Management Presentation

What is management?
(put pictures)
- The art of getting things done through and with other people in formal
organisations, efficiently and effectively with individuals who are
responsible to achieve a set goal.
- Lumen learning. Com Management is the act of getting people together
to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources
efficiently and effectively.
- Management is a process consisting of activities of planning, actuating
and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated
objectives with the use of human beings and other resources.
Plans are nothing but planning is everything- Former President Dwight D.
Eisenhower 1890-1969
What is planning?
 Defining goals for a future direction
 Determine the missions and resources to achieve said targets
 Deciding of what needs to be done in advance to achieve a set goal
 In the planning stage, managers establish organizational goals and create a course of action
to achieve them. During the planning phase, management makes strategic decisions to set a
direction for the organization
 Planning is setting an organisation’s goals and deciding how best to achieve them.
 Planning is a process of determining and anticipating what should be
done and how to do it.
 Decision making regarding goals
Discuss the importance of planning in a management process
1. It helps in proper utilisation of resources
Reduces wastage and results in efficiency. It helps in how best
something can be achieved. Encourages involvement. Team spirit.
Allows for effective use of resources. Reduces overlapping and wasteful
actions.
2. Sense of direction
 Because planning is done beforehand, it provides a guide for tasks and
reduces lack of coordination. Allows for the best possible outcome for
any activity.
3. Reduces risks of uncertainty
Increases confidence. Anticipates future changes. Allows preparation for
such changes. Takes into consideration past events as well.
4. Encourages innovation and creativity
Accelerates the rate of putting or developing new ideas to invest in the
project. This allows a manager to see negative sides of a project. Allows
us to go back to the drawing board to modify our plan. We can talk
about what to remove, what to add, what to improve.
5. Planning improves motivation levels.
For employees, especially if they are involved in the planning process.
Provides a sense of belonging. Confident in what they are doing for top
managers. Workers are confident in the work because they can see
where its coming from and where it’s going.
6. Planning makes controlling easier.
If the plan contains specifications about what the employer expects of
the worker to do, then it makes it easier to control.

Disadvantages
1. Time consuming
It involves collection, analysis and interpretation of information. It is
time consuming especially when there are a lot of alternatives available.
It is not suitable during emergency or crisis when quick decisions are
required. An organisation needs to consider contingency plans. There is
also a lot of paperwork. A lot of discussions.
2. It can be very expensive
The gathering of information and its testing of various courses of action
involve can involve a lot of money.
3. Can cause a lot of discord within the organisation
People can end up not having the same opinion about certain aspects of
the plan
4. Planning can lead to misdirected planning
It may be used to serve individual interests rather than the interests of
the enterprise. Every planner has their own likes and dislikes,
 preferences, attitudes and interests and can plan per those without
considering other workers.
5. Any change in the anticipated situation may render plans ineffective and
Internal flexibility
E.g. an organisation that is agricultural, a shift is expected weather no
rain in the season when rain was anticipated) can ruin the harvest plans.
Some plans cannot be changed. Creates difficulties in implementation.
Can be because of employees resisting change as they believe that
present is more desirable and reliable. Similarly, once policies and
procedures are established they are hard to change. In most cases once
capital is invested in fixed assets it becomes more difficult to change
work procedure in near future.
6. Human error
Since plans depend of forecasts and requires a lot of experience, if the
manger is inexperienced and enters the wrong data then the plans will
flop. If the data being used it unreliable due to errors, then it is sure to
lose much of its value. The planning becomes inaccurate and unreliable
due to errors in individual judgement and imperfect technics of
planning.

