Intro to Statistics

Tests of Association and Difference

Dr. Vinoo Alluri

Choosing a Statistical Test
 Experimental Design: Single Sample

Does the observed distribution come from a population with a certain

mean?

How certain are we that it comes from a different population?

Experimental Design: Single Sample

single sample
Chi-Squared t-test
Chi-Square test

Goodness-of-Fit
 Chi-Square test

H0
H0: The color distribution is equal

revised H0: The color distribution is 13% brown, 13% red, 14% yellow,
24% blue, 20% orange, 16% green

HA: The color distribution is not 13% brown, 13% red, 14% yellow, 24%
blue, 20% orange, 16% green
 Chi-Square test

df = 5

12.94 1.53

H0 ?
H0: zodiac signs are evenly distributed across visual artists

HA: zodiac signs are unequally distributed across visual artists

256 artists

df = 11
 zodiac signs are evenly df = 11
distributed across artists!
 Chi-Square Test: Gender Study

H0: Men and women are equally likely to use mental health services

HA1: Men are less likely to use mental health services

HA2: Women are less likely to use mental health services
Contingency Table
Willingness to Use Mental Health Services (n=150)
No Maybe Yes Total

12 30 18
Males 17 32 11 60

13
18 43
45 34
27 90
Female

Total 30 75 45 150

df = 2
 Gender Study
Willingness to Use Mental Health Services

8.23
df = 2

Males are less willing to use Mental Health Services

 Single Sample t-test

H0: IIIT students’ average IQ is the same as India’s average IQ

HA: IIIT students’ average IQ is lesser/greater than India’s

average IQ
 Single Sample t-test

N = 500
μ = 80
= 83

t = 14.9 (df = 499), p < .001

Experimental Design: Group Differences

unrelated / between

related / within
(conditions)
 Two Sample test

Do they come from the same population?

How certain are we that they are different?

Choosing a Statistical Test

Test type Between subjects designs Within subject designs

(Independent samples) (repeated measures/
matched pairs)

Non-parametric (for Chi-square The binomial sign test

categorical data)
Non-parametric (for Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon T
ordinal data) The binomial sign test

Parametric Unrelated t-test (level of Related t-test (level of

data: interval) data: interval)

df = m + n - 2 df = n - 1
 unrelated / between

analytic skills: CSE vs ECE

Brain connectivity patterns musicians vs non-musicians

Gender differences in social media usage

 Performance in Quiz 1 vs Quiz 2

Memory Pre- vs Post- Sleep depravation

Pollution level before vs after Diwali

related / within
conditions
Memory Recall when playing music vs no music condition

Difference in mock vs real GRE test score

HA: Students perform better/worse in mock tests
Student Mock Real

1 316 320
Two Sample t-test
2 324 319
Students do not perform better in mock tests
3 317 318

4 323 314

5 333 333

6 329 321

7 328 311 Binomial Sign test

8 319 309 (ordinal/repeated measures)
9 320 318
Students do perform better in mock tests

10 314 321
Beware of p
 ANOVA > two conditions/groups

Test type Between subjects designs Within subjects designs

(Independent samples) (dependent samples)

Parametric One-way ANOVA One-way Repeated measures

ANOVA

Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one way Friedman's two-way analysis

analysis of variance of variance
One-way repeated measures ANOVA
Combination: Between subjects across repeated conditions

Factorial Design: Participant type, stimulus type

 Intro to Statistics
Tests of Association and Difference

Dr. Vinoo Alluri

 Music, biological evolution,
and the brain

wordless courtship songs

predated our linguistic
abilities, and that such
singing provided the
scaffolding upon which
language itself evolved
DARWIN

As far as biological cause

and effect are concerned,
music is useless
 Evolutionary Puzzle of Music

“sharing emotional states”

“song and dance - release of endorphins and promote social bonding”

 Music, biological evolution,
and the brain

“music resembles fire in being an ancient

invention that has become universal because it
provides things that are universally valued by
humans”

“the valued things it provides are mental rather

than physical: namely emotional power, ritual
efficacy, and mnemonic efficacy ”
- Aniruddh Patel
Listening vs Training
brain areas related to music processing

(fMRI & PET)

sma

putamen

sensory
syntax
temporal
associations, semantics
rhythmic entrainment
emotions
Training
Effects of Musical training

structure function

50
 Effects of Musical training
• enhance auditory, motor, and cognitive skills and lead to
increased grey and white matter volume in brain areas
associated with these skills
8 year olds

no training

musical training
(string)

2 years
Schlaug et al. 2010. Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life
span.Neuroscientist.
 Effects of musical training
• enhance auditory, motor, and cognitive skills and lead to
increased grey and white matter volume in brain areas
associated with these skills
65-year old instrumental musician 63-year old non-musician

Schlaug et al. 2010. Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life
span.Neuroscientist.
 Effects of musical training

• Piano instruction enhances

executive functioning in older
musically naive adults
(60 - 85 years) (Bugos et al. et al. 2007)

