ACTIVITY 4: VISCOSITY Rheometry Principles <1911>

Pre-Lab Discussion Types of Flow

Viscosity Determination 1. Newtonian

• Simple liquids
Objectives • Rate and force is directly proportional
• To demonstrate understanding of the different • ⬆ force ⬆ shear rate
official methods of determining viscosity;
• To differentiate relative and absolute viscosity;
• To determine viscosities of some liquids.

Rheology
• Describe flow of liquids and determination of
solids.

Rheometry
• Refers to the experimental technique used to
determine the rheological properties of
materials.

Viscosity
• Resistance of a fluid to flow.
• η 2. Non-Newtonian
• With wider range of readings.
Fluidity • Plastic
• Flow of solids. • Pseudoplastic
• θ • Dilatant
θ=1/η • Herschel-Bulkley.

Viscosity Determination
η = [ force (g.cm/s²) x distance (cm) ] /
[ velocity (cm/s) x area (cm²) ]
η=F/G

F Pseudoplastic Plastic

• Sheer stress
• Force required for an object to move.

G Dilatant
• Sheer rate
• The time it starts to move.

• Units: g/s.cm = poise(p) Plastic/Bingham Bodies

• 1 poise (p) = 100 centipoise (cp) • Yields stress to overcome flow
• 10 P = 1 kg/m.s = 1 Pa.s • Does not start at zero
• 1 cP = 0.001 Pa.s = 1 mPa.s • Semisolids
• Ex. Ointments and creams

 Pseudoplastic • η of water at its temp (interpolation)

• Shear thinning
• More fluid when stirred Relative Viscosity
• No yield stress Rel η = ηsx = ηstd
• Ex. Gums and mucila
• ηsx - viscosity of the sample
Dilatant Flow • ηstd - viscosity of the standard
• Shesr thickening
• Reverse of pseudoplastic Percent error
• Ex. Paint, susp. of high content %error = [ (TY - AY) / TY ] x 100

Herschel-Bulkley • TY - theoretical viscosity

• General model with yield stress • AY - actual viscosity
• Possessing a fluid behavior index and yield
values Rotational Methods <912>
• Ex. Blood flow in the artery • The principle of the method is to measure the
force (torque) acting on a rotor when it rotates
Capillary Methods <911> at a constant angular velocity or rotational
• The following procedures are used to determine speed.
the viscosity of a Newtonian Fluid, i.e., a fluid • Method 1: Spindle Viscometer
having a viscosity that is independent of the rate • Method 2: Concentric Cylinder Rheometers
of shear. • Method 3: Cone and Plate Rheometers
• Method 1: Suspended-Level (or Ubbelohde- • Method 4: Parallel Plate (or Parallel Disk)
Type) Capillary Viscometer Rheometers
• Method 2: Simple U-Tube (or Ostwald-Type)
Capillary Viscometer Brookfield DV-II+PRO Viscometer
• Spindles: S1 (biggest) to S7 (smallest)
Capillary (Ostwald) Viscometer • Viscosity - inversely proportional to the size of
1. Introduce 5mL of water into the viscometer the spindle and speed.
by means of a serological pipet. • Satisfactory: if torque is at least 10-100%
2. Clamp the viscometer to an iron stand.
3. With the aid of a rubber aspirator, bring the Rolling Ball Method <913>
level of the liquid above mark A. • Used to determine the viscosity of a Newtonian
4. Measure the time (seconds) for the level of fluid.
the liquid to pass from marl A to mark B.
Note: Pressure Driven Methods <914>
• Clean and dry the viscometer before filling with • Method 1: Slit rheometers
the liquid. • Measure viscosity of Newtonian and non-
• Viscometer should be placed undisturbed in an Newtonian
upright position.
Post-Lab Discussion
Computations
η1 / η2 = ρ1 t1 / ρ2 t2 Viscosity Determination

• η2 of water at its temperature Rheometry Principles <1911>

• η1 of substance at its temperature
A. Newtonian flow
• ρ of water at its temp (interpolation) • Viscosity independent of the shear rate or
• ρ of acetone at its temp (pycnometer method) applied shear stress.

 • The temperature of the substance being Compound Temp (°C) Viscosity (cp)
measured should be controlled within ±0.1°.
25 1.074
B. Non-Newtonian flow
30 1.003
• Do not obey Newton’s law of viscous flow.
• High molecular weight, solutions that contain 0 0.385
high molecular weight solutes.
• Colloidal dispersions (e.g., suspensions and Acetone 20
emulsions) 25 0.306

Method 2: Ostwald-Type Capillary Viscometer 50 0.247

1. Fill the tube with an amount of the sample
that is appropriate for the viscometer being Principles
used or by following the manufacturer’s • Rheometer: absolute viscosity
instructions.
• Viscometer: apparent viscosity
2. Carry out the experiment with the tube in a
vertical position.
Rheometer: Apparent Viscosity
3. Immerse the viscometer in a water or oil bath
stabilized at the temperature specified in the
individual monograph, and control the Method I. Spindle Viscometers
temperature to ±0.1°, unless otherwise • The apparent viscosity is determined by rotating
specified in the individual monograph. a cylinder- or disk (or disc)-shaped spindle, as
4. Maintain the viscometer in a vertical position shown.
for a time period of NLT (not less than) 30 • Absolute viscosity cannot be calculated due to
min to allow the sample temperature to reach the large gap between the spindle and the
equilibrium. container wall.
5. Using suction, draw the fluid up through the • Procedure:
capillary tube until the meniscus is at the level These parameters must be reported along
of the uppermost graduation. with the measure viscosity to enable
6. With both the filling and the capillary tubes reproducibility:
open to atmospheric pressure, record the time, 1. Size and geometry of spindle
in s, required for the liquid to flow from the 2. Angular velocity or rotational
upper mark to the lower mark in the capillary speed of the spindle
tube. 3. Temperature of the test substance
The spindle should be immersed to the
Viscosity Determination recommended depth maintaining at least 1
cm clearance from the bottom and side of
Compound Temp (°C) Viscosity (cp)
the container.
0 1.7870 The preparation of the test specimen,
including its temperature equilibration, is
10 1.3070 specified in each individual monograph.
Water Follow the instrument manufacturer’s
20 1.0020
recommendations regarding sample
30 0.7975 loading, spindle selection, and viscometer
operation.
40 0.6529

0 1.786 Method II. Concentric Cylinder Rheometers

• Place the liquid in the gap between the inner
Ethyl alcohol 10 1.466 cylinder and the outer cylinder.
• “Cup-and-bob” Rheometer
20 1.200

 • Outer cylinder (the cup); the inner cylinder (the

bob)
A. C o u e t t e s y s t e m s - r o t a t i n g - c u p
rheometers
B. Searle systems - rotating bob rheometers

Method III. Cone-and-Plate Rheometers

• The liquid is introduced into the fixed gap
between a at disk or plate and a cone forming a
defined angle.

Method IV. Parallel Plate (or Parallel Disk)

Rheometers
• Sample to be measured is introduced into the
gap between a flat plate or disk (or disc) and
another parallel at plate or disk.
• Lower plate or disk remaining stationary as the
upper plate or disk is rotated at a constant
angular velocity.