Chap 21 – The Third Republic 3.

To purchase food, medicine

and clothing
1. First Republic – under the Malolos
Constitution 4. Filipino laborers were also
employed in American
Second Republic – under the Japanese Military projects and money
Occupation was circulated

Third Republic – in 1946

The people began to be preoccupied by
a. Devastated country
selling American goods, cigarettes and even
b. Deeply wounded people
American military clothing.
c. Weak republic

The Phils had to accept US Financial aid with

The Government Reorganized
the ff conditions:
1. Govt reorganized to be more responsive
a. Parity rights of the Americans to
to the immediate needs of the people.
exploit the country’s natural
resources
2. The Executive Depts. Were restored
b. US Military and naval bases on the
3. Department of Information was created
Phil territory
4. Gen Mac Arthur suggested to Pres
c. Defense and trade agreements
Osmena for Congress to pass laws
favorable to the americans
designed to help the problems of our
country.

Conditions after the war:

The American Financial Aid
1. Destruction of farms, work animals,
machinery, roads, bridgesetc
1. The Phils suffered much more than the
Americans. As such, the American
2. Heavy bombings destroyed
govtextended financial aid to the Phils.
infrastructures needed or economic
recovery
2. US$100M – appropriated by the US
Congress to be used by the Phil govt for
3. Widespread unemployment
its operating expenses and for the
redemption of guerilla notes during the
4. Food was scarce and thousands died of
war.
diseases
3. Sale materials worth P100M – of
American Aid American surplus materials were given
to the Phil govt
1. The American Army in the Phils
immediately extend aid to the Filipinos 4. US$60M - for reconstruction

a. Phil Civil Affairs Unit ( PCAU ) –

1. to help the military

commanders extend relief
aid to the suffering people.

Parity Rights to the Americans

1. Bell Trade Relations Act

2. Salaries of municipal
a. Passed by US Congress in 1945
officials and teachers were
paid
 b. provided that the free trade
relations between the Phils and the
US should continue beyond the
Commonwealth period or up to
1954
c. Another provision:
“The Filipinos will amend the
Constitution to grant the parity
rights in the Phils”
This means that the Americans , like
the Filipinos would be given the
right to dispose, exploit, develop
and utilize all agricultural , timber
and mineral lands in the Phils
This violated the 1935 Constitution
which provide that after
independence only corporations
which is 60% owned by Filipinos
were allowed to exploit, develop,
dispose and utilize the natural
resources of our country.
2. Many patriotic Filipinos objected this
provision as unjust but majority of the
people are hungry, sick and helpless.
3. Inorder to get the financial aid, the
Constitution was eventually amended.
The Third Republic Proclaimed
Manuel A. Roxas
1. He was elected President of the
Commonwealth and the first President
of the 3rd Republic
2. July 4, 1946 – date chosen by the US
Govt , the proclamation of the Phil
Independence was read by Paul V
McNutt . The proclamation is as
follows:
“ The United States was
withdrawing and surrendering all
rights of possession, supervision ,
jurisdiction , control or sovereignty
now existing and exercised by the
United States of America in and
over the territory and people of the
Philippines. “
“ The United States was recognizing
the independence of the Phils as a
separate and self- governing
nation”
3. Roxas stayed in office for only 2 years
for he died after delivering a speech in
Clark Air base.
4. Roxas granted the US control of the
military and naval bases at Clark and
Subic in exchange for military aid.
5. The country at that time was facing the
communist problems in the rural areas.
The Hukbalahap problem
1. Hukbo ng bayan Laban samgaHapom
2. Was founded in the early 1942 was anti
Japanese organizations of peasants
3. Led by intellectuals like Pedro Abad
Santos and Lava brothers – Vicente,
Jose and Jesus.
4. Their Supremo was Luis Taruc
5. They are so powerful that greedy
landlords fear them
6. After the surrender of the Bataan –
Corregidor , the Huks succeeded in
getting many firearms which they used
against the Japanese.
7. After the war, they refused to surrender
fearing that their landlords might hire
men to kill them.
8. Roxas failed to win the Huks to his side
and in Mar 1948 – Roxas declared the
Huks outlaws and illegal
9. Central Luzon became a no man’s land
as violent encounters happen there.
Elpedio R. Quirino
1. 2nd President of the 3rd Republic
2. An economist
3. He believed that the country could not
be truly independent unless it had
achieved economic stability.
4. His programs focused on agricultural
productivity and industrialization.
5. He also stabilized the Phil currency by
creating the Central Bank of the Phils.
6. He signed into a law the Magna Carta
of Labor and the Minimum Wage
Law
7. He opened the diplomatic and trade
relations with the neighboring countries
like Thailand, South Korea, China,
Indonesia, India and Australia
8. However, the Huks persisted and
continues to disrupt developments
9. He tried to win over the Huks by
sending his brother, former judge,
Antonio Quirinoto meet with Luis
Taruc.
10. Demands of Luis Taruc:
a. Scrapping the Bell Trade Act
b. No trade with Japan
c. Redistribution of landed estates to
the peasants
d. Release of all Huk prisoners
e. Industrialization
f. Removal of US bases in our country
11. As a result of the meetings, Pres
Quirino proclaimed amnesty to all the
Huks
The Huks surrendered their
arms to the govt
Judge Quirino however denied
ever agreeing to implement Taruc’s
demands.
12. The amnesty failed.
The govt accused the huks of
not surrendering all their arms
The huks accused the govt of
bad faith.
13. The campaign against the huks was
renewed and Central Luzon a war zone
again.
Magsaysay and the Huks
1. Ramon Magsaysay was Quirino’s
Secretary of National Defense.
2. He worked hard over the Huk problem
3. He adopted strict measures to organized
the armed forces and the police to arrest
huk leaders and supporters.
4. On Oct 18, 1950 – the huk politburo fell
into the hands of the military and was
charged with rebellion complexed with
murder and arson. They were sentenced
to life imprisonment but reduced to 10
years.
Ramon Magsaysay
1. He is popular with the common people
2. He caused the surrender of
HukSupremo Luis Taruc
3. Taruc unreservedly recognized the
authority of President Magsaysay and
the sovereignty of the Phils.
4. The huk movement slowed down and its
members demoralized
5. Magsaysay is best remembered for his
policy of honest govt.
6. No friends, relatives ever benefitted
from his position as president.
7. He created extensive irrigation system
8. He introduced modern agricultural
methods
9. He approved the Agricultural Tenancy
Act