• Playing an instrument associated

with decreased risk of dementia
(Verghese et al. 2006)
Music Therapy
 Effect of Music Therapy
Authors Year N Illness/Condition Outcome

reduced anxiety, pain

Bradt et al. 2016 52 cancer
better heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure

reduced anxiety
mechanically reductions in sedative and analgesic intake
Bradt et al. 2014 14
ventilated patients reduces respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure

improved gait, timing of upper extremity function,

Magee et al. 2017 29 brain injury communication outcomes, and quality of life after
stroke

reduced anxiety
preoperative
Bradt et al. 2013 26 more effective than the sedative midazolam in some
anxiety
cases

reduced pain
coronary heart
Bradt et al. 2013 26 beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure, heart rate,
disease
respiratory rate and quality of sleep

Cepeda, reduces the levels of pain intensity

2013 9 pain relief
et al. less opioids needed for pain management
 Effect of Music Therapy
Authors Year N Illness/Condition Outcome

improves global state, mental state (including negative

Geretsegger et al. 2017 18 schizophrenia and general symptoms), social functioning, and quality
of life (music therapy + standard care)

Jespersen et al. 2015 6 insomnia improves subjective sleep quality

reduce depressive symptoms and anxiety

Aalbers et al. 2017 9 depression improve functioning (e.g. maintaining involvement in
job, activities, and relationships).

van der Steen et

2017 16 dementia reduced depressive symptoms
al.

improve social interaction,verbal communication,

autism spectrum initiating behaviour, and social-emotional reciprocity,
Geretsegger et al. 2014 10
disorder social adaptation skills, quality of parent-child
relationships
 Dr. Teppo Sarkamo

“Exposure to music during the early post-stroke stage can

improve the recovery of verbal memory and focused
attention and prevent depressed and confused mood and
also induces fine-grained neuroanatomical changes in the
recovering brain.”
 moderate to severe nonfluent aphasia with relatively preserved
comprehension and were at least 1 year since their first (and only) left-
hemisphere stroke

pre-treatment post-treatment

DTI : right arcuate fasciculus tract

Schlaug et al. 2009. Annals of the New York Academy of

Sciences
Music in dementia care
 music research

Music
&
Music-related behavior:

Experience & perception of music Music-related action: playing,

composing, dancing…
 music research

Individual differences in music-related Contextual aspects of music-related

behavior: age, personality, learning, behavior: culture, situation, mobile &
rehabilitation…. online environments, social context…
 Observation
Computational music analysis: MIR & Motion capture

Music Research
Approaches

Self-reports & behavioral measures: Interviews,

Physiological measures
questionnaires, rating scales, adjective checklists,
& brain research: EEG,
continuous measurement ratings…
MEG, fMRI, HRV…
“people actively create or select experiences or situations to
fulfill their individual needs, and thus the experiences or
situations that they are in are often related to their
personalities” - Qiu et al. 2019
 “individuals are drawn to the
social and cultural meanings in
music that match their
personal characteristics and
concerns”

Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2003).

The do re mi's of everyday life: The structure and personality correlates of music preferences.

“people use linguistic cues in

lyrics as stimuli to fulfill their
individual needs”

Qiu, L, Chen, J., Ramsay, J, & Lu, J. (2019). Personality predicts words in favorite songs . Journal of
Research in Personality 78 (2019) 25–35 .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.004
 “people who feel the pain of
sad songs may be better at
feeling the pain of other
human beings”

Vuoskoski, J. K., Thompson, B., McIlwain, D., and Eerola, T. (2012). Who enjoys listening to sad music and why?
Eerola, JK Vuoskoski, H Kautiainen (2016) Being moved by unfamiliar sad music is associated with high empathy

“music is a mirror of the self and

an expression of who we are
emotionally, socially, and
cognitively”

Greenberg DM, Baron-Cohen S, Stillwell DJ, Kosinski M, Rentfrow PJ (2015) Musical Preferences are Linked to
Cognitive Styles. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131151
What do your music listening strategies reveal about
your current mental state?

Agarwal, R., Singh, R., Saarikallio, S., McFerran, K, and Alluri, V. (2019). Mining Mental States using Music
Associations. In Speech, Music, and Mind with Audio Satellite Workshop, Interspeech 2019.

Mittal, A., Vuoskoski, J., Alluri, V. 2018. Personality, trait empathy, and kinds of musical
reward predict healthy and unhealthy music listening strategies. ICMPC Graz. Poster.

Subramaniam, S., Mittal, A., Alluri, V. 2018. Indian Validation of Healthy-Unhealthy Music
Scale (HUMS) . ICMPC, Graz. Poster.
biological, personological, social, and cultural levels
Decoding dynamic emotional states while listening
to music
 Aim
Predicting Risk of Depression via Music Listening
d with risk
c preferences habits
Predict the risk of depression in an individual based on his/her music
listening habits which will help in early detection and intervention for
arch over the
depression. This is based on the claim that depressed individuals have some
y traits are
common tags/patterns associated with their music listening habits.
sideration of
tanding and
en no study Healthy-
Unhealthy

y using the Music Scale

ty traits1 and
estigating the

tening
onnaire References:
1."Musical Preferences Predict Personality: Evidence From Active Listening and Facebook Likes" Nave, Gideon and Minxha, Juri and Greenberg,
David and Kosinski, Michal and Stillwell, David and Rentfrow, Jason 2018.
Music Recommendation for Autism

Greenberg DM, Baron-Cohen S, Stillwell DJ,

Kosinski M, Rentfrow PJ (2015) Musical
Preferences are Linked to Cognitive
Styles. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131151. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131151
Deep learning and neuroscience
Mining Musical Phenotype with Multimodal Fusion