

F0 = X'Y'
 From truth table, circuit for
2x4 decoder is:
F1 = X'Y
 Note: Each output is a 2-
variable minterm (X'Y', X'Y, F2 = XY'
XY' or XY)
F3 = XY

X Y
 3-to-8 Binary Decoder
Truth Table:
F0 = x'y'z'
x y z F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F1 = x'y'z
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F2 = x'yz'
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 F3 = x'yz
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 F4 = xy'z'
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 F5 = xy'z
F6 = xyz'
F0
F1 F7 = xyz
X
F2
Y
3-to-8
F3
Z
Decoder F4
F5
F6
x y z
F7
 Implementing Functions Using Decoders

 Any n-variable logic function can be implemented using a

single n-to-2n decoder to generate the minterms
 OR gate forms the sum.
 The output lines of the decoder corresponding to the
minterms of the function are used as inputs to the or
gate.
 Any combinational circuit with n inputs and m outputs
can be implemented with an n-to-2n decoder with m OR
gates.
 Suitable when a circuit has many outputs, and each output
function is expressed with few minterms.
 Implementing Functions Using Decoders
x y z C S
 Example: Full adder 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
S(x, y, z) = S (1,2,4,7) 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
C(x, y, z) = S (3,5,6,7) 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

3-to-8 0
Decoder 1 S
2
x S2 3
y S1 4
5 C
z S0 6
7
Use two 3 to 8 decoders to make 4 to 16
decoder
 Enable can also be active high
 In this example, only one decoder can be active at
a time.
 x, y, z effectively select output line for w
 Encoders
 If the a decoder's output code has fewer bits than the input
code, the device is usually called an encoder.
e.g. 2n-to-n
 The simplest encoder is a 2n-to-n binary encoder
 One of 2n inputs = 1
 Output is an n-bit binary number

Binary
2n encoder n
. .
inputs . . outputs
. .
 8-to-3 Binary Encoder
At any one time, only one input line has a value of 1.
Inputs Outputs
I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 y2 y1 y0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
I0
I1 y2 = I4 + I5 + I6 + I7
I2
I3 y1 = I2 + I3 + I6 + I7
I4
I5
I6
I7 y0 = I1 + I3 + I5 + I7
 MULTIPLEXERS (Data Selectors)
 A multiplexers (MUX) is a device that allows digital
information from several sources to be routed onto a single
line for transmission over that line to a common
destination.

 The basic multiplexers has several data input lines and a

single output line. It also has data- select inputs, which
permit digital data on any one of the inputs to be switched
to the output line.

 In simple terms, this is what a multiplexer (MUX) does; it

selects one of several input signals and passes it on to the
output.
 Typical Application of a MUX
Multiple Sources Selector Single Destination

MP3 Player
Docking Station

D0
Laptop

MUX
D1
Sound Card Y
D2

D3

Surround Sound System

Digital B A Selected Source

Satellite
0 0 MP3
0 1 Laptop
1 0 Satellite
Digital
1 1 Cable TV
Cable TV

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Two-input multiplexer
 4-to-1 Multiplexer (MUX)

Select Output
S1 S0 Y Y  I 0 S0 S1  I1S0 S1  I 2 S0 S1  I 3 S0 S1
0 0 I0
0 1 I1
1 0 I2 I0
1 1 I3
I1
Y
I2

I3

S0
S1

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 4-to-1 MUX 8-to-1 MUX 16-to-1 MUX

Inputs Output (Y)

(and inverted output)

Select
Enable
 DEMULTIPLEXERS

 A multiplexer takes several inputs and transmits

one of them to the output.
 A DEMULTIPLEXER (DEMUX) basically reverses
the multiplexing function. It takes data from one
line and distributes them to a given number of
output lines. For this reason, the demultiplexer is
also known as a data distributor.
Typical Application of a DEMUX
Single Source Selector Multiple Destinations

B/W Laser
Printer

Fax
Machine

D0

DEMUX
X D1

D2 Color Inkjet
Printer
D3

B A Selected Destination
0 0 B/W Laser Printer Pen
0 1 Fax Machine Plotter

1 0 Color Inkjet Printer

1 1 Pen Plotter

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A 1-line-to-4-line demultiplexer
A 1-line-to-8-line demultiplexer
THANK YOU