10. Magsaysay died in a plane crash in
Cebu and was succeeded by his Vice
Pres Carlos P Garcia
Garcia and the “Filipino First Policy”
1. He anchored his program of
government on austerity.
2. He proclaimed the “Filipino First
Policy”
a. Bec the Phils has been controlled by
foreigners in business, trade and
commerce
b. It was pro- Filipino first above all
3. His national policy include the revival
of Phil Culture through arts and
historical researches.
Macapagal and Land reform
1. Macapagal wanted to set an example of
honesty, uprightness and simple living.
But while he was honest , many men
around him were not.
2. Two (2) significance of the Macapagal
presidency:
a. Land reform Code
b. The change of Independence day
from July 4 to June 12.
3. His Agricultural Land Reform Code:
a. Establish and Encourage the
formation of family sized farms as
the basis of Phil agriculture
precursor of the ASEAN.
b. Improve the status of the poor
farmers
The Election of Marcos
c. Increase bigger productivity
d. Apply all labor laws to all
irrespective of the status of life
e. To provide a land settlement
program and the distribution of land
f. To make poor farmers independent,
self- reliant and responsible citizens
in order to strengthen the
democratic society
4. To partially implement these policy,
Macapagal declared 12 towns in Central
Luzon as land reform areas.
5. Leasehold systemsubstituted the Old
kasama system.
a. Leaseholder will pay 25% of the
harvest to the owner of the land
b. Tenant is freed from the control of
the owner of the land
6. Macapagal was the first president to
adopt the decontrol policy imposed by
foreign banks.
7. Change of Independence day date:
From July 4 to June 12.
July 4 – was made by US President
Truman
- This date was made
Philippine – American
Friendship Day
June 12 , 1898 - Independence day
proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo in
Kawit, Cavite .
June 12 Independence day celebration
started in 1962.
8. Macapagal also proposed an
organization uniting Malay- based
countries through MAPHILINDO
( Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia)
MAPHILINDO – considered a
1. Events:
a. Marcos wanted to run for President
in 1961
b. Macapagal asked him to defer his
plan. Marcos agreed but only for 1
term
 c. Macapagal’s term was over but he
decided to run again. a. Cold war for world supremacy
between US and Russia
d. This made Marcos leave the Liberal
Party and joined and run under the b. In Asia and Southeast Asia, the
Nacionalista Party communists were fighting that
draws support from students,
e. Marcos won with Fernando Lopez workers and peasants
as his Vice President.
5. The events of the Phils during the
Marcos time:
Ferdinand Marcos
a. The Phils sent civic action groups
1. His Programs of govt:
to the war in Vietnam
a. Production of more rice and
b. Massacre of peasants in Tarlac
diversification of crops to attain self
– sufficiency in food;
c. Killing of 30 members of Lapaing
Malaya in Manila
b. Implement the land reform
program;
d. Killing of Muslim trainees in
Jabidah in Corregidor Island
c. Community development to
strengthen the social, economic and
e. Huk repression
political base.

2. Factors that hindered his programs:

f. Graft and corruption

g. Carabao rustling
a. Inadequate budget of the govt to
meet the basic need like education,
h. Unresolved crimes involving agents
health, social welfare, defense and
of the law
infrastructure
i. Disillusionment of the peasants
b. Foreign loans from the IMF and the
World Bank.

3. Other achievements of Marcos:

a. Infrastructure program by
constructing bridges and roads

b. Increase agricultural production

with a new cereal called the
“miracle rice”.

c. He intensified the counter

insurgency drive against the
Communist Party of the Phils
( CCP)

d. He strengthen the police to deal with

crime syndicates

4. The events of the World during the

Marcos time: