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Word Version - Thermo 2
Word Version - Thermo 2
J)oftnltlon of terma
I
I
Saturation 7emperatu,-
Saturation temperature ia the temperature at which liq
uid•1tart to boil or the temperature at which vapors begin
to condense. The 1aturation temperature of a given
substance depends upon its existing pressure. It is directly
proportional to the pressure, i.e., it increases as the
pressure is increased and decreaaea aa the presaure ia
decreased.
Examplea:
a. Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric condition
(101.325 kPa)
b. Water boils at 179.91°C at a pressure of 1000 kPa.
c. Steam condenses at 311.06°C at 10 MPa.
d. Steam condenses at 39°C at 0.0070 MPa.
Subcooled Liquid
A aubcooled liquid ia one which has a temperature lower
than the saturation temperature corresponding to the exist
in& pressure.
Example:
Liquid water at 60°C and 101.325 is a subcooled liquid.
Why?
From the steam tables, the saturation temperature at
101.325 kPa is 100°C. Since the actual temperature of liquid
water of 60°C is less than 100°C, therefore, it is a subcooled
liquid.
Compre,,ed Liquid
A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher
tl,an the saturation pressure corresponding to the existing
temperature.
1
Question\
Is liqmQ water at 110 kPa and 100
F'roius U\ A m tables, P., at 100c°
101.325 kPa.
C om p:n ii\g : .
q\lid?
n romproeaeu li
Vapor
.
Vapor is the name given to a gaseous phase that is in
contact with the liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of 8
stat.e where some of it might be condensed.
Saturated Vapor
A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions
(saturation temperature and saturation pressure). It is 100% 1
vapor, i.e., has no liquid or moisture content.
Examples:
a. Steam (water vapor) at 100°C and 101.325 kPa.
b. Steam at 212.42°C and 2 MPa.
0SH= Actual superheated temperature - t..t at existing
pressure
Degrees Subcooled, 0 SB
Example:
Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam
. at 200°C and 101.325 kPa. The degrees subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the
From steam tables: differ ence between the saturation temperature for the
t..t at 101.325 kPa = 100°C given pres sure and the actual subcooled liquid
SH = 200 - 100 = 100 temperature.
0 0
C0
SB = tut at given p - actual liquid temperature
Ex a m pl e:
Determine the degrees subcooled of liquid For wet vapor:
and 101.325 k.Pa. · water at 0 < X < 100
From steam tables:
90"C 100
0 < y < rcent form
•
t_ at 101.325 kPa= 100°c But x + Y • lOO pe · al rorm
°SB= 100°C - 900C= 10 x+ys 1 mdeciJD
C° · the
Lale"' Hea6 of vaporizalion t,stan<:e
Wei Vapor
. tioD of a pure su . lS
rder
A wet vapor ia a combination of saturated
saturated liquid. vapor and
X ted r
= .2! !a(lOO) ·d/eatura •· g
m
m
The quality of wet vapor or wet steam ia the y = .= L.(100)
weight that is saturated vapor. percent m
by For saturated liquid:
y = 100%
Percem Mouture, y
X = 0%
The percent moisture of wet vapor is the percentb For saturated vapor:
·gh that X = 100%
is saturated liquid. Y wei
t y = 0%
Let m = mass of wet vapor
4
m• = ma"8 ofthe saturated vapor content of wet
vapor
m, = mass of the saturated liquid content of
wet vapor
Then, m = m• + m,
1-' ollo wing the defin itions of quality (x) and percent mois
ture (y),
The latent beat o(vaponza fro the substance lDo coexist m equilibrium. The state of water at critical
o( beat added wremove ID ted vapor to
SJDOUJlt conditions whether it is saturated liquid or saturated vapor
satu· to convert it from satura qw temperature
rem.auun is unknown. Hence, the latent heat of vaporization of water
rated vapor/saturated liq uid wi to the temperature or at this conditions is either zero or undefined.
constan t. It is inversely propo
preMUff of the eubetance. Semible Heal
£ sample: . tio of water at:
Determirle the latent beat olvaponza n Heat that causes change in temperature without a change
(a)l OO°C, (b ) 2 00°C, and (c) 300°C. in phase.
From steam tables:
(a) h at 100°C = 2257.0 kJ/kg Examples:
(b) hr, at 200°C = 1940.7 kJ/kg
a. Heat added in raising the temperature of steam from
(c) h: at 300°C = 1404 .9 kJ/kg
100°C at 101.325 kPa to 150°C.
CritkalPoinl · b. Heat removed in lowering the temperature of water
from 90°C to 80°C.
The critical point represents the highest pressure_ d
highest temperature at which liquid and vapor can 5
Lat.nlH
Heat that causes change in phase .th maining at 100°C. Water is nowa mixture ofsaturated
temperature. Wt out a change in liquid and saturated vapor. Hence, it is now in wet uapor
state (Fig. d). Further addition of (latent) heat causes the
Example: transforma tion of the remaining saturated liquid water to
Heat added in converting 1 kg or te saturated water vapor at 100°C. Water is now at the
101.325 kPa to 1 kg of steam at 1000 c anwda l Or at 1000c lllld saturated vapor state (Fig. e). Fi nal ly, as more (sensible)
1.8 16 kPa. heat is added to the saturated water vapor at I00°C its
Cbaqe of Phase at Constant Pressure temperature rises say until it reaches 110°C. Water is nowat
the superheated uapor state (Fig. fl.
Su,-mdcalf'IIPIII
ailical....-
Ulul'IIIN
11qudi
line
utunMNI
HquUHne uwra&ed
vapor line
-
V 8
(d)
Sawnled Liquid alld
Sataraled Vapcr <•>
(Wet Vapol') S.&unled Vapar
. 1-J. The pv and Ts Planes for Water
sa ration temperature at 101.325 kPa. Water at this point v, = Vr + v,. Vr, = v.. v,
ut is
:u ratedliquid state (Fig. c). Then as more (latent) heat h,,
8
is
h, == h,
s, + Sr,
s, + 1tr:
Sr, = = s,
h, h,
s,
�
to to the now saturated liquid water causes some of it
V • yv, + xv1
kg liquid • 3
.=m ::.. = -_;m=' =---
--=k-gmixture 8
yv, = kg mixture kg liquid
m3 - 1-'• Specific EntroPY of a WetMix t ure.
xv= • m=-3-- kg mixture
=
• 'ltgmixture kg (1-1) specify whether the steam is wet, dr,y or super-
vapor heated for the following conditions:
(a)t = 200 ° C, p = 1 . 44 MPa
(b) t = 220°C, p = 2.318 MP. a
From v = yv,+ xv, (c)p = 1.0 MPa, s = 6.672 kJ/kg•K
But y = 1-x
Then v = (1-x)v,+ xv,
= v1 + x(v,- (d)p = 3.0 MPa, t = 234°C
v,) (e)t = 2500C, v = 54.2xl o-3m 3
/kg
V ::: Vr + XVr,
Simi larl y,
h = he+
xhea SOLUTION:
(a) t. at 1.44 MPa = 1963.9° C
or hg- yh,
= s,-ys,, Since 200°c> t• at 1.44 MPa, the steam is super-
h
8 = s,+ xs,. or 8 =
u = Ur+ XU(& or u - u,- heated.
9
Yllr,
(b)t at 2 . 318 MPa • 2200c
•' Since 220°c • t_ at 2.818 MPa, the •tea11:1. ia
saturated. (1·3) At 260°C a mixture of saturated steam and liqu d
wa r
(c) s at 1.0 MPa= 6.5865 kJ/kg•K exists in equilibrium. If the specific volume of the mix ure
• Since 6.672 .kJ/kg•K >••at 1.0 MP the •te&Qi . 18
wetmixtur.e a
_ v-v, _ 0.04159- 0.0012512-08253
or82.53%
(1-2) What are the specific volume, internal energy, en. X- v,_ - 0 .04 888 - . . _
thalpy, and entropy of steam at 1.50 MPa and 254°C?
(a) y· = 100- 82.53= 1 7 . 4 7%
(b) h = h, + xh,.
SOLUTION h = 1085 .3Ef + (0 . 8 25 3 ) (1 7 16 . 2 ) = 2501.7
kJ/kg
The steam is superheated, since the temperature of (c) s = Sr+xs,. (K)
254oc ia greater than the saturation temperature, 198°C, =
2. 792-;;a+ (0 .8 253 ) (3 .280 2 ) = 5.4998
M7
s
at 1.50 MPa. . (1-4) Steam at a pressure of 0.90 MPa has an entropy of
s 0.1:19
60 0.15559 o 2713.i._ 2946 .7 6. 7535 SOLUTION:
1o= o.oo 64= 1t.r = ½ = ·o.Cf44s The entropy of saturated vapor at a pressure of 0.90 MPa
is 6.6185 kJ/(kg) (K), therefore, steam with an entropy of
Xi = .0 001 46; V= 0.15195 + 0.()()146: 0.15341 m /kg 4.9678 kJ/(kg) (K) is a wet-mixture.
Xi =
7.24; u = 2695.3 + 7.24 = 2702.5 At0.90MPa
kJ/kg
Xi = 9.36; Vr = 0.0011212 Ur·741.83 hr= 742.83 Sr= 2.0946
h = 2923.3 + 9.36 = 2982.7
kJ/kg u
x, = 0.017;8
VfgC 0.21388 Ur, = 1838 .6 hr, = 2031.1 s,, = 4.5280
8
=-67 090 + 0.0178 = 6.7268 kJ/(kg) v,.0.215 == 2580.5 h = s, = 6.6226
1
(K) 2773.91
10 1
•• • 0 .004 &; • • 6 .6326 + 0 .004& • 6 .63 71 kJ /(kg) ( K)
a • (1-6) Steam at a preaaure of 0.68 MPa has a.n
internal eneJ"ID' of 2 726 . 2 k.Jfka. What are the
V • temperature. speci fic volume, enthalpy, and entropy?
u • u,+ zu. The steam is superheated because the inte rnal energy.
2725.2 kJ/kg, is greater than the inter nal energy of
r
u • 741.83 + 0.6345 (1888.6) • 1908.4 saturated steam. 2566.3 kJ/kg. for a pressure of 0.58 MPa.
At 0.58 MPa
h • h,•
h• 7.8+(0.6346) (2031.1) = 2031.6 k.J/kg
.0 40'77]-;i 212 ,1 n ..... ..,
. 29759.
v _I 2 725 . .J- _ h _J.c
(1-6) Steam at a temperature of 300°C has a SJ>ecific 0 . 416 2 ° 2 73 7 . 5_ _ 2978.8 1
volume of 0.09765 m3/k g. D&term ine the pressure, specific
internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy.
SOLUTION:
m=3.8iTr • lJ:0083=
X _ - = o.o
X ,
a
§.
0 0
.!() 09681
l9.09765
0.09890
(1-7) A 0.0856-m3 drum contains saturated water and
saturated vapor at 370°C. (a) Find the mass of each if their
volumes are equal. What is the quality? (b) Find the volume
occupied by each if their masses are equal.
0.00084 _ .!J_ _ . - -- X
0.00209 - o.o - IT- IT- 04.0112 SOLUTION:
LetVv = the volume of sat urated vapor
11 = 0.02; p=2.55 - 0.02 = 2.53 kPa VL = the volume of saturated
Hquid
Xi = 0.50; u: 2760.4 + 0.5 = 2760.9 kJ/kg = the mass of saturated vapor
:: 0.60; mL = the mass of saturated liquid
h = 3007.3 + 0.6 = 3007.9 kJ/kg
V at 370°C: 0.004925 m3/k.g
I 3
Vr at 370°C = 0.002213 /kg
m 13
12
substituting in equation (2).
-.. V•
0.004925m.,, + 0.0022} 3mL = 0.0856
0.004925m., + 0.002213m. = 0.0856
m_. = 11.99 kg
J11i. = 11.99 kg
V• = 0.0856 = 0.042S ms
'l V., = Ill.,•• = (11.99) (0.004925) = 0.05905 ms
V=,. ...:O.O=t 2==8-- = VL = •, = (1 1 . 99 ) (0.002213) = 0.02653 ms
B.6S kg
v. 0.004925 (1-8) A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is
divided into equal parts Aand B bya partition. Onone side is
VL O.Ot28 steam at 0.68 MPa, 170°C; on the other side is steam at 4
llli. = V, = 0.0022)3 = 19.34 kg MPa, 370°C. The partition is removed and thorough mixing
occurs. Determine the equilibrium state (p, t) neglecting
quality z = mass of the vapor the thick ness of the partition.
