Elements of Landscape Architecture

“Types of Trees
 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
1. UNITY 11.SCALE AND PROPORTION
2. SIMPLICITY 12. GROUPING
3. BALANCE 13. MASS
14. SEQUENCE
4. LINE 15. REPITION
5. FORM 16.FOCAL POINT AND
6. TEXTURE EMPHASIS
7. COLOUR
8. RHYTHM
9. VARIETY
10. NATURAL TRANSITION
 TREES
1. GUL MOHR 16. BELLERIC MYRABOLAN
2. FLAME OF THE FOREST 17. MANGO
3. ASOKA
18. RAIN TREE
4. RED SILK COTTON
5. WILD ALMOND 19. JACK FRUIT
6. JACARANDA 20. TULIP TREE
7. JAVA PLUM 21. RIO GRANDE TRUMPET
8. NIM FLOWER
9. TEAK TREE 22. TAMARIND
10. TEMPLE TREE
23 CORK TREE
11. BAOBAB
12. MOUNTAIN EBONY 24. PONGAM
13. CORAL TREE 25. INDIAN LABURNUM
14. QUEEN’S FLOWER 26. RUSTY SHIELD
15. PINK CASSIAS
SHRUBS AND CREEPERS
 GULMOHAR
DELONIX REGIA
• Gulmohar (Hindi and Urdu -
‘Gul’ means ‘Flower’ and
‘Mohr’ is 'Peacock', thus the
name suggests a spectacular
show of color, like the
extraordinary colors of a
peacock's tail
• It is grown as an ornamental
tree. It is also one of several
trees known as Flame tree In
India.
• Seasoning:- April-June
• In addition to its ornamental value, it is also a useful
shade tree in tropical conditions, because it usually
grows to a modest height but spreads widely, and its
dense foliage provides full shade.
• In areas with a marked dry season, it sheds its leaves
during the drought, but in other areas it is virtually
evergreen.
• The flowers are large, with four spreading scarlet or
orange-red petals up to 8 cm long, and a fifth upright
petal called the standard, which is slightly larger and
spotted with yellow and white
FLAME OF THE FOREST
Butea monosperma

• Butea monosperma (Punjabi:

ਕੇ) is a species of Butea
native to tropical and sub-
tropical parts of the Indian
Subcontinent and Southeast
Asia, ranging across India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan
etc.
• This plant kills Mosquitoes.
• Seasoning :-January-March
truly becomes the flame of
the forest
• It is a medium sized dry season-deciduous tree, growing
to 15 m tall. It is a slow growing tree, young trees have a
growth rate of a few feet per year. The leaves are pinnate,
with an 8–16 cm petiole and three leaflets, each leaflet
10–20 cm long.
• It is used for timber, resin, fodder, medicine, and dye
• The flowers are used to prepare traditional Holi colour
 Asoka- Sorrowless Tree
Saraca Indica
• Indigenous to India, Burma and
Malaya, it is an erect tree, small
and evergreen, with a smooth,
grey-brown bark.
• The crown is compact and
shapely
• Flowers are usually to be seen
throughout the year, but it is in
January and February that the
profusion of orange and scarlet
clusters turns the tree into an
object of startling beauty.
• Seasoning:- January-Feburary.
Red Silk Cotton
Bombax Malabarica
• Bombax species are among
the largest trees in their
regions, reaching 30 to 40
metres in height and up to 3
metres trunk diameter.
• It can grow into a giant tree
with heavily buttressed trunk.
Young trees may have spines
on trunk. The woody fruits
contain silky floss used in
pillows, etc.
• It is quite a fast growing tree
and can attain a girth of 2 to 3
m, and height about 30 m, in
nearly 50 years
 JACARANDA
JACARANDA MIMOSAEFOLIA
• Jacaranda can be propagated
from grafting, cuttings and seeds
though plants grown from seeds
take a long time to bloom
• Due to the enormous number of
Jacaranda trees planted as
street trees and in parks and
gardens.
• In flowering time the city
appears blue/purple in colour
when seen from the nearby hills
because of all the Jacaranda
trees
• Jacaranda mimosifolia are
spectacular late spring flowering
trees, which create washes of
purple through many towns and
suburbs each spring
• In particular mass plantings of
jacarandas along the street
create a river of purple as well as
a carpet underneath the trees
when the flowers begin to fall.
• Jacarandas are large trees which
grow to 30ft tall and up to 30ft
wide with a low, broad branching
habit.
• As well as the commonly seen
purple, there are also white-
flowering and variegated foliage
varieties.
 NIM
Azadirachta indica
• It may reach up to 50 feet tall.
It will grow where rainfall
• They are reported to live for
up to 200 years.
• The people of India have long
revered the neem tree .
• The tree has medicinal values
and relieves so many different
pains, fevers, infections, and
other complaints that it has
been called "the village
pharmacy."
 Teak Tree
Tectona Grandis
• Tectona grandis is a large,deciduous
tree up to 40 m (131 ft) tall with gray
to grayish brown branchlets
• Fragrant white flowers are borne on
25–40 cm (10–16 in) long by 30 cm
(12 in) wide panicles from June to
August
• Teak is a yellowish brown timber with
good grains and texture.
• It is used in the manufacture of
outdoor furniture, boat decks, and
other articles where weather
resistance is desired
 Temple Tree
Plumeria Rubra
• It contains 8 species of mainly
deciduous shrubs and trees,
originally from Central America,
known for their strongly fragrant
flowers.
• The tree can reach a height of
9m, though they are generally
much smaller
• In the tropics, the terminally held
flowers (generally white) appear
before the leaves and continue
to flower for most of the year.
 BAOBAB
ADANSONIA
SQUREZENSIS
• This is indeed a most
remarkably shaped tree.
• It is not common in India but
the sight of even one cannot
fail to arouse in interest and
curiosity
• It is only of medium height
but the girth at the base,
which is buttressed, is
enormous.
 MOUNTAIN EBONY
BAUHINIA VARIEGATA
• It is one of the loveliest of
Indian tree.
• There are many species of
Bauhinia, several indigenous
to India, but the commonest
are B. variegata, B. purpurea
• It is a medium-sized tree in
this country, reaching a
height of 9 to10m.
• The leaves fall during the
cold season and at the same PURPLE BAUHINIA
time the large, sweetly-
scented flowers appear.
• The large flowers grow in short sprays of 2 or 3 blooms
• pale pink flowers marked with purple in terminal
• It is quite common and blooms practically throughout
the year
• The Dwarf White Bauhinia is a 3 m. shrub with leaves
• Other varieties are also small shrubs, still others
extensive climbers; some have tiny, cupshaped
• flowers; some bear long, narrow leaves, some broad
some short but the flowers are always perfumed
• The flowers may be magenta,mauve,pink and white with
the former having crimson markings
 CORAL TREE
ERYTHRINA INDICA
• In some parts of India it never
grows more than 7.5 m
• It flowers when only 3 or 4m
high so it is deservedly popular
as garden or park plant.
• Coral Trees, particularly young
ones, do not lose all their
leaves before flowering; others
attain a new leaf growth whilst
the tree is still in flower.
• The leaves are large and
composed of three broad
leaflets, each on a short stem,
the end one being the largest
• It is thornless, almost
evergreen and a very rapid
grower, 15 m. and the large
quantity of foliage it produces
• the flowers appearing with the
foliage, in red, scarlet or
orange, are smaller and less
• Coral Tree, Sunshine Tree -
Variegated Erythrina with
bright red coral-like flowers
and variegated leaves,
spectacular small tree for
tropical exotic gardens. Hardy,
easy to grow, semi-deciduous.
 QUEEN’S FLOWER
LAGERSTROMIA SPECIOSA
• The tree is deciduous but leaf-fall is
gradual so that it is rarely quite bare.
• In the hot season the big upstanding
pyramids of flowers appear; they
vary on different trees, some being
purple, some mauve,some a lovely
pinky-mauve,others a definite pink
• Flowers and new leaves appear in
April,
• Blooming right through the hot
season until July, it is deservedly
popular in gardens
 PINK CASSIAS
CASSIA GRANDIS
• In delicate contrast to the vivid
hues of our other spring flowering
trees, the Pink Cassias, with their
lovely cool shades of pinks,greens
and white,are a beautiful and
restful sight.
• The Burmese Pink Cassia -is a
small tree - not more than 6 m. but
in April when the large, showy
flowers and tender, green leaves
appear it presents a strikingly
beautiful picture.
• but they quickly became popular
and are now common in gardens
and on roadsides.
 BELLIRIC MYRABOLAN
TERMINALIA BELLIRICA
• Because of its handsome
appearance and fine proportions it
is often planted by roadsides
• It is deciduous, losing its leaves
between
• November and April in dry places
and only during February-March in
damper situations.
• From March to June the tiny
flowers appear, filling the air
around with their strong honey
scent
• widely in tropical areas and is
popular for garden and avenue
 RAIN TREE
SAMANEA SAMAN
• LARGE, handsome and
spreading, the Saman Tree is
easily recognised by its canopy of
evergreen,feathery foliage and
puffs of pink flowers
• It is frequently planted in groups
or as an avenue
• From March to May and again
towards the end of the year the
green canopy is dotted all over
with pink and white
 TULIP TREE
SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA
• It is a large tree, deciduous in drier
places during the hot weather,
• The main branches grow rather
upright and,as the
lateral branches are short, the tree
is narrow and slender rather than
spreading and
• can reach a height of 27 m.
• The leaves rail during February,
then in March and April
• new ones appear in profusion,
together with magnificent clusters of
orange and crimson flowers.
 INDIAN LABURNUM
CASSIA FISTULA
• THIS is without doubt one of our
loveliest flowering trees
• It is a moderate-sized, deciduous
tree,
• These flowers are of a golden-
yellow, the Cassia more lemon-
coloured, while the leaflets are
considerably larger.

