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Sedimentation Sedimentation: ENVE 301 Environmental Engineering Unit Operations
Sedimentation Sedimentation: ENVE 301 Environmental Engineering Unit Operations
Sedimentation Sedimentation: ENVE 301 Environmental Engineering Unit Operations
CHAPTER: 10
Sedimentation
1
Sedimentation
seperation of unstable and destabilized suspended solids from a
suspension by the force of gravity
DILUTE
DISCRETE FLOCCULATING CONCENTRATED
SUSPENSIONS
PARTICLES PARTICLES SUSPENSIONS
suspensions in which
particles whose particles whose suspensions in which
the conc. of particles is
size, shape and surface properties are the conc. of particles
not sufficient to cause
specific gravity such that they is too great to meet
significant displacement
do not change aggregate upon the conditions
of water as they settle
with time. contact mentioned for dilute
or in which the particles
Thus, changing in size, suspensions
will not be close
shape, and perhaps
enough for velocity
specific gravity with
field interference to
each contact 3
occur
• settling of discrete particles in dilute suspensions
TYPE 1 • particles have no tendency to flocculate Example:
(discrete • they settle as individual entities and there is no removal of grit and sand in
significant interaction with neighboring particles wastewater treatment
particle settling)
TYPE 2 • settling of flocculant particles in dilute suspensions Examples:
• as particle settle and coalesce with other particles,
• removal of SS in
(flocculant the sizes of particles and their settling velocity
primary sedimentation
settling) increases
tanks of WWTP
• settling of chemically
coagulated waters
TYPE 3 • settling of intermediate concentration of flocculant Example:
(hindered particles biological floc removal in
settling) • particles are so close together that interparticle secondary settling basins of
or forces are able to hold them in fixed positions WWTP
(zone settling) relative to each other and the mass of particles
settles as a zone at a constant velocity
TYPE 4 • settling of particles that are of such a high Examples:
(compression concentration that the particles touch each other • occurs in the bottom of
settling) and settling can occur only by compression which deep secondary clarifiers
takes place from the weight of particles • in sludge thickening
facilities 4
Type 1 – Discrete Settling
If a particle is suspended in water , it initially has 2 forces acting upon it.
ρ = density of particle
p
∀ = volume of particle
p
ρ w = density of water
∀ p = volume of particle
C D = drag coeff.
1. The forces of gravity f = ρ g∀ A p = cross sectional area
g p p
of particle perpendicu lar
ρw = density of water
Once motion has been initiated, a third force is created υ s = settling velocity of particle
due to viscous friction
5
υs 2
1. Drag force f =C A ρ
D D p w 2
Force balance for a discrete particle that is settling
dϑs
m = F −F −F
p dt G B D
After an initial transient period, the acceleration d υs becomes zero and the settling
velocity becomes constant. dt
dϑs
mp = 0 = FG − FB − FD
dt
( ) ( )
0 = ρ p g∀ p − ρ w g∀ p − C D A pρ w
ϑs 2
2
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0 = g∀ (ρ p − ρ w )
− C D A p ρ w
ϑ s2
p
2
g∀ (ρ p − ρ w )
= C D A p ρ w
ϑ s2
p
2
ϑs =
(
2g ρ p − ρ w ∀ p ) SETTLING VELOCITY OF
DISCRETE PARTICLE IN ANY SHAPE
C Dρ w A p ( Eqn. 1)
R <1 negligible
For laminar flow e
24 3
CD = + + 0 . 34
Re Re
24 ϑsd ϑsdρ
CD = where R = =
Re e ν µ
24 µ
C = For laminar flow
D ϑsdρ w
ϑ =
s
g
18 µ
(
ρp −ρ w d
2
) Settling velocity of spherical discrete
particles under laminar flow
conditions (STOKE’S LAW) ( Eqn. 3)
9
4
For turbulent flow R > 10
e
10 (ρ p − ρ w )d
Settling velocity of
ϑs = g spherical discrete particles
3 ρw under turbulent flow
conditions
10
Example 1: Find the terminal settling velocity of a spherical
discrete particle with diameter 0,5 mm and specific gravity of 2.65
settling through water at 200C 3
ρ = 998 .2kg / m
w
−3 2
µ = 1 .002 .10 Ns / m
11
Critical Settling Velocity & Overflowrate
→ Particles move horizontally with the fluid (all particles have the same horizontal velocity)
To determine the overall removal for the settling velocity distribution for
a given design settling velocity (or overflowrate) the suspension must be determined
Experimental analysis
Procedure:
Z0
Sampling port
1. Height of the port is measured
fraction with settling velocity less than stated vs terminal setling velocity 15
0,7
0,6
0,5
fraction of particles remaining
Xc
0,4
-
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65
Vc settling velocity, m/min
xc
VP
Fraction removed = (1 − X C ) + ∫ dx
VC
0
3. Cumulative distribution curve (fraction with settling velocity less than stated vs terminal
setling velocity) is drawn
VP
Fraction removed = (1 − X C ) + ∫ dx
VC
As a result;
→ their sizes change continually (increases)
If Vc=0.16 m/sec for a given settling tank, what is the % of all solids removed?