' mass of the
mixture
z = 8 698 SOLUTION:
_ _
9 34
= 0.31 or 31% ---- Adiabatic Walla
(b) A B 4MPa
0.68MPa 370-C
170-c
S.tanil,ed
--- - --
Vapor
•.
S.Qll'llted -- -
= - = :...
Uqaid .... :::" - 1 1 1 5:. - 14
-- - - . : = ---
(1)
(2)
am
-
-
Initial stored mass • Final stored maaa
mA + Ills = me (0 . 4 33) (3J4J.7) + (0.105) (2777)
0.538
-
Q,030 = 0.106 kg
0.2855 3070.62 kJ/Jq
-
Specific volume. Ve = me - 0.538 g
or 111.Sxlo-3 m3/k g • 2.34 MPa
First law of Thermodynamics: From the Mollier Chart
t =(tat 3070.52 kJ/kg and 2.34 MPa) = 324°C
I.nitial stored energy = Final stored energy
(1.9) Steadily flowing streams of steam A and B meet
UA +Us= Uc and mix, then flow in a steady state in a pipe C. all under
m"u" + m8 u8 = mcllc adiabatic conditions. Stream A is at 5.5 MPa, 370°C and
flows at 45 kg/s; stream B is saturated vapor at 5.5 MPa and
flows at 160 kg/s. (a) Determine the state ofthe mixture C if
Ile =
L\KE • O and Af>E • 0. (b) If the speed of the fluid in C is 30
mis, what is the pipe diameter?
(0.105) (2582.9) + (0.433) (2864 .6)
= 0.538 SOLUTION:
balance:
mabB + mAh,. = mc ch
S}'l&em: Steam .
16
(a) Fro SteaJll Tables:
m
Ste am A : d
h = h at 5.5 MPa an 3109 6 '- , . Since he > h1 at Pc• therefore. the state of the mixture ia
370°C · Ik superhea ted.
=
A
e
Steamh_!3h: at 5 .5 MPa = 2789.65 kJ/kg (by
8-
int•erpolation)
u,\ + p,\VA + UB + J>nYs = PcYe+ Uc
Since PA = Pe = 5.5
MPa H" +He= He
m"+ m8 = IDc
me= 45 + 160 = 205 kg/s
First law of
Thermodynamics:
Etn = Eout
EA+ Ea=Ec
From the Superheat Tables
•
5.5 MPa
(205) (0.003849)
t h V = -----,.3-ro- - - -'-
285 2851.5 38.13x104
tc 2 85 9 . 88 Ve = 0.02630 m2
290 2 86 9 . 8 38 . 8 9x 1 04
De=
(45) (3109.6) + (160) (2789.65)
= 205 (4) (0.02630)
= 1t
= 2859.88 kJ/kg
= 0.183 m or 183 mm
To determine the state of C compare he with hg at Pc =
5.5
MPa.
18
19
Th• enthalpy-entropy chart (h-• chart), arenerally known
.. a Mollior din1rram, i• a chart on which onthulpy i• the
ordinute and ent ropy the obBc itUto . Thi• churt can befound at
the buck of Stoom Tublol!I by Koonan, Koyott, llill and Moore.
It i• preaento in ekeJoton form on Fiar. 1 . 6 . On thie chart, a
aerie• of conetant pmaaure line•, a aerie• of constant percent
moisture and aupcrhoat Jinea, and a aeries of constant tem•
perature line• are plotted. Theconstant temperature lines co
incide with the constant pressure lines in the wet region
(below the saturated vapor line) but bend toward the right
away from the constant preeaure lines in the superheat re-
Jion.
(1 -10 ) Determine the h, •• 0 SH of steam at 0.09 MPa and
a10°c.
SOLUTION:
Locate the intersection of0.09 MPa constant pressure
line with 370°C constant temperature line. Their
intersection rep resents the condition/state of steam.
I
S-8.l50
WetRlilfoo
Answers:
h = 3217 kJ/kg
Fig.1-5. Enthalpy-Entropy (Mollier) Diagram for 8 = 8.50 kJ/kg• K0
.Steam.
0
SH = 213°c
20
21
An,wera:
p • 0.40 MPa
t • 283°C
(1-12) Determine the h, t.and aof saturated steam at.0. 1 0
MP•a.
SOLU110N:
L«ate the intersection of0.10 MPa constant pressure line
with the aaturated vapor line.
a.ue
,.oo uo
,
.,,..
...... ,r V
I 100
""" ... , ..._
l o • -
.... hel975
The isothermal lines and isobaric lines coincide in the wet
•
J
- 7 .......... tt re,ion.
I/
.,J
Anawera:
.J
I h • 2515 kJ/kg
2800
lf!t Problem•
p • 0.020MPa
• h.- h,
wh N h, • hn + •,h..,
t( lh@ (!h•m• 6n • iftc inMmttl enertr1 •• tl-.tth-.tl. w.a u••
\he .-.l11t.h•n•
80l U'l'ION1
At p1 • 1.70 MPa
w f pdv i• tho dl'Od on tho pv pl11n1 undor tht
•
con1tant
11
prst111111nt procc,,ti , W,• h1.. 0.00I HJ:S,t Un • 870 .09 hr, •
Aq,.. C, h1 • AK 0 . 1Jl'U)7 872.06
w ,. p f dv p(v, - v,) runit m•••I
II
+Q
0.U67:f u,111 • 1727,2 hri,, •
HJZ:J.6
. 1u,ady now pr004H, tha work
Fffl' u_. • :ltUl7,a h11 •
W,11 2796,7
.,. ■ 2.!1718
• ,111 • 4,0iH2
•11 • 6.400
27
(2-2) Steam with an enthalpy of2843.6 kJ/ka undergoee
• constant preuure prooeaa at 0.9 MPa until the enthalpy
t,ecOffle• 2066.1 kJ/kar. What are (a) the initial temperature
or quality, (b) Au,(c) W,(d) Aa,and (e) Q.
soLtmONs
Steam with an enthalpy oC 284 3 .6 k.J/ka at a preNure of
o.90MP•iaa auperheated vapor.
At p1 • 0.90 MPa
At Pt • 0.90 MPa
8 SOLUTION:
• T
s
V
81
SOLt.rrION:
v•,, o.04221 u,, • 2699 . 0 1 2796.9 •••• 6. 001 9
1•
h x, - 90%
1861 - 1134.37 • o4371
x,• •- 1662.5 . At t1 • 1210c
y • V + X V • 0.0012766 + (0.4371) (0.0409345)• 0. 0 1 9 1
68 Vn = Un= 507.74
mI 1/k1ft I -•
0.0010612
v,,u =
u,,. = 20 22 .6
0.8648388
u. •Un.x+ u,•., 1128.89 + (0.4371) (1470.6) • 1771.2 v,. = 0.865 9 u,. = 2530.3
kJ/kg
1 • 'n+x, s ._ • 2.8838 +(0.4371)(3.1181) =.4 2467 kJl(kg)(K)
VI = Vn + X l Vtat = 0•0010612 + (0 ,90 ) (0.8648388 ) = 0.779 4 m 3/k g
1 1
uI =U n +xuI ,.. =-507• 74 + (0 . 90 ) (2022.6) = 2328.1 kJ/kg
V • V,s • V1 • 0.019168 mS/kg Steam at a pressure of 0 28 .
r 0.19294 so711 2551..
1
2734.al&.5
6479 7 ;
volume of0.7794 ml/kg is8 · h M P a a n d w itha
su per e a te d v a pospecific
r.
§ i' 0.019168 t, IM ::l u, J h, ] M .; a. :,JM P2 = 0.28
MPa
V2 = v = 0.7794 m3/kg
o
d 0.018975 308 2550.1 2732.0 5.639_7 <:>
0.011
- 0.7683
200[]
1
x 1. 2651J4X2
0.000126= ...!1,. = . = 23. = .
_
_Q.7794
0.7855 _I
210 10 U _ 15.6
o.ods2
0.000319 1 T.7 2.3
0.0172 2
2667.0
Xl:0.4; \ = 307 + 0,4= 0.0111 X1 Xi
307.4°C
=0.7; Ui= 2551.8-0.7 = 2551.1 kJ/kg x,=0.0032; s2 = 5.6479 - 0.0032 = 5.6447 kJ/(kg) (K}
Xs=0.9; =2734.3 - 0.9 = 2733.4 kJ/kg
{a) Q = -u1= 2551.1-1771.2 = 779.9
kJ/kg (b) &i = - hl = 2733.4 - 1861=
0.0112 = w=lil
t1}
872.4 kJ/kg
==;
,cJ: 5. 6447- 4.2467= 1.398 kJ/(kg)(K)
Xl=6.5;
Xi= 10.1;
=200 + 6.5 = 206.5oc
(c} v, = 0.7794m3/kg
32 33
r: o..225 0o. .7797.91431 J Q.0139 0. 0 139 u_. - 2088.7
o.005L
•- • 1.893 m•lka
o:rm
•- • t.8'M m•Jkc
0.0139 v, - Y e • 0 .6068 - 0.0010432 0 3572
I
- v_ .
11....•
1.693 • ·
0.005 • 0.0162
a. o.00&29
u_• u,.+ x.u....• ,n 7 . 38 + co.367 2) (2088.7> • 1163.4 kJJq
(a)Q• m(u, - u1 ) • (0.8254 ) (1163.5 - 2543.6) •- 11 3 9. 2 kJ
I
(c) x, • 36.72'Jfl
, T
..
•
(2-5) A 0.50-m> tankmotains sat
Heat is transferred until tht u.rated steam at 300 k.P. a
m i ne(a ) the heat uansfe pressure reaches 100 k.P. a Deter.
{c ) the final steam quali rnd.( b ) the final temperature, and •
SOLU11ON:
saturated vapor (2.6) To what temperature must a rigid tank containing
dry saturated steam at 127°C be cooled to yielda
mixture of
Pa= 0.30 MPa, 25% quality?
v,z v, at 0.30 MPa: 0.6().SS
SOLUTION:
m1/kc
u1= u, al 0.30 MPa: 2M3.6 kJ/'q
v • v at 127°C • 0.7277 m'/q
1 1
m• V, s 0 .50 v1 • v1 • 0.7277 m1/ke
Vt .Q 0058: 0.8 kg
P, • 0.10 MPa, v =
mixtu re • v;, ,0
60.S8 rn111t, lh ' .
' • • aa a wet
Ye • 0.0010432 mll'q
35
v,• (b) Work ota nonflow proceae, w.
(1 - s,, v,. + x,v,.
v, • y,v,.+ x,v,. From the eunple enre ay equation,
o. 1211 • o.76 v,.+o. 26 v,. w.• Q-Au [unit maea]
neon with v_; .
Ne1Jectin1 v,. in coaipa (c) Transferred heat Qfrom the Ta plane.
0.26v,. - o.7277 Q • TAa [unit mau]
V
.. • 2.9108 m'/ki
2 . 93 40 JO 02321
and
2.9108 . 0.106
2.8280 (d) Work of steady flow process, Wa
p T
s
(c) AU= m(u-.. u ), = 2.27 (28 25 .2 - 2786)= 8.89 8 kJ/min
6 .
l
b,
J-u.2 0.0412 (d) AH= m - ) = 2.27 (3093- 11 9. 4 kJ/min
3040.4=)
l
10 Ls 18.6 6.6783
AA&l\.l W. = Q-AK -AH= 952.8- 42- 119.4= 791.4 kJ/min
16
2793.• .w-,v_
320
= = =-
10 (2-8) Steam at 200°C and with an entropy of 5.6105 kJ/
1 ·2 -- 2786 kJ/kg expands isothermally to 0.515 MPa. For 5 kg (a) what
(kg) (K)
_ 27'74.8 + are 65, MI. and 4U? Determine Q and W (b) for a non.flow
s, = 11.2; U-. kJ/kg process, (c) for a steady flow process with MC=0.
30'25 0 + }4 .5 = 4
304.0
Xs = 14.5; hl = . 656B kJ/(kg) (K) SOLUTION:
21+ o.0247 =. 6
S, -_ 0 .VN"J"47t· 6.63
s1 =
Steam with an entropy of 5.6105 kJ/(kg) (K)at 200°C is
a wet-mixture.
At P2 == 0 . 68 MPa Steam under a pressure of 0.515 MPa at 200°C is a
super heated vapor.
17J Xa
·
7 348 p
3oso.5l
Jx, 20 . 9
C
lO
16.0 h, 82 0.0355
10 6 316
320 3101. 7.3836
X
6_
10-
..!L=
16
!a =
.
o0 55
V 8
o .005•
o O'JO
•,
0 .0 1
• -n\ • rt • o.; igs
68 ·
• ft _.I\Ql ♦ O NY2 a 0. 41 23 m>Jk&
•, • O.<XM; 2 v,• "'- ·"'" A reversible adiabatic procesa is a constant entropy proc
.,. _ , 0.20. 26,C2.3 ess and also known as tCj_sentropic process"
0.20: ,, ,, 1 ♦
In an isentropic process. no heat is transferred (Q= 0) and
kJ/q
.0.3ha 28M.3 + Q.3 • 2854.6 kJ/q
thechange in entropy of the substance ia also zero (AS= 0)
J:
For a nontlow proceea,
7 039t + O.()(M95 • 7.o«4 kJ.
Q • Au + w.• 0 [unit maaa)
N U C.
•s • 0. " '"" ... • .
(kg) (K)
(a} • m<a, _a• > z 5(2854_.6 5.6106)• 7.1695
II kJ/K
5(7.°'4_4
2404.2) s 2252 kJ
AH• m(h. _ b,> 2
W a-Au
(e) Q■ 3391.2kJ
W1 • Q-411<AK• 0) . 'o....
W •h -"
with AK•
-AK
W • 3311.2- 2262 ■
•
1138.21w
41
. proceea on the pv and Ts planea.
(b) The irrevel"Slble ,.
p n • a ct u a l work h -·
idea l work = h 1- h
1 1
" t I' s
• Adiabatic PN,teII
n-e. ble bati
IND=-
- .!
1·on, n = 1 1rvVv,I.)
1
.
w ·. i'. - .".,·. proceu
SOLtmON:
• •
AtP. ......,.
r
, • i, .1, .. s<>LUTIONs
I
- 1 7.l h, •, _
S'70 i 8 9 .7 x, x, 22.2 • MPa •• auperheated, •mce the aaturation temperature for
03 1.60 MPa ia 198°C.
10 • _37' u, -
3 2 01 .- 7. 036_0
290, 7
380 98 ao j280
l 28a
290 0.166 2 2765.L 3015.3 6.8785
03907 ♦ 6.8 • 2899.5 kJ/kg
Jl1 • 6.
11•
Ot uI • • •
.
4 8 . Zs _ X
3 1 79 . 5 + 8.9 = 3188· kJ/kg
X,
X..
.
8.9, h, 1 0 0.0035• 17:3= w. = o. 04
. - 10011+ 0.0137 = 7.0154 kJl(kg) =- o 1
(K)
i,,.0.0137, s, - ·
a.= s,=7 .01 54 kJ kg) 1
X= 0.0028; 1V = 0.16271♦ 0.0028 :a: 0.1655 1 m /kg
(K)
z.= 13.8 ; U. • 2748.6 + 13 .8 = 2762.4 kJ/kg
At t, =
93°C x,= 18 .'l ; Ii.= 2992.7 + 18.1 = 3010 .8 kJ/kg
Uc= 389.46
ha=
389.54
'11 =
u.
ufl'
=210.78
x.=0.0323; •1 = 6 . 8381 + 0 .0323 = 6.8704 kJl(kg) (K)
: 2275.4 1.2271 = 2498 . 2
h_.= 2664.9 s..,=6.2138
s., = 7.4409
, Thefinal condition, = 0.960 MPa and 5s= 6.8704 kJl(kg)
(K), is superheated. The entropy of saturated vapor at a
0 6.8704 ...
w, = -Ii,= 3188.4- 2509.1 = 679.3 kJ/kg ;
0 0.2374 2694.1
6.9030 240
(2-10) Steam flows isentropically through a nozzle
from
1500 kPa, ?.88°C to 960 kPa For 454 y/sdetermine (a)
.. 5• IL S 2f{'/6.9 ♦ •
s, = •.· - 4
. _ 289. 9 6 + 5.8 = 4
k.J/kg
2905.
s. = 5.8, h, -
I
1'
"=Ml+t.K+ yl 46
p SOLUTION:
V 1:0.16966
bl = 3037.6 kJ/kg
m /kg
3
Flf. 2-7. Rever•lble Polytropic Process. At t2"= l00°C, the saturation pressure, p2 = 0.10135 MPa.
•.
0.10135 t
.,
At t 2 • 100°C
,,
.
v12 • 0.0 01043& u,.• 418.94· . h,.. • 419.04 ..... • 1 .. 3069
(c)Trantfmed heat, Q v,.,• 1.8719 u,..• 2087.8h,_ • 2267.0 •, • 6.0480
1
v. = v, [ :] = 0 . 05 7 66 [ -5 l. 6
= 0 . 2564 m 3 /k g
The s pec i fic volume of 8 •
0.17535 m3/kg. The final con;:: ra d steain at 0.9 MPa is
V s ion 18 8 superheated vapor.
j
At P, = 0.9 MPa
(d.)
0.0025
w.a
m<P,v - 1p 1v ) a 2((0.10135 ) (1.5730 ) - (1.5) (0.169§6
1
i-n 1-1.21 -..
0.0057 =
-21.9 =
- X
o .6 4 2 3 = :
= 905 .4 kJ
W = ( n) (W ) = (1 .2 1) (905 .4 ) = 1095 .5
x1 = 7.4; U, = 269 5 . 9 + 7.4: 2703.3 kJ/kg b
• • x, = 9.6; = 2924.4 + 9.6 = 2934 kJ/kg
kJ
(e) AU= m<Ui- u 1 ) = 2381.7 - 2783.1) = --802.8 kJ x,= 0.0186; = 6.9364 + 6.955 kJ/kg.K
Q = AU + W. = - 802.8 + 905.4 = 102.6 kJ 0.018 =6
{2-13) Five kg per second of steam at 5.9 MPa and x. = 4.4; \ = 240+ 4.4 = 244.4°c
500°C
expand to 0.9 MPa in a polytropic process where pV1•· = C. p
Find (a) x,or i.. AH, U. . {b) W for nonflow, and (c) W for the
steady flow if 11K = -40 kJ/s. (d) Find Q from steady flow steam is superheated.
and also from nonflow energy equa tion.
SOLtrrlON: .
.,
s
Vl : 0 .0 5766m.jkg
hl = 3423.3 kJ/kg {a) = 244.4°C
u. =3083.1
s1 = 6.8892 kJ/(kg) MI = m( - h1) = 5(2934 - 3423.3) = - 2446.5 kJ/s
kJ/kg
(K)
so
2700 - 851.92
+ Xa 0941.2)
= 7.143 - 6.8331 x. = 95.20%
= 0.31 kJ/kg•K (2-16) A steam calo.
• is e qu0. 11ty MPa
thof the a 1t.ea'0r
n d 20°SH
a 1 ·ipe steam
·
Y"'.> nmpe·ter receiv
roma p ip
ese steamf
at
s
am. ? pressureof2MPa, what
(2-15) A throttling calorimeter receives steam frolll
boiler drum 11 MPa and is superheated by 10 degrees a SOLUTION:
at.0
the boiler drum pressure is 1.55 MPa, what is the quali·tIf
thesteam generated by the boiler? Y of
T
SOLUTION:
h
T
s s
Atp2 = 01· MP h
12 = 2675.5 kJ/kg
a,
AtP = 0.11 MPa, t..i =
2 = hs2 + c, (OSH)
102.31°C t = t + 0 SH
2 Mt = 2675.5 + (2)(20)
= 102.31 + 10 = 2715.5
= 112.31°c
At P1 = 2 MPa, hn 908. 79 kJ/kg and h
. fgl: 1890.7 kJ/kg
= 2700 kJ/kg ( y interpolation) --
At P, = 1.55:\1Pa, hn = 851.92 kJ/k d h
hl = hn + X1hr,1
= 1941.2 kJ/kg g an r,1 hi = hn + XI hr 11
2715.5 = 908.79 + x1(1890.7) x1 = 95.56%
54 55
problelld
. . g ,teaJD at 700 k.Pa and i,e
9.. Three kil<>grama or •tea. . .
pe ra t ur e of 370°C have 24 itially at 2. 6 MPa and a
:
. nt 70'1o Determine per kilogtaf tethe
rn a work done,
l e nerg, thethe
(b) (d)
y and
n· heat wor.k
ransf rre d , (c) the chan1:) 1 1.4 kJ/kg; (b) -810 kJ/kg; (c) JO. Water vapor at 100 KPa o •
change of enthaly.p An·& is<>thermally until half the and l50 C 1a compressed
_ . 5 kJ/kg;(d)-810 kJ with 74.28°CSH rejects1 73. 3 6 work must be performed0 ;a por has co den d. How much
708 SteaJD at 3.1 MPa 8 tant pressure, determine (a) -ss per kilogram? t he steamm this compression
An
2 . h t at co n s . fi p,..,_. . &. - 13 84.7 kJ.
kJ p e r kg of steaJJ1eaand t h e change specic entropy. 11. A steam engine isentropically expands 5 kg/sec of
in (b)
the final te01perature 72 kJ/kg• K ,teamDfrom 0·.68 MPa , 220°C· the exhaus dry and satu•
t ·ts
Anf. (a) 235.70C; (b -.3 85 2 5 kg of steam bas an enthalpy of rated. etermme (a) the work of a nonflow process (b ) the
3. With 3% 0101sture, tant pressure to a final condition fjnaltemperature, and (c) the work of a steady flow process.
(b) kJ, It is heate at he pressure of the process and
00 /UJ·B (a) 641.05 kJ/sec; (b) 131.9oc 1 (c) _ kJ .
8 3 8 38
6 6
of 900su perheat. Fmd( . d b the ste alD· Ans. (a) 0.22 MPa; 12. Three kg of s am hasaninitial enthalpy of 7200 kJ at
the quantity of heat receive y 0.145 MPa . &entropic compression gives a final pressure of
(b) 575 kJ. are contained at 150 kPa and 90 0 .29 MPa. Fmd (a) the initial and final temperatures and (b)
.4 Five k of at.er v1:Jeen closure. Calculate the heat the work of a steady and nonflow processes. Ans. (a) 110 ,
per cent quahty m 8 8 rder to just producea saturated 4°C, 132.4°C; (c)-288.5 kJ,-3 25.8 kJ.
which must be added 10 0 be at the end of the heating 13. atura d s am at 0.16 MPa is compressed in an
kJ 168 kPa
What will the
vapor. Ans. t 04-
process? 5 5 pressure
• ..:ns 5
kg of wet steam at .0MPa.
4 jrrevers1ble adiabatic process with an efficie ncy of
80.24%.
For a final pressure of 0.45 MPa, determine (a) the final and
A ·aid vesse1 f
c on w u
5. ne- . . of 9 5 8 5 kJ the steam hasa pr s re? .2 0 initial entropies and (b) the ideal and actual temperatures of
After the
d addition
te mp eratuf re ooc Determine
· the m1tial mter• compressed steam. Ans. (a) 7.2 k.J/kg• K, 7.3 k.J/kg•K· (b)
MPa an 8 d th pe 700
cif iic volum e of the steam. An. s 220°c, 244°C. •
1553.9
nal energy an e 8 14. . Wet steam at 200°C and 20% moisture is
kJ/kg, 0.22k 58 mte3/kg. waterm1·xture at 1.0 MPa is contained in compressed in an irreversible adiabatic process to a
• pressure of 2.30 MPa
6 Heat
o.· Ag ·sb1t- am· is· added until pressure nses to and a temperature of 225°C. Determine (a) the work of com·
t ank tl i.e
an m e x1 e · De · add ed Ans . 13 7 8 .7 k J . .
3 .5 MP a an d the temperature to 4000c. term me 7. W te v a p or a t 100 kPa and 150°C is
th h · d·
e eat conta me m a
rig.di ves:e/At what temperature will the vapor start to
pression, (b) the compression efficiency, (c) the internal reheat. Ans. (a) -413.49 kJ/kg; (b) 33.3%; (c) 0.71018
irreversibility of the process, and (d) the compression kJ/kg•K; (d) 21 57. 3
kJ /kg .
condense when thecontainer is cooled lowl!? Ho much hea
15 . Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C expands polytropicalyl t,o
will have to be removed per kilotram m this coohngp .1 0 MPa according to pV1·3 = C. Determine the work of
roce.ss nonflow and steady flow, the heat tra nsferred, h. and 6s.
Ans. 95.68°C, -81.4 kJ/kg Ans. 298. 9 kJ/kg, 388.6 kJ/kg,- 7.6 kJ/kg,-3 96.2 kJkg,
. Water at2 5. MPa and 200°C is heated at con -0 .0127 kJ/k"•K.
see..
c.--.
or
Boiler
C oad ■-
,
T
V
s
Fig. 3-2. Rankine Cycle
58
59
otdlefbl)owina -
,, .iRaDP,.c::,deiaeolll. \he •••C .
. u-opic in ·oo oCbea l ill theconden._ EnerobeJanea:
t-S: i9ell reJSIIX"e 1
I eoo-t•D\ Pl
p•C ...;n.•.s•C • .-.1.._ w E._•E
s.B: ticpulllr--addibOll ol heatm wm
·
-----t:ant •h_+W
&el:
.....--s--uCre
N()1'B: tate o(steam leavina the a "- W • h1-
•- the ideal eyde. the 5 . _ are the same as well aa o._
eooaiderinc the change in kinetic eneray,
a. ua
p•
the en.gi.-
•-..;""' • th
,eoeratol'and enw.u- . the pump and entering e steaz.i
siate of ter lea t there is no press drop andno
,enei:ato•r nus ineans
ste lin and reedwater lin.e
b1 + JC.• h. + K. + W
W • h 1- + K 1 - JC.
beet ieauge ill substance within the a,a..
b. The quanbt! "! ...i.- that there are no leakages in the
tl!lllis c:,on,staDt. This 1111
-
k
w • w- w, W = work done by a kg of steam, kJ/kg
m =- steam rate, kg/kwh
.h-bi-W,
Wlit& I t rrnining the net cycle work ia ob-
r ed e By
Another definition mass flow rate
methodo
\ainini it from the Ts steam rate = power output
diagram. mass flow rate, kg/h
• power, kw
T
kJ 1h
but Power• (Jllass flow rate, n) (\V, kg)< 3soo
ID• • 3 th
W600 rottle &team flow
rate engine power
• output
o. Heat Rate. HR
Heat rate ia the ene ch
The Ideal Raftkl• £;aCille .,ork or the rate ore ray argeable per unit of
. nii• is either a •t.-m turbine or pow.er nero charpable perunit of
Theideal Rank acet,ec J\ an,d(-al RAnkine engi•
aiea.JD en ii ne - Tbdil le 13 thttt an ,d1'41 en.,.9ine d0es nlle
· and an ,detll Ranlun«- ,, "'od onlv with all .1..ot HR• Energy
de . -ork Dn' ·th e Rate
uiclu pump . iQ.$1tk t.l:w a.-UW- On the o er hand. the Power
(E kJ )
-
prott55d -- · mp work use t epump- 7ci'"
(mus flow rate c•
idf-al c le mu.St tnp<l . "D FOR THE C"- , .n'
tUUoll" pol f EN l
&
,.;rBt offlE &. ·"-'-SIO PROCESS SHOULJ) (mass flow rate, (J (W. (1 )
8
BE ISE-'tR OP I,C
• < 36 00 > (Ee}
£aciM Ana)y1lis w
• (m.) CE.)
A. Work. W
• m. ( h 1 - h )
W • h,-h.
a. nwmaI Effici .acy. e. E. Relation between e and HR.
•
c»firut.100 o! wrmal efficiency doea not directly
w
ppliH to an en bta n heat is added to il •e • E.
1lo.st ad it i.s ch.:irpci
enter
.,th tnth.alpy of steam
w
inc lhe tn&UW and cnd1ud Wlth the enthalpy of satu !HR> (W)
ra bqwd mt t.bAe cooden.JUl.f m ratu re. E. 3600
\\'lwn apphtd to 4tl enf\M the therma l efficie ncy, e
• W Q, bto.lmHe II WIE, wMre E,._ en r,ry chareeable
•
Then,
ap.ulll the fll(I.OI. fl uqwd at the condeManf tempc,roturt
tah
E.• tt1lhalpy of ,team enl.ttlnl the enfine - enthalpy w
•• • Ulll},WI
w 3600
•.• wT • --
• l ••• 3600
HK
s. Heat R.tiected. Q..
h 1• • h,. + W + Q._
W • h 1 -.
b.,.- Q._
D. Pump Work, Wrt
Engin8AJ181Y8 1
••
A. work. W' Thermal Eflicienciee
W • h•.- b,,
argeable Against the Engine, E: a. Ideal Thenna.1 Efficien c,y e
B. Enel'IY Cb
e • :Ji_
Ee.• h-r h,,. E.
b. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, 8t
c.
-.-•
Thermal EfticienCJ, ec'
J)eflnitlon of Terms - •
d. Combined Thermal Efficiency,
enerator is a generator driven by a turbine.
Turbog, .L W: is the work done by the steain du.:..
Ide al wo r " , , . 8it• w..
E.
b 1. ne. --uga
. b. thl t d i a b atic expansi on process ur
1 n e
8
reve r sated id wor",
1 e oractual flu .L W i or W , ·
is th e work doneb Note : e> e.> 9tt>
I n. icd dunn'g an irreversible adiabatic expansion Steam Rates ·
or-.,
the stea
1 m
.
. YT\AnJaion process 1 n the tur !'U·IY
b'
me . ..,- - '" ·1 k ail
tropi u· w thork w: is the use1 w wo r , av able wori
ec 1 .e.,
B,a 8, L Ideal Steam Rate, m
at the engine shaft.
Combined work,Wll',isthe electrical energyavailableatthe m = 3600
generator outle.t w
b. Indicated Steam Rate, m
1
IDs= 3 60 0
c. w Rate,
Brake Steai:i . m
11
Fig. 3 ◄, Turbine-Generator
Brue O.tor +
3600
Set
68 m11• W
•
d. Combined Steam Rate,
mk- _ 3600
WK
. e Efliciencies
EnP -aine Efficiency, Di (3-1) Steam is generated at 410 MP
Indicated E&&&- condensation occurs at_0 105 MPa · a and 440°C and
a. W (a) For a Rankine engine · · •
u te the thermal m
Di • -vi- coJD P
. e
operating between these lunita,
ciency and the heat rate
Brake Engine Efficiency, n,. . (b) liC ostsiddenteng hat a Rankine cycle occurs between the
b. W saJDe
. ( ) m1,
What m e888 n Q A•Q a• w-· and ee.
nmne
°':: :;J- c
30, 000 kW_
?
ow rate is required for a net output of
. ed Engine Efficiency,
C. CoJnbiD
SOLtrI'ION:
°'. T
1
n= wwa.
• I
0.lOl5MPa
e. era tor Efficiency, n,
Gne
D = W L
• w. 8
a
70
1()448> (4100- 105) = 4.17 1.... ......-- 71
(a) • SSo6·1
_ 250s.6 = 797.1 k:J/kg
VI -= h-, h, ..no 24= 2882.6 kJ/kg
:= 330tS.1 - ,U,U•
B,== h 1
-ho 797.1 == o.2765 or 27.65 %
e= Jl_:,:
E,
,,. M 360Q _ 4.516 kg/kwh 8
SO U ="! 79'1.l -
JD :s
p = 1.7MPa h = 30 32 .1 kJ/kg = 5.35kg/kwh
Heatrate= Ch - hi,>==(4.516)( 2882 . 5) = 13,017 kJn.. 1 1
(111) t ·•-ii t = aoo 0
a = 6.8528 kJ/(kg) (K)
c
1 1
(b) RaJlkine cycle
_ 3305.7-427.4 = 2878.3 kJ/kg At P2 = 0.01 MPa
QA:: h, -h, - ba = 191.83 s11 = 0.6493 kJ/(kg) (K)
kJ/hg
Q=, h,-h,= 2508_.6 423.24 = 2085.4
kJ/kg b,.,= 2392.8 sr
,2
kJ/kg
=
7.500 9 k.J/(kg) (K)
W = Q _ Q=. 2878.3 - 2085.4 = 792.9 k:J/kg
- .A •
or W.- _ W-W= 797.1 - 4.17 = 792.9 X=i s-, s,, = 6.8528 - 0.6493= o 827
kJ/kg 81'12 7. 5009 ..
,
At p1 = 0.036MPa
e = W _ 934.6 = 0.324 or 32.4%
bl - h,. 3192.0 - 307.05
ha=307.05kJ/kg sa'= 0.9956 kJ/(kg){K)
0.20MPa
X 1150 27 6.8 81 10.6
Ltr
2'
2779.J 20.5
10
2789.3
160
8
= X - -10.6
P1 :: 10 20.5
10.MPa hl = 3625.3 kJ/kg X = 5.2
s1 = 6.9029 kJ/(kg) t:r =:150 + 5.2 = 1ss.2°c
76.
(K)
. y): (84 5.9 ) (0 .93 ) :::7867 L.
.
w,.• tor efficienc .
.
II. 'file Ideal Reheat Cycle
(We>(genera
== 4 . 576 kg/kWh
=
ID11 = W,.
rate =
bi ed beat ) (h - h ) = (4.5 76 )( 36 25 .3 - 5 ().&
(ID11 • n . '1io
e
Coin n = 14 ,280 kJ/kwh
) (4.576) = 137,280 kg/h
te = (30,000
Mass flow ra
The Reheat Cycle S...m
Generator
Introduction
T
B
s
8
T
1- t :
- -npa t pressure
. . a w h e re : n = number of rebeaters
t-3: c .
..
•c expansion in the turbine
!.:p1et.e isentr0P1_.,ection of heat in the • 8 :::: a . J-Ieat Rejected, Q
~
8
S--4: pressure • C
, -:6 ccoonndset-aJnlster, P • Cg p Energy balance:
rocess, s = C .
_ ..._ adiabatic puinP:addition of heat in the boiler
8 ....nstant preSSU • P :c:::
B-1: ....,... Conde,_
cyc1eAnalYSis h, = h5 + Qa
5
A. Heat Added, Qa = h, - h5
Energy balance:
c. Engine Work. W
Energy balance:
QB+ he= h,
QB= h, -ha h1 + h3 = hs + h, + W
W• h1 - + h, - h,
8
w
steam
Generator
Energy balance:
Another means of determining engine work is by
getting the sum of the work done by the steam during the
different stages of expansion.
I
QA• QB+ QRH
QA • hl - h, + h, - hi
81
80
F. flierlD8l Efficiency. ec
Approximate PUJnp
WP• V,s(Pa-pJ e. - q7
Exact pump work YI,_ = h.-ha+ -h -W
4 p
QA = h• - ii_ + - ha
but ha= +WP
Wp = h8 - h6 QA = hi -ha+ - - WP
ec = h-i + -h - WR
h 1- + -ii!-Wp
E. Net Cycle Work,
W,.,,.
Engine Analysis
A. Work, W
s
W = hl - + h3- h.
WrtC = QA-Qa
B. Steam Rate, m.
= [h-1 h8 + h3 - ] - [h4 - h5]
= h- +11a - h•- (h m = 3..a..600_
- h)
1 8 5 . w
-
= h1 - +h-h-W C. Energy Chargeable Against the Engine, Ee
3 4
82 p
83
.
aeneraelqu ation a
bich is applicable to 'h -
t
w
• e onl1 • •
engill f steam entenng the en re}lAen8Yt
E • enthalpy f saturated liquid at Cc>nde..
c enthalpy + :t QaH cPyJd'.e88a8nDacecotuftableofnoe.CIOnditiona will make the
telllperature ideal
E.Heat Rate, HR
e. Irreversible adiabatic 8XJ)anaion process.
HR= m.E,
9s-vt a 1 • and a.,• a.,
The Actual Reheat Cycle
Q....=0,but
4'
Conda.er
B'
6
Plimp
.
aeneraelqu ation a
bich is applicable to 'h -
t
w
• e onl1 • •
engill f steam entenng the en re}lAen8Yt
E • enthalpy f saturated liquid at Cc>nde..
c enthalpy + :t QaH cPyJd'.e88a8nDacecotuftableofnoe.CIOnditiona will make the
telllperature ideal
E. Heat Rate, HR
e. Irreversible adiabatic 8XJ)anaion process.
HR= m.E,
9s-vt a 1 • and a.,• a.,
The Actual Reheat Cycle
Q....=0,but
T
Conda.er
B'
B
6
Plimp
1.
conden.se =:7a) Q,v (b) W.,., and (c) ec. For the en = 3361 - 2891 + 3968 _ 151 53
s team (d)W (e) e and (f) the steam flow for an
= 4286.5 kJ/kg .
m
eno; ,
output ol 40,000 kW. W _ 1912
3
e. = -E • - • 0.446 or 44.6%
SOLtmON: 4286.5
3
T (0m = = = 1.88 kg/kwh
kJ/kg
O.OOSMPI
ha = h,at0.006 MPa = 151.53 kJ/kg
•• • •, at0.006 MPa = 0.0010064 m3/kg
,= •• (p. - pJ =0.0010064 (8000 - 6) = 8.05 kJ/kg
w,
.._= ha+ = 151.53 + 8 .05 = 159.58 kJ/kg
II
8
11i • hat 8.0 MPa and 485°C = 3361 kJ/kg
b, = h at1.4 MPa and s2 equal to s1 = 2891 kJ/kg
h, = hat 1.3 Pa and 720°C = 3968 kJ/kg
h4 = h at0.006 MPa and s4 equal to s, = 2526
steam flow = (40,000 kw)0 .88 kg/kwh)
::s 75,200
kg/b or
20.89 kg/s
89
SOLUTION: (d) The corresponding Rankine cycle
l 3
T
'l'
o.c 0.08 )I Pa
8
8
and 4000c = 3128.2 kJ/kg h, = h at 0.06 MPa and s2 equal to s = 2220 kJ/kg
h1 • h at.8 5 MPa and saturated = 2800 kJ/kg = hr at 0.06 MPa = 359.86 kJ/kg 1
h, • h at a, equal tos 1 and 4 00 oC= 3246 kJ/kg v,, = v, at 0.06 MPa = 0.0010331 m3/kg
h, = h at P3 ; to pd 8 equal to s = 2500 kJ/kg W = VD (pl -p3) =0.00103(381,500- 60)= 8.7 kJ/kg
h. =- hat .0 06 a o 0010331 ha:= h3+ WP = 359.86 + 8.7 = 368 .6 kJ/kg
m3/3kg
viii = Vr a.t0 06)-MPao ooio331 (8,500 - 60) = 8.7 W = h1 = 3128 .2 - 2220 = 908.2 kJ/kg
kJ/kg -
W • VII (pl - P11 - .
W = W-WP = 9 08 .2 - 8 . 7 = 899.5 kJ/kg
. ha+ w,= 359.86 + 8 .7 = 3 68.6 Q:· bl - _h B3 = 3128.2 - 368 .6 = 2759 .6 kJ/kg
kJ/kg
W 899.5
(a) W = h - bi+ Ji,- h•
= 3i28_.2 2800+ 3246 - 81 = = 2759_ = 0.3259 or 32.59%
2500 6
W
_W
.. . • 1074.2
,
W =1074.2- 8.7=1065.5 kJ/kg
(e) Ra nkine en.gine ateam rate
=
3W600 3_600
=
(b)
kJlkg QA • h, - hu + h,- Ji, 908 2
• 3128.2 - 368.6 +3246 - = 3.964 k.g/kwh
2800
• 3205.6 kJ/kg
kg/kwh
Heat ra • m(h-1 h,4) = 3.35(3128-2 - %improvement = 1700. l = 0.1549 or 15.49%
359.86)
• 9273.9 10,974
kJ/kwh
90 91
. twoetageeofreheatingiae,r
(3.7
atcycle-1 1 from 20 MPa and 54oo
A re )h e ding in1t1a ly MP and
W • h1- Ji.. + ha - h4+ h- h •
e x pan 3 8 0.97
a MP C. - 3 3 6.3 6- 2916 + 8 8
"'
with ste8Jll pressures are i 540°c. Condensation
a, &tld Q
Ui = 1848.2
kJ/kg
3538.8
· - 3100+ 35659 - 2604
two reheater each reheatera d 1 kg/s of steam findQ ti •t W • (1848.2 kJ/kg) (1 kg/a)
ste8Jll le)aFv:;theideal ey i f steam find W and e " = 1848.2 kJ/s
and .
60oC. (a ...mne and 1 J\.fYs .. t W..,,,.• W - W • = 1848.2 - 20.32 • 1827.9 kJ/s
(b)For the e..
SOLUTION:
1827 9
1 35 e
• W...,
QA = ·
4180.8 = 0.4337 or 43.379D
=
(b) W • 1848.2 kJ/s
T
EC = 11i - h, + 1¾ - + I\ - h,
= 11i - + 1¾ - h• + I\ - h.,
= 3363.5 - 2916 + 3538.3 - 3100 + 3565.9 - 251.13
= 4201.1 kJ/kg
Ec = (4201 .1 kJ/kg) (1 kg/s) = 4201 .1 kJ/s
O.OUIMMPa
e. = W _ 1848.2
Ec - 420_1 = 0.4399 or 43.99%
1
s h,= b at 3.8 MPa and 540°C = 3538 .8 kJ/kg
b = hat 0.97 MPa ands, equal to s 3 = 3100 kJ/kg
h: = h at 0.97MPa and 540°C = 3565.9 kJ/kg
h. = hat 0.01994 MPa and S8 equal tos5 = 2604 kJ/kg
h = b at 20 MPa and 5400c = 3363.5 kJ/kg
= bat 3.8 MPa and s2 equal to s 1 = 2916 k.J/kg
(3-8) An idealdouble-reheat steam Determine (a) engine work,
turbine receives300,000 kg/h of steam at (b) engine thermal efficiency. and (c) steam rate. (d)
10 MPaand 400°C. After expansion from Consider ing a generator output of 100 MW with 97%
high pressure turbine shell. it is reheated generator effi ciency, what are the mbined heat rate, brake
twice from saturated vapor condition back work, brake thermal efficiency, and pump pojver requi re
to its initial temperature. The steam ment.
enteringthe condenser is 97% dry.
h, = h,at 60°C = 251.13 kJ/kg SOLUTION: l 3 5
I
{a) Q,. = h-
1 h87 + -hi+11s -h4
= 3884.3 kJ/kg
I
_-1-.J-t..M-.-et.. -- I I
7e•c
e. = T W _ 1558.5= 0.4012 or 40.12%
(0.04388 MPa)
- 3884.3
3600 - 2 31k g/k. h
(c) Steam racte, m = 1558.5- . w
3 600
- W -=
300,000 kg/h
(d) Combined steam rate, = 100,00 kw = 3.0 kg/kwh
Energy balance: W
h + h, = + h4.+ The Regenerative Cycle
lh :h+h- -W
4' l 3
_ = 993.l = 1056.5 kJ/k.g
W• Ws - n 0.94 Introduction
1
h = 3162.6 + 3271.2 - 2821 .7 - 1056.5
•
4
= 2545.6 kJ/kg = 3152.6- 2804 + 3271.4 - 2840
h4. = hr4• + x.hr-4· = 1140 kJ/kg
2545.6 = 326.51 + •x .(2313.8)
96
x4• = 0.959 or 95.9%
97
t1ve F eedwater Heating
Effects O
fficiency.fftegenera ael 310
Refer to -:;.g £ bai:.: Fig. 3-11. It is a fact that the quality
1. 1ncrease in of eJdiausts am or '? cycles are the same,.i e. , "2 (Rankine
therJJl cYde) == "3 (Rege er a tive cycle). But the quantity of exhaust
teaIP decreases in te h regenerative cycle as the result of the
}eeding process. Therefore, the moisture contentdec re ases.
T
T 1'be Ideal Regenerative Cycle With One Stage of Extrac
t1•011 for Feedwater Heating.
1
1 Kg
m 5&earn
0-m,) Gcner9tor
rn2 3 Oenerat.or
(1-m)
5
s Condenaer
By de fi m·t1·0n_, e - wnet /Q. Exami• ning the e( qu) bati•on, the two
s·mg the thermal efficiency are a y
• r easing
finc t
w a yso1 mcrea
· · h Fig. 3-12. Plant Layout of Rege erative Cycle With
t h e
net cycle work and (b) by reducing t e ea supp1ed, QA, One Stage of Extraction for Feedwater Heating.
h
(Refer to Fig. 3-10 and Fig. 3-11). The tem erature of feed
water entering the boiler in the regenerative cycle (t ) fa
higher than that of theoriginal Ra_nkine cle (t ).
9
Since115 the feedwater enters the boiler at a relative high of .e2 xpaDnseicorne.ase inthe moisture content duringthelatersta
temperaturea, smaller quantity of heat is needed to ges
transform it to steam than without the regenerative 98
feedwater heating. This in ef fect tend to increase the
thermal efficiency.
Itistrue that the net work doneperkilogram of the
throttle steam in the regenerative cycle is less than thatof
the Rankine cycle as the consequence of the extraction of
steam for feedwa• terh eta ign . This tends to decrease the
thermal efficiency. But the rateof decreased in the heat
supplied, QA , is faster than the reduction rate in the net
cycle work, W . Therefore, the net result of this is an
increase in thermal ;fficiency.
T
m
0-m,)
p,- l
hs-ha.
• = n;-H;;
Ahematt
t Baiana:
&n fn:GIbled steam = Heat to feedwater Te
..., Off I 5
m(h,-b,) s m..<h,-Jv OH2
a (h,- hJ s (1-m)Oi.-h,J
7
....,
flw pump •tJl'k.oftensmall ,0 that it
(aJ1 be Pll,3.13 Regenerative Cycle With Two-Stages of
Extraction For Feedwater Heating
s pump work,
• work9,
101
· , , p ulllP
Neglec tin . h
h • ee c.
Heat Rej
h• • bee Q•
• ral uation for determining theq
. g the gene eq .
Applyin te&JJl (1-m) ...
tity of bleds ' a
D. Engine Work, W
Energy balance:
-+-. . . . .w
2 3
B,
1Kg Ii,.
Boiler
Energy balance:
Another method:
Where: Wv/.•',
.
('
Yr• (p9-4 P,
v,.(p 86- p
total pump work
C. Thermal Effici-A-
n-,e •.·r w .
Approxirnate •
r,w, • Vu<P.-. p,) 'the ,ADtual Reseneratlve Cycle
Bd1er
r
The Ideal Reeeneratlve En,tne
'
Engine Analysis
BoOarFNdwaw
Pump
A. Workk, W
Pi< Pu
E, = Enthalpy of steam Enthalpy of
entering the turbine feedwater leav 2. Pressure dropin the steam line (1 - 1').
- ing the last
heater
104
105
. the eondenser.
s. PrePure drOP 111 w,.. = We 1(idea l)
pum P elfic1ency
P, < p,.
. J . - inthbled steam Wp2(ideal)
J>reSSut8
line. . ., p pump efficiency
4.
Pr< P,,
Pres&ure drOP in the reedwater line. F. Net Cycle Work, w_.
5. Wnel. = W-W
Pas< PM
t losses in the steam lines (1- 1') and G. Thermal Efficiency. e . C
(_2' 2")
6. Hea
7. Heat losses in the turbine.
8 . Inefficient pumth h ters
9 . Heat losses in e ea ·
(3-10) Steam is delivered to an engine at 5.4 MPa and
Cycle Analysis 600°C. Before ondensation at 31°C, steam is extracted for
feedwater heating at 0.60 MPa
A. Heat Ad QA. Foran idealcycl ,find (a) the amount ofsteam extracted (b)
Wand (c) e. For an ideal engine and the same states, compute
(d) W and e, and (e) steam rate.