The conclusion is that planning is Important, despite its flaws, everything

has its flaws

The Planning Process

1) To Set/ Establish Objectives
 This is the first step and is important
 Plans are prepared with a view to establish certain goals and so they
should reflect objectives
 The objectives should clearly define as to what should be achieved by
Policies, Procedures, Rules, Strategies, Budgets and Programs.
 The plan must make sure that every activity undertaken contributes to
the achievement of objectives.
 Objectives should answer the following questions: What is to be
achieved? Where the action should take place? Who is to perform it?
How it is to be undertaken? and When it is to be accomplishes?
 This is for the long term and short-term
 Objectives form a hierarchy
2) Determining/ develop planning premises
 Includes actual forecast data, policies and plans of the enterprise.
 It involves looking into the future which necessitates the enterprise to
know how future conditions will affect its activities, thus this is an
important step.
 There are two types of forecasting: 1) Prediction of general economic
conditions which are the barriers that could hinder the success of our
plan. This could include things like inflation. 2) Prediction of market
conditions for a specific product or service dealt with by the enterprise.
 Keeping the general economic conditions in mind, a study of the
industry is made, then the manager proceeds to make a study of his
company’s share of the market, forecasting will reveal those areas
where control is lacking. Planning will be reliable when the forecast
methods are accurate. Hence the success of the planning depends very
much upon the forecasts.
 External factors include government policies
3) Determining alternative courses/ Contingency plans
 The planner should study all the alternatives, consider the strong and
weak points of each of them and finally select the most promising ones.
4) Evaluating alternative courses
 Alternative courses so selected should be evaluated in the light of
premises and goals.
 Evaluation involves the study of performance of various actions. Various
factors such as profitability, investment requirements, etc, of such
alternatives should be weighed against each other. Each alternative
should be closely studied to determine its suitability.
 Many other factors such are uncertain future trend, problems faced
financially, future uncertainties render the evaluation process, complex
and difficult. Usually, alternative plans are evaluated against factors
such as cost, risks, benefits, organizational facilities, etc. Computer
based mathematical plans and techniques can also be utilized to
identify best course of action.
5) Selecting the Best Course
 After having evaluated the various alternatives, the most suitable
alternative is select
  With this, the plan can be considered to have been adopted. It is exactly
the point at which decisions are made. Sometimes, in the best interests
of the enterprise, several alternative courses can be adopted.
6) Formulating Derivative Plans
 Planning is not complete as soon as the best course is selected. The
main plan should be supported by a number of derivative plans.
 Within the framework of a basic plan, derivative plans are formulated in
each functional area.
 Segregation of master plan into departmental, sectional and individual
plans, helps to understand the real nature of future uncertainties.
 To make the planning process more effective, it should also provide for
a feedback mechanism. These plans are meant for the implementation
of the main plan.
7) Implementation of Plans
 Implementation of plans is the final step in the process of planning. This
involves putting the plans into action so as to achieve the business
objectives Implementation of plans requires establishment of policies,
procedures, standards, budgets, etc

The Barriers to effective planning

1. The reluctance to establish goals
-a manager is reluctant to disclose his failure, various
other factors also contribute to manager’s reluctance to
establish goals.
- examples: lack of ability, lack of information, or poor
reward system.
2. Constraints
 Constraints limits what an organisation can do.
 -examples:
*an organisation may have such important investment in plant
but cant aquire new equipment.
- shortage of managerial talent
- scarcity of raw materials.
 3. Psychological difficulties
-difficulties mainly arise from lack of confidence among
planners and sometimes some managers have a
preference for day to day activities because they have
fear of the future and they cant predict what will happen
exactly.
4. Technical problems
- If the manager is deficient in organising ability, he will be
unable to understand or solve some of the technical
organisation problems which accompany planning.
- Lack of training in the effective utilisation of time.
- Lack of technical skills necessary to understand the nature of
objectives.

5. Resistance to change
- Some of the outcomes in mgt result in the changes in the
structure of the organisation., the heirachy of mgt changes and
development in the job responsibilities and transfer of
employees to other branches or offices of the firm.
- And when the employees of the firm get aware of the changes
that are going to take place shortly, they resist and oppose the
same resulting as one of the barriers of planning.

6. Focusing on controlled variables

-managers can find themselves concentrating on the things
and events that they can control eg product development
but they fail to consider outside factors such as a poor
economy. This could be because of preference. This could
result in the plan being ineffective once implemented.
 7. Limited man power resources
- Some of the features and strategies of planning require the
huge support of man power to attain the aims and objectives of
planning. E.g. T –shirt deliveries.
- Therefore the firm needs to keep its man power motivated and
happy or else planning will go in vain.
- Manager should make plans that work hand in hand with the
number of workers there so that the plan won’t strain the
workers.
8. Misunderstanding disputes between employers and
employees.
- They often believe that planning relies on inexact techniques of
prediction, which seem, in effect, to be little better than
guesswork. Still others believe that it stifles initiative and
requires total adherence to others’ estimates of the future.
-
- All these points indicate that the manager may be unaware of
the process and the ends of planning. Furthermore, a biased
view that planning is a job for staff, not for line managers, and
the misconception that it requires masses of data if it is to