Example 3: A settling analysis is run on a Type 1 suspension in a laboratory
column with a port 1.8m below the suspension surface. The data obtained
are shown below.
Time (min) TSS (conc, mg/L)
0 220
3 116
5 98
10 75
20 35
40 10
60 2
dx V V.dx
0.027 0.35 0.00945
0.04 0.32 0.0128
0.04 0.29 0.0116
0.04 0.25 0.01
0.04 0.20 0.008
0.04 0.15 0.006
0.04 0.065 0.0026
Xc=0.267
= 0 . 89
= 89 % 24
Type 2 – Flocculent Settling
(settling of flocculent particles in dilute suspension)
→ sizes change
→ shape change
25
Type 2 – Flocculent Settling (Continue)
impossible to
develop a general
formula for determining
settling velocities of
flocculant particles.
Sampling port
(to minimize sidewall effects) Z0
Sampling port
Sampling port
27
Procedure:
3. At time=0, a portion of the sample is in order to determine the initial TSS concentration
5. At periodic time intervals, samples are removed through the ports located in different heights.
For each sample withdrawn at each depth and for each time ,
TSS analysis must be performed in order to determine the fraction remaining in suspension at
each time interval
6. Percent removals
Xij= mass fraction removed (at ith depth at jth time interval) = ( 1- Cij/C0) x 100
are found
Initially;
a vertical line from the chosen time is projected upward.
% removal of completely removed fraction
% read at chosen time % of particles that are completely removed.
particles having
Ave. depth reached read from the intersection point of vertical line
and drawn median line
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SOLUTION:
Cij
Removal at each depth and time: X = 1− 100
ij Co
33
34
Detention time = 1hr 45 min =105min
Draw a vertical line from 105 min
bw 70-80% fraction 10%, ave. depth reached by fraction 0.8 % removal = 0.8
3
10% = 2.66%
bw 80-90% fraction 10%, ave. depth reached by fraction 0.45 % removal = 0.45 10% = 1.5%
3
bw 90-100% fraction 10%, ave. depth reached by fraction 0.15
% removal =
0.15
10% = 0.5%
3
Total %removal of partially removed particles at time=105 min=6.06 + 6 + 4 + 2.66 + 1.5
35 + 0.5
=20.72%
Total removal at time=105min = completely removed % + partially removed %
= 43 % + 20.72 %
= 63.72 %
are used to compensate for the side wall effects of the batch settling column.
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Example 6:
A city must treat about 15000 m3/day of water. Flocculation particles are
produced by coagulation and a column analysis indicates that an
overflowrate of 20 m/day will produce satisfactory removal at a depth of
3.5m.Determine the size of
42
EXAMPLE 6 :
43
Sedimentation Basin Design
A single rectangular basin will cost more than a circular basin of the same size
However;
if numerous tanks are required rectangular tanks can be constructed with common walls
NOTE: a minimum of two basins should be provided in order to be able to inspect, repair ,
44
periodically clean and maintain one basin at a time while the other basin is in operation.
Sedimentation tanks can be divided into 4 different functional zones;
1. Inlet zone
2. Settling zone
3. Sludge zone
4. Outlet zone
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Inlet Structures •should dissimate influent energy
•distribute the flow
•mitigate density currents
•minimize sludge blanket disturbance
are designed to uniformly distrubute the influent suspension over the cross section of the
settling zone.
full width inlet channels effective spreading of flow introduce a vertical velocity
component into sludge happen that may resuspend sludge.
46
Depth of inlet channel = depth of flocculator basin
Pipe connection
Low velocity in pipe settling of floc
between
High velocity in pipe breakage of floc
flocculation unit & sedimentation
inlet channels with submerged orifices do not extend down the full depth of the tank
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Influent
Effluent
Orifices
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Inlet Structures (continue)
For circular tanks
to achieve a radial flow patterninfluent is introduced in the center of the tank
or
around the periphery of the tank
Depth= 1- 2.5m
entrance pipe suspended from bridge OR encased in concrete beneath the tank floor 52
For peripheral feed (not as uniform as central feed)
from the channel the flow discharges through the orifices into sedimentation tank
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Settling Zone
It depends on the following desing parameters:
Detention time
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Sludge Zone
Rectangular tanks the bottom is slightly sloped to facilitate sludge scraping
continously pulls the settled material into a sludge hopper where it is pumped out periodically.
Motion of scraper momentarily resuspend lighter particles a few cm above the scraper blades
To prevent this,
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Circular tanks
The bottom of the tank is sloped to form an inverted cone and the sludge is scraped to a
relatively small hopper located near the center of the tank
Travelling bridge with sludge suction headers and pumps not very good
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Outlet Zone
weir channels are used
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to increase weir length (i.e to decrease weir loading) double-sided weirs can be used
Typical weirs 90o V notch metal plates bolted onto the effluent collection through
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May be placed
through the entire width of tank
at the opposite and of the rectangular basins
through the length of the tank
if the weir loading causes the required weir length to be greater than tank width the
channel may be extended to a length of 1/3 the basin length (Reynolds)
Orifices
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