Qr = (1 - m') (h,.-h,) 1
T
C. Mass of Bled Steam
m 0.8MPa
m'=n;:-=n;=
(J-m)
D. Engine Work, W'
(3-11). S
1! 2 •2.1ke/kwh
SOLUTION:
Heat balance:
= 1320.75 kJ,\g
h at 6.2 MPa and 480°C = 3371.8 kJ/kg
h at 3 MPa and s, equal tos1 = 3150 kJ/kg
{c = - ha·=1320.75
3663.3 -O675.86 = 2987.44 kJ/kg
442
ec = =
2987.44 = . or 44.2%
\:tA
h at 1.4 MPa and s3 equal tos1 = 2856 kJ/kg h,at 0.0065 MPa = 157.67 kJ/kg
h at 0.0065 MPa and s. equal to 81 = 2105 kJ/kg h,at 1.4 MPa = 830.30 kJ/kg
()0842 kJ/kg
"' = hr at, 30 06M{P; = :0 001 69 m3/kg =U -.-0 0? 68 ) (830.30-157.67)
,.,, v at 0.0 0012165 m /kg 2856-157.67
/ at 3 MPa= oco' 001 2 165 ) (3000 - 1400)
p1 ) = . = 0-222 kg/kg throttlesteam
v ,, -
V, s :
w := v,,<Ps-1
f
p=3 1.946 kJlk_ _ 2 + t.946 = 1010.37 (a) IXli == (0.0768) (54,500) = 4185.6 kg/h
10 08 4
kJ/kg
hs1= +W - 0( .0010069) (3000 - .6 5) == 3.014 kJ == (0 . 222 ) (54,500) = 12,099 kg/h
,-s Ps- lltg
'f,W,= v111( P8-1 >
er,) W = <h-1 ) + (1- m1}( - h3) + (1 - m 1 - )(h:.- h )
== (3371 . 8 - 31 50 ) + (1 - 0 . 0768 ) (3150 - 2956) 4
=
1008.42 - 830.30 (d) QA= h 1- h 8 , = 3371 .8 - 1010.37 = 2361.4 kJ/kg
= 54- 500
3150 - 830.30
= 0.0768 kg/kg throttle
= (2361.4) [
3600 ]= 35,750 watts or 35.75 kW
steam = W- I.W,= 997.62- 3.014 • 994.61 kJ/kg
eC = 994.61
- _ = 0 . 4212 or 42 . 1 2 %
W 2361 4
if':'
'
=
Open Heater
No. 1
Heat balance:
mJia + {1- m1 - h5 (3-12) An ideal regenerative cycle ia executed with steam
} generation at 10.0 MPa and 600°C. Before condensation at
0.005 MPa,steamis extracted forfeedwater heatingfirst at 2.5
MPa and second at 0.6 MPa. On the basis of 1 kg of throttle
steam, find(a) the quantityofsteamextracted at eachpoint,(b)·
110 QA andec, (c) W,e.,and m,and(d)for a combined steam rateof .
3.34 kg/kwh, what is -n,_? ·
111
SOLtJTION:
Ills - (1 - m )(b,. _ 1,,. (1
-li. ::IS!........0.11655)
282o(670 137.82)
56
15
= 0.17547 kg/kg - i .3 82
7
::o
= 10.06 kJ/kg
= 0.11655 kg/kg
w,. _ 1077 .84 _0 ·
= W - _ - . 1 or 84.81% 848
1270 88
J-{es.t balance:
T
(1 - JD.I) (he - h,): ml( - )
_ 908.79 - 762.81
1111 = - 3000 _7 _62 81 = 0 .0 65 kg/kg of throttle
steam
W :s h -
1
h+. (1- m Hh.- h,) + (1- DJ.s) C- h,)+
(1 - m
1
ha
D1- i 1
113• • 228715 IUJICc
- ms- m,)(h.- hJ F-.:--, hf••2803 KJJ1Cc
...- 2230Jc.J/KtJ
= 31 92 - 3000 + (1 - 0.065) (300-0
6. 284.3) 8
+
(1- 0.065- 0.103)(2843 - 2550) +
= 862.89 K,J/kg
W,_= W- IWP.=862.89 - 3.83= 859.06
kJ/kg ZDit• 5 . 63 kg/kwh and n = 95'-"
QA= h.-h,-W For
•
= 3169.8 - 908.79 - 2.12 = 2258.88
kJ/kg m•, n,1Dt • 0.95 (6.63)= 5.3485 qlkwh
o--..--.> - --.a..-av
,_ h.
().78 • tt I
3037 .36 -
37 .36 - 28 5 -.-<•- >
• u
::=
-0..a..1> -176'2-31 - 504 7)
Us l 0 - 504_ 75
• 0..013 ol thratu. a1111Mres-
.,
- b, 2910-h. , :s 267 0 .5 kJ/q
0.78 • ti;- h,.• 2910 - 2603
sr:e
further expan:on, uation& for (a) the quantity of e et.
:e:!ork, and(cJ the the?Dal efficiency. - of bled steam •'ixn offeedwate
dl L!_ea'Yl.ng the he r
; should refer to a Ts diagram with named
POin.i;_111 ntbalPY of feedwater
eaYin the heater
at er
en py of feedwate
,o
b a enthalpy of bled enterin the heate r
us
n t.
tealD • enthalp Of fi
ente . Y
r
eedwater
l'1ng the heater
•
m =- (1) [ : t: 1
uc,
l 4
4
T
t- -----...1 -
(l-a)
120
TscUqram of Cue l. First method
Energy balance:
a Eua= E
Fla. h1 +(l - m)h 4 = m +(1-m) +(1-m)ha + W
S..15 W • h1 +(1-m) h4 - m - (1-m) ( + h.)
. 121
Q. - hl -haT
Second method .s of expansion
= h 1 - h.,- W,.
w = .,wofstaP
W.,. = vn<Pa, - P1>
= W ,.. +W..,+W._.
= h1- + (t-xn) ( - bi)+ U-m) (h,- General Equation:
h.)
QA = Q..._, + }:Q•➔--
Total Pump Work, IW•
• (h1- - W ,.> + U-m) Ch-, Ii.,)
IW = W,1+ w.,. •
, (p -p,) + v,, <Pn-P,)
w' (Esact
- VAi formula
Bl )
W = Engine work Pumpwork Assume an ideal reheat generative cycle with, first, an
- IM&. tractionfor feedwater heating, then latearsingle reheating
W-IW,
:e
= e x xt .
d finally, pomts ,I!o', r feedwater heating. Sketch•
ct·
ra ion
twoe
= (h1 -bJ+(1-m)(h,- Ii,) + (1-m) (h•- energy diagram and write equations for (a) the quantityof
team extracted at each point,(b) the work from Q,..and Qa
hJ and e turbine work,and (c)the thermalefficiency of the cycle.
- v11<Pa,- p,) The equation should refer to a Ts diagram with named
points.
c. Thermal Efficiency• e
w
e = i(-
Heat Added QA
Reheat.er
(1-m)
1 (1-tn)
Pwnp4 Pump3
Fir9t beater:
s OH1
ha
-
uc,
124 125
b + ( 1 - m 1) h , - m _ U-111 )l..
t/1- l (1-Dl,-Dla~Dla
1
l -a- ID.ha - IDah.-
SeCOnd Method:
W = W +Ws-a+W +W W
.... + a-1
(b, - + (1-m1> <ha- ha>+ <t- m 1) (h, _ ha)
+ (t - m 1- ) (hg- Ji.) + {1 - 1
-m. ) (Ji._ h,)
3
1 'l'berDlal Efficiency, ec
c;.
Condi T
w
ec =
II.
•o-aa1--.-.>
Therefore, the net cycle work based from QA and Q.is
c. ASE 3.
W,_ : QA - •
The same as Case 2 except that the three extraction
= h 1 - h 11 -Vru (p1111 -Pu>+ U - m1) (h, - ) points occur after the reheating.
- (1- ml - - 1na)(h,- 11.)
Turbine Work, W
-
5
•
First Method:
1 t--- -
1 .. ..
l)(s
RehNta-
...
'&=E
-
11t+ u-m.> h, = h. + u-m.> + m.Jis+ m>. ,-..,N ..._...,
OHt
,-.n Plllllpll
•
Last heater:
Cycle Work, W
ll(g -
".
082
1Kg
Second heater:
--- -
(I
(l"""'i-G\
hw OH2 - - II.
QA: QBciller +
Q.._ttr
=· h-1 hu- Y n1 <Pan - Pu> + (11,- ly
Q 1 = U - m 1 - m 2 - m 3 ) (h, - l\ )
12g
(The same as in Case 2.)
_...m a} Efficiency, e.
Tb -
Turbine Work, W
cASE 4 .
...
lKc
"· Assume an ideal reheat. g nerativecycle: after
w some ansion, part of the steam 1s extracted for
1'\TRBINE feedwater r:ting; theremainder arewithdrawn and
reheated to the
4 6 6 1 0 ginal tem perat ur e; after fui:ther expansion,a second
traction occurs; then expansion to exhaust. Write the
., "· m, "' fl\"- h, ( 1-m, --m-. -., ex uations for (a) the quantity of steamextracted and( b ) the
:rbine work.
- )h7+ W
Another method
Boiler
t
B, 6
B,
OH2
W = (h -1 ) + (Ii,- h4 ) + (1 - m1) (h 4 - h1 )
Fig. 3-20. Plant Layout of Case 4
+ (1- m -1 IDi)(h6 - h1 ) + (1 -
130 m1 -
h,- h.,)
131
,rurbine Work. W
b-
T
--+-.....
EUI= E..
a. Mass of Bled Steam
h1+ (1-m1) = m1 +(l-m1) +m,h4+ Cl-m.- mJh6 + W
Open heater No.1:
W = (h 1- ly + Cl-m1)h,- mJl4 - {1- m -1 m )h2 6
or
'
2
= (h1 - ) + (1-m.) ( - h•) + (1-m1 > ,,
OH l
h., (h - h }
• 4 6
1 132 ·
4
OH 2
(3 d 365°C enters a turbine and
- 1 expands until it becomes saturated. The steam is withdrawn
14 and reheated to 330°C. After expansion in the turbine to
) 150°C, m1 kg is extracted for feedwater heating. The
St remain
ea ing steam expands to the condenser pressure of 0.016 MPa.
m For 1 kg of steam, tind W._, ect e., and the ideal steam rate.
at
5
M
P
a
an
133
SOLtJTION: 1/1,,,,,,.
,:: w- P
= 10605
• - .uR 06 = 1055.4 kJ/kg
l
a Q,. bl - h97 + 1¾ -
= 3108 - 551.48 + 3110- 2786
T
= 2875.5 kJ/kg
,o.ousMPa Ee = h1 - h,, + ha - h,
= 3108 - 551.48 + 3100- 2786
= 2880.5 k.J/kg
W 1055.4
8
ec = = 2875.5 = 0.3670 or 36.70%
h = hat 5 MPa and 365°C = 3108 kJ/kg
h ,= h at s equal to s 1and saturated = 2786 kJ/kg
1 1060.5
h,= h at 1 25 MPa and 330°C = 3110 kJ/kg e. = EW = 288 0. = 0 . 3682 or 36 . 82%
h,= hat 15D°C (0.28 MPa) ands, equal to s3 = 2762
C
5
kJ/kg
h, = hat 0.016 MPa and s5 equal to s, = 2315 kJ/kg 3600 3600
h. = hr at 0 .016 MPa = 231.56 kJ/kg m = W = 1060.5 = 3.39 kg/kwh
h, = brat 0.28 MPa = 551.48 kJ/kg
v = v,at 0.016 MPa 0.0010147 m /kg
3
(3•1?) In an ideal reheat•regenerativecycle, steam enters
11 = v,at 0.28 MPa = 0.0010709 m /kg
vn the engine at 8 MPa and 400°C. After expansion to 280°C
Wp2= vn(p - p ) = 0.0010709(5000 - 280) = 5.05 kJ/kg
the steam is withdrawn and reheated to 340°C. Extractions
1 7 for
feedwater heating occur at 1.6 MPa and 0.70 MPa and the
hB7 =h.,+ Wp2 = 551.48 + 5.05 = 556.5 kJ/kg ·
I.W,=v. (pl- p,)= 0.0010147(5000 - 16) = 5.06 condenser pressure is 0.005 MPa. For the ideal cycle find (a)
kJ/kg W,_ and ce . For the ideal engine, find (b) W and eL
Heater
» -, 1
= 551.48 - 231.56 = 0.1264 kg/kg
2762 - 231.56
SOLUTION:
T
s
134 135
d 400°C • 8138 kJ/kr
b • hat8 MPa an MPa) and s2 equal to■1 • 2926 k.J11c
h at 280oC( .3 4 d 34O0c• 3082 kJ/kg I
ha• h at. 34 MPa and equal to s =1 2897 kJ/kg
h: h at.1 6 MPa and 8 ' equal to 1 • 2732 kJ/kg
8
J
•h • h at.0 7 MPa an 8 equal to4 1s = 2024 kJ/q
• b at : 8kJ/kg
h, 313-8 866.19 + 2926• 2427.8 kJtq
J i ..,a•: ·o7MPa
· p
=697.22 kJ/kg/kg
- 858.79 kJ
, :s
308_2
• h,at.1 6 M = 0.0010053 ma/kg
. •
Ji.
•
v • v,at 0.005 0 0011587 m'/kg - 1 0 5 6 ,4 0 4351
C
llitA 2 4 2 7 . 8= . or 43.51
v: :s v,at l. MP!. OOll 587(8000 - 1600)= 7.4 e =
kJ/kg
Iww • v,.(p91 pr 0 0010053 (8000-5)=8.04 kJ/kg
8 879+ 7.4= 866.19 kJ.kg
h . . ,• vr<P...- (b) VI = 1064 .4 kJ/kg
II h, + wp-3 •
= 0.1998 kg/kg T
-
Heater No. = 308-8 282.62 + (1 - 0.1348)(320-1 2858)
2
{1- m1) (h,- h.) = (1-0.1348) (758.94-5 51. 4 §1_ :: 3102.1 kJ/kg
m, == h 4 -h, 2885 - 551.48 939.3 = 0.3008 or 30.28%
e = W =
• 3102.1
a 0.07692 kg/kg
Heater No. 1
(1 - m,- m2><1¼- (S-17) Steam at 6.9 MPa and 470°C entersa turbine and
hz) npancu to 1.9 MPa where m1 ia extracted for feedwater
ma= h - fi; beating, the remainder is withdrawn and reheated to
6
36()0C. EIJ)8D8ion then occurs to 0.45 MPa, where IDiis
extracted for
(1-0.1348 - 0.07692)(551.48- 282.62) feedwater heating. The remaining steam is withdrawn and
=
2644 - 282.62 reheated to 290°C. Final expansion now occun to a
= 0.08975 kg/kg condenser pre&aure of 0.014 MPa. For an ideal cycle and 1
kg of throttle
stea, m find(a) W,_ andec. For the ideal engine d (b) Wand
e. , (c) For an engine output or33,500 kW, what 18 the steam
(a)W = ( h 1- h,) +(1 - m ) (ha - h ) + (1 - m - m ) (h -«Y"•
- hJ flo. w 1D 'Ir ft I\.?
1 4 1 2 4
,. 0.1373 kg/kg
T
1I := (h,-hs> + U-m,) Cba-h,) + U-m 1-mJ <h.-h.)
:= (8338.2-2978) +0 - 0.1163) (3161-2816)
o.Ol4 M Pa
- • A 2767.9
= 0.1163 kg/kg (b) W = 1135.3 kJ/kg
140
W = 1135 ·3 = 0.4093
e =
• or 40.93
EC 2773.8
141
: '::t ?
11at Ss equal to Sa and saturated = 2700 kJ/kg
(c) m = - w --
3 600 _1135.3
3600 = 3.17 kg/kwh
m = (33,500 kw) (3.17 kg/kwh) = 106 ,195 kg/h.
s:
i s equal to Sa = 2270 kJ/kg
11, ti: 11,at 0.17 4 MPa = 485 .9 kJ/kg
ll, ti: 11,at 1.70 MPa = 872 .06 kJ/kg
(3-18) A 125 MW reheat-regenerative turbo-gene ]), ti: 11,at 2 .3 5 MPa = 946.97 kJ/kg
unit receives 500000 kg/hr of steam at 9.20 MPa and ato.. bi0: ., at 45°C = 0.0010099 ma/kg
Generator efficiency is 95%. Condensate leaves at 4soc 00c. '1110' .,' at 2 . 35 MPa = 0 .00 119 13 ma/kg
ideal cycle, first extraction is at 2._35 MP ; second extracti F' 'Ir, : ., 0 (Pa1-0 Pio> = O. O Ol l 91 3 (9200 - 2350)= 8.16 kJ/kg
l'
at 1.70 MPa; and the third extraction 1s dry and satui:n ta , 11,, (P8 10- P1> = O.OOl0099 (9200 - 9.593) = 9 . 28 14 kJ/kg
For actual cycle with the same extraction pressure except
ttd· pressure drops through reheater tubes by 0.25 MPa,
enteri at at temperature of 260°C. Actual feedwater · flAD. beater no. 3
I f Oy
temperatu g 215°C. Calculate (a) the ideal engine
thermal efficienc re 18 the cycle thermal efficiency .,.
without pressure
heater, (c) drop
the actual th (b)
mass ofbled steam for last heater pe k ,.
of throttled steam and the corresponding Brake
thermarl
Ji· m,
m_ = (1 - m 1) [ ] = (1 - 0.0373) ( 872.06-485.9]
-, 3230 - 485.9
[ 485.9 - 188.4
3230 - 188.45
143
,. 0.098 kg/kg of throttle steam t1.1al cycle
fol 9C
W• h1-hs +(1- m.)( -h,)+(l-m1- ) (h4- 500.000 = 4 kg/kwh
(1 - m 1 - m 11 - m 3) (h 5- h.) h_).., tJl)l =- -125,000
h,e
Q" = Ee - Wp, = 2713.83 - 816 = 2705.67 kJ/kar y215-C-------------------'
w.= r, W
=_
0
900
= 947.4 kJ/kg
95
,E!a,-._ 947 •4
2719.85 = 0.348 or 34.8%
IL:
,
s
144
:( d) For ideal cycle with pressure drop thru reheater
tube:s
1 3
e,t
t,a11ance for heater no. 1
h -h]
, -
OJ,
)(1- D1 -1 [fi:- h; • (1 - 0.0373-0.14)
OpenbellW . (e)8t =
No.2
= 900= O.752 or 75 .2%
11 9.6 5 (without pressure drop)
[ 872.06 - 464.6J
8t = = 900 = O.762 or 76.2%
!Di = (1- m1>[ h•- h. J = (1- 0.0373) 326-8 4&. W 1181.33 (with pressure drop)
46
146 1'
147
ting!if> and MC, the area behind the curve on the pv
egleCesents the
A1sP" i1: :ntropic work of a steady flow process.
process:
JP W
fo t ..,area behind the curve, area 1-2-a-b-l
vl.., h1 -h2process:
.s':,inetric
W
fot = area behind the curve, area 2-3-c-d-2
,,/ ::: V2 <P2 - p3)
p ,
,...,,
QA+h.=h1
QA =h1-h1
V V
148 149
Incomplete expansion engine almost always
a low initial pressure, hence, the pump work isv0 tera (b) 1ndicated Mean Effective Pressure, mep
1
\\tit)}
that it can be neglected. ry slba!t lo w,
JJ1ep, = V
D
JJ1e1>iit =
w
-v'
D
l'lamp
SteaJJl Rate, m
(d)
Combine
d Steam
Mean Effective Pressure, mep or Pm Rate,
3
(a) Ideal Mean Effective Pressure = 6
0
0
W
g
Thermal Efficiency, e
eb = "t'" w
C
151
Q._
(c) Combined Thermal Efficiency,
w
= i?"-
• Actual L --------w.. ,
Engine
Engine Efficiency, n
(2} == e
Brake Power w
Indicated Power Brake Work Proof: 8tt=yl w
n.= = lndica Wor- w. w_
k C
nm = w. e =11i,e=
b
-E - E
C C
I
(e) Generator Efficiency, n1 (3) = e w
n, -- WWK h,
1
B
Approximate Enthalpy of Exhaust Steam,
Proof: = -r
C . w
152
= e= • =-t',
(4) = n/lm81
- -· 8
I · c
I
-" C
(5) n • 3..
m"
;a
m
P roof: n =
m I
3600/W 1 _;,
n = m.,
Ill
36007W.- 1
(6) n,. =
I
At p2 = 0.205 MPa
3600
m. = m, _ _ _ _w ·--- 3600
-. n/1.- • - WK
8 I
6.6659 - 1.5386= 0.9188
5.5803 k,J/kg
+ y_A = 0.0010613 + (0.9188 ) (0.86444)
f =I ,,. .,......
._
- . . .+• ..,. . . ,, ,
i . } 1 _ _ • 5()8.03 + (0.9188) (2199.8) • 2529.2
: 0.7953 m'lkl
= ho= h,at 0.106 MPa :s 423.24 kJ/kg
.
w.- (n_)
•
<W,> (0. 85) (271.1) - 230.4 kJ/kg
Wl- • --- 23 0 .4 t •
0.0956or9.a
Ii;_
2834.5 - 423.24
8
teama t 95 MPa and 400°C. Release occurs at 0.14 MPa 7.1397 - 1.4109
1
·
andexhaust at 50°C. Test of the e gi ne 8h wed a brake
·
6.8355 = 0.9817
steani
rateof 12.2 kg/kwh and a mechamcal efficiency f 82.5%. Find = + Yrc2 = 458 .39 + co.9811> c22a2.1> =
(a) the ideal work and the ideal thermal effi.ci ncy, {b) the
ideal ateam rate, (c) the indicated thermal efficiency, (d) = 2649.6 kJ/kg
the indicated engine efficiency, (e) the brake m p, and
(0the idea} thermal efficiency of an incomplete expansion
cycle operating under the same conditions. V2 = Va+ XiVra:z = 0.001051 + (0.9817) (1.23555)
= 1.214 m3/kg
= 1.4117 m3/kg
159
7 57 k,J/kg
h, at 400C == 16
•
ha= at 40°C = 0.007384 MPa (3-22) A compound steam engine with incomplete
expan sion receives saturated steam at 1.04 MPa, expands it
.on pressure to0.105 MPa where release occurs. Exhaust is to a
Pt = saturati ( _p )= 2779 .6 - 2389.5 condenser of 40°C. The actual engine uses 1252 kg/hr of
h1- hs+ v, P, , . steam; it has a brake engine efficiency at 60% and a
(a) W == 105 - 7.384) = 527.9 kJ/kg mechanical efficiency of 85%.
+ (1.411'1)( The electric generator which it drives has an efficiency of
92%. (a) For the ideal engine, find the thermal efficiency
5 2'1.9 = 0.2021 or 20 and mep. For actual engine, determine (b) the break work in
_ W = 2-7 79 . 6 - 167.57 -21%
e = h1- kJ/kg andkW output and thebreak thermal efficiency (c)
the indi cated wo,rk thermal efficiency and steam rate, (d)
w 527.9_ "= 373.9 kPa combined thermal efficiency and steam rate. (e) What is
mep = -;- = l.4117 the approxi mate enthalpy of the actual exhaust steam?
2
(W) (0 60) (527.9) = 316.7kJ/kg
(b) Wa == (Jli.) == . SOLUTION:
(316 .7) {6070) = 534.kW l
= 3600
s
534 = 628.2 kW
0.85
p1 = 1.04 MPa and saturated h1 = 1
at 1.04 MPa
h
= 291.4 kJ/kg
e, = h1 ht'J = 2779. !7 ·: 67 . 57 = 0. 1 42 6 or
14.26%
(d) WK= (W8 ) (generator efficiency)= (316.7) (0.92)
= 2779.6 k.J/kg. At P2 = 0.105 MPa
t WB 291.4
,> h• -Ii;= 2779. 6- 167. 57 = 0.1116 or 11.16%
v,., = h,., = 423.24 s,., = 1.3181
0.0010443
= 2254.4 s,_ = 6.0249
v,_ = 1.6184
WK
= 35
291.4
oo = 12.35 kg/kw h 6.5729 - 1.3181
6.0249 = 0.8722
160 161
- =:.
72 2) ( 2 2 5 4 .4 ) = 2389
..
•1..... n4 -+- (0 • 8
a
- 4217•"" .,
.. • be+ -.ht.- 88 + (0.8722) (.16 1 8 4 ) · II.-
--•-.ti
ENOINEI
...
.,,.....,.,,.. ,. 0 . 001 <>'
"• - - 1.,1
26 01'/)cg
6757kJ/kg
h •. •
1 1
t--
h - W = 27 7 9 .6 - 3 7 2 .7 • 2 4 06 . 9 kJ/kg
t 400C == 1 .
b• •
h,., - -1>s•> 2779.6- 288 9 + ( 1. 4 h•. •ha+ x.h'-3 = 167.57 + (•x .) (2406.7)
b,• 5. 1
b- ha+ (v, (p, 26)
(a) '/I - I . '- TJl..ff
528.u,t ae x •. = h• . - h0 • 2406.9 - 167.57 •
w ftOA) :: & .; o9a.n..i1 or 93.,,,_,.,,._
2406 . . v-e .v
(106 - . ' .:,cr-
VI 528 • 0.2021.or 20.21
_ c- • -2779.6 - 16.7 57 1" (3-24) A 200 kw steam engine baathe following data:
• - .P1 Pel Throttle: 1.40 MPa, 205°C
2
VI 528_ :: 3'78.8 kN /m Steam flow: 3020 kg/hr
Release pressure: 0.24 MPa
aieP • -;- • t .4126 Exhaust pressure:
Mechanical 0.10
efficiency: MPa
83'.I>
• 0 60 (528) = 316.8 kJ/kg
:
ho= 529 .65 9n=l-593
3600
•• = 0.001066 a .= = = 287 . 3 lr.J/kg
11_.= 2185 .4
5.4733
rn
·--- 0 . 74ol
s,-Sa
._ :::
6,.525-'- 1.593 = 0.9012
- 5.4733
h_.. = '- - =WI 28 16 . 6 -
287 - '1/1..- = 2529-3 kJJkg
::
h.= h - W= 2816.6 - 411.6 = 2405 k.J/kg
1 ''
:'
II
III
ic
i
l I
I
m m
" =W
I I
Lil)
3020
= kgllu: k =15.1 kg/kwh
8 200 Fig. High pressure Unit Superposed
3 •2 •6
_ on Existing Plant.
m, = (n,.) (m.,) =(0.83) (15.1)= 12.53 kg/kwh
16S
164
superpositior> or toPP;ng unit_ia new "':tofbigh h. = hat .15 MP a, 260°C = 2946.7 kJ/kg
equiP"'ent to i,e added or topped ,nto the eX1Sting
sya::""9u.,,
the idea of ;ncre asin g
the sa01•of
capaotY wne
the,eplac:ing th• old boiler (oil-fired)
whole syste
wi:
the
"'&nd
"'ith
m=. <m1t) (P i.) = (5 .6 7 ) (3 0 ,000) = 170
Jgii h· P ,...uresteaOl gener tor ceoal-fired). As shown ne,,, For the topp in g unit; , 1 00 kg/hi
di.,gra"' the n•"' ffp t rbin• or th_e tpop in g uni.t m. _ 170100
•nthe
-densing turbine and ,ts exhaust will be utilized ;,8
a no,, output - 12500 = 13.6 kg/kwh
1ow·P,...uret urb in - e Y the o1,i
(3-24) a 30,00o kW eJD&ting plllDt has the a 3 6 00-
m .k - =2 6.4 7 kJ/kg
3 60 0
1 3. 6
u,,ottle -ditions: full<>wiJ,
- 20. = 275 .73 kJ/kg
P. == t.50MJ>a t. = 260°C
6946.
=
ThesteaOl rateoftbi• plant is 5.67 Kg/kwh. An . w 7
1,2 5 00 kW is wanted fro"' this superposed unitad ti<>naJ
a erage indicated engine efficiency of 78% pd a m using an
electrical efficien<Y of9 6% , estimate the steam con".th cal-
D
-
h
thesuperposedp l an - t tiona or
SOLUTION:
Kw
WI= -h •
h.. 29'6, 7 KJ/Ks 275.73 = ht - 2946 .7
11t = 3222 . 43 kJ
w, 275 .73
h-t ho = -"131"11'2.ffl22.4..-. -g.:.-_n -= O.78
-
0
r-••••-------..----, ----,r---+--•T•-
(a) Di = --}.
- I- • 1
-- I
•
•
_.J.._I
II subsituting the values
•
I I I
I I I I
I : I , !..----' LO-
W PRESSl iREBOILERS
3250 - 2946.7
0.776 - approximately equal to 3250-2860
-
Therefore: \ = 435°C
EXIS'MSG n.."RBO GE.,'ERATORS
168 20 000 Kw-
169
each
A heat cycle with two stages of reheating is Regenerative Cycle and Engine
executed
7
·
re paneling initially from 90 bar and 530°C Th '
with shteamteexressures are 10 bar and 0.6 bar, andthe 11. There are received 68,000 kg/h of steam by an ideal
s·te1h
twore ea rp d ti
leaves each reheater at 480°C. Con ensa on occurs at 0.03
- « 0.003.5 MPa (a) For the ideal cycle, find e. (b) A
bar For an ideal cycle, find (a) QA and e. (b) For the engine, 60,000 kw turbine operates between the same state pointa except that the
. re the pressure drop through the reheaters, let the steam enters the reheat.er at 1.95 MPa and 26CfC, departs at 1.8 MPa
engine and MO°C. The steam flow i, 147,000 41hr. generata efficiency is
:rate through the same states, and mputeW and e. (c) 96%. For actual engine, find ef.. m,, and n._,, (cJ Determine the
What is the steam flow rate for an engine output of 20,00o approximate enthalpy ol the exhaust steam if the heat lost through
kW? ADB. (a) 4657.5 kJ/kg, 44.31'Ii;(b)2072.6 kJ/kg, the turbine casing is cLthe combined work.
44.41%; Am.: (a) 46.l CJ>, (b) 37.3%, 2.45 kglkwh, 79.3%, (c) 2489.6
(c)9.65 kg/s . . U/kg
8 AD ideal reheat turbine with one stage of reheat re- 10. Steam at 200 bar, 7fn'C enters the throttle of a re beatff
c:ei steam at 8.0MPa. 480°C. Reheat press
engine and expands to 10 bar. At this point jt lea
is0.83MPa and exhaust pressure is 0.007 MPa e
work 18 }559 kJ/kg in
and the thermal efficiency is 41.05%. Find the temperature or
steam leaving the reheater. Ans. 455°C
9. In a reheat cycle steam at 15 MP 540°C enters the
engine and expands to 1.95 MPa At this point the steam
ia withdrawn and puaed through a reheater. It reenters
the engine at - Expansion now oocurs to the condenser
regenerative engine, having only one heater, of Ans. 18,116 kW
which the heater receives 15,400 kg/h; the condenser 13. A 10,000 kW turbo-generatoroperating at rated capac
receives the re mainder at 0.007 MPa. If the heater ity receives 52,000 kg/h of steam at 2.90 MPa and 3100C,
pressure is 0.96 MPa, find the state (quality or 0 SH) exhaust is aat 0.007 MPa. At 1.20 MPa and 2300C, there are
of the steam (a) at the heater entrance and (b) at the actually extracted 20% of throttle flow for regenerative eat
condenser entrance. ing of feedwater. The generator efficiency is 95%. For an
Ans. (a) saturated, (b) 78.5% quality ideal engine, find (a) the quantity of steam extracted, kg/h
12. A turbine with one extraction for (b)W and (c) e. For the actual engine, find (d) the
regenerative feedwa ter heating, receives steam with
an enthalpy of 3373 kJ/kg and discharges it with an temperature of feedwater from the open heater, Ce) n,. and <f)
exhaust enthalpy of2326 kJ/kg. The ideal the approximate enthalpy of exhaust steam and its quality.
regenerative feedwater heater receives 11,338 Ans. (a} 12,428 kg/ b;Cb) 787.3 kJ/kg, {c) 35.48%, (d) 167.5c c
kg/h of , Ce > 87.9%, (f) 214. 3 8
extracted steam at 345 kPa (whose h = 2745 kJ/kg). kJ/kg, 82.2% . . 000
The 14. A 25,000 kW turbo-generator is supplied wt_th 28,
feedwater (condensate from the condenser) enters kg/hof steam at 2.50 MPa and 400,;C when developing 1t rated
the heater with an enthalpy of 140 k.J/kg and
departs saturated at 345 kPa (h = 582 kJ/kg). load. There are actually extracted 10,400 kg:h at 0.3 MPa and
f
Calculate the turbine output in kW.
173
Th condenser pressure is 0.007 MP
8300 kg/h at o.06 temeperature is 127°C. For the ide
MP:
andactual feedw te rcentages of extr cted steam and open feedwater heater. The engine exhaust to a condenser
(b) engine find (a) vanou pe find (c) the vanous pressure of 0.005 MPa and the temperature of the feedwater
percentages of • from the last heater is 205°C. The combined steam rate of the
e For the actual
(d
engine(,)
e e ll' and (0 ni.- (g) Find the ~·
ffi appro
.
.extracted stealXl f the 1t x.haust if the generator e 1c1ency if
turbo-generator unitn is 4.898 kg/k.wh and the generator effi
ciency is 95%. For the total throttle flow to an ideal engine,
mate enthalpy 78
% . (b) 37.1%, (c) 8.12%, 6.48%, (d)
find (a) extracted steam for the last heater,(b)W,(c) e. For the
s.12 actual engine, find (d) . (e) ni.. (0 What is the enthalpy of the
96.% A.n( sO( o8 75;; (g) 2460 kJ/kg . • actual exhaust when the pump efficiency is 60%? Ans. (a)
(e) 26%,
·• 16,803 kg/h; (b) 1018 kJ/kg; (c) 42%; (d) 30%; (e) 72.2%; (0
. c le and Engine 2550 kJ/kg
Reheat-Regenerat ive ye
17.There are developed 25,000 kW by a reheat-
t tive engine receives steam at 2 07 regenera tive engine (turbogenerator) which receives steam
15. A re ea - : it to 38.6 bar, 343°C. At this P<>int at 4.2 MPa, 205°C and exhaust at 0.007 MPa. At 1.90 MPa
bar and 593 C,e ih.
ugh a reheater and reenters the turbin and 215+C, part of the steam is extracted for feedwater
thesteam p ; c ence expands to 9 bar, 492°C, at Which heating and the remainder is withdrawn for reheating. The
at _34.5 bar team is bled for feedwater hea ng. Exhaust reheated steam enters the turbine at 1.8 MPa and 270°C
occurs and expands to1.38 MPa, where more steam is extracted
point thbes B 'nning at the throttle (point 1), these enthal at for feedwater heating andthe remainder expands tothe
0.07 ar. egi condenser pressure of 0.007 MPa and an actual quality of
pies are known (kJ/kg): 'h 30821 90%. Feedwater leaves the last
=
h 13511.3 =
= 3010.0 · h 322 .9
4
h3 = 3662.5 ,
h6 = 2308.1
=
h = 3205.4 h a temperature of 207°C. The generator has an efficiency of
4
e 95%. For the ideal engine, find (a) the percent ages of the
= 163.4 h6 a extracted steam, (b) W, and (c) e. Let the actual extracted
t steam be 85%of those for the ideal engine and for
h.,. = 723.59 e the actual engine, find (d) the total throttle flow, if the break
r work equal the fluid work, (e) e._, and (0 nk.
An s . (a) 0.035, 0.234; (b) 833 kJ/kg; (c) 37.2%(e) 8i., and (0
11, = 742.83
a - (d) 147,000 kg/h; (e) 27.5%; (0 73.6%
t
vi
Chapter
1 Properties of Steam l
2 25
Constant Pressure Process. Constant Volume
Process. Isothermal Process. Adiabatic Process.
Polytropic Process. Throttling Process.
3 Power Cycles 59
Ideal Rankine Cycle. Ideal Rankine Engine.
Actual Rankine Cycle. Actual Rankine Engine.
Ideal Reheat Cycle. Ideal Reheat Engine. Actual
Reheat Cycle. Actual Reheat Engine. Ideal
Regenerative Cycle. Ide Regenerative Engine. .
ActurJ Regenerative Cycle. Reheat-Regenerative
Cycle. Incomplete-Expansion Cycle. Incomplet
Expansion Engine. Topping.