• The leaflets are bright green

above and pale below and the
flowers, borne in profusion during
• August and September, are
typical Cassia flowers
 CASUARINA
CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA
• The Casuarina has the
general appearance of a
conifer with its cord-like
leaves, small cones and
tall, straight stem.
• The waving feathery
foliage consists of many
slender, drooping, jointed
branchlets, arising from
rough, woody branches;
these branchlets are
green,
• The flowers appear twice
a year, from February to
April, and again six
months later.
• The “bud” swells to
become a cone and the
red hairs fall.
• The cones are about 2.5
cm across, round or
oblong and comprised of
numerous pointed
segments which are not
overlapping as in a fir
cone.
 BANYAN TREE
FICUS BENGHALENSIS
• The leaves are large and
leathery, mostly elliptical
in shape and dark, glossy
green, conspicuously
pale-veined
• The tree appears to bear
no flowers, only fruit.
• Actually the flowers are
concealed in the fleshy
receptacle commonly
referred to as the fig.
• These figs are stalkless
and grow in pairs like red
cherries in the leaf axils
 GOLDEN CAMPA
MICHELIA CHAMPACA
• Trees with flowers as
highly scented as the
Yellow Champa are usually
popular with Hindu ladies
• The leaves, do not all fall at
one time
• The air for many yards
around the tree is filled with
the scent of the flowers
during May and October
• It is a scented garden Tree.
 MAST TREE
POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA
• The Mast Tree is usually
noticed as a lofty column,
infinitely graceful with its
downward-sweeping
branchlets and shining,
green foliage.
• This is the weeping
variety.
• Flowers appear during
March and April, but
adjacent trees do not all
• flower at the same time.
• in India the spreading
form is planted in all the
hot areas, usually as a
roadside shade tree.
• The pendulous variety is
more often seen in large
gardens, sometimes
close together as a high
screen.
 BANANA TREE
MUSA SAPIENTUM PARADISIACA
• It is not a tree, but a huge,
herbaceous plant, which
means that it does not form
a woody stem.
• It has a unique shape. The
banana being an emblem
of plenty and fertility, the
plant is invariable used in
Indian festivals.
• Practically every part of the
plant is put to some
economic or medicinal use.
 PALMS

1. Coconut Palm
2. Palmyra Palm
3. Date Palm
4. Betel –nut Palm
5. Fish-tail Palm
6. Royal Palm
 COCONUT PALM
COCOS NUCIFERA
• It is a tall, unbranched
tree with thickened base
and terminal plume of
large, pinnate leaves.
Soft-wooded.
• It is capable of bending to
a considerable degree
and is usually found
leaning into the prevailing
wind
• All the way up the trunk
can be seen the ring-like
scars of fallen leaves - a
characteristic of all palms.
 PALMYRA PALM
Borasus Flabellifer
• THE Palmyra is a tall, erect
palm, easy to recognise by
its large, fan-shaped leaves
which are quite unlike the
• pinnate leaves of other
palms mentioned in this
book. Its usual height is from
12 to 18 m. but 30 m. with a
diameter of 60-
• cm. is sometimes reached.
The black., cylindrical stem is
ridged by the semi-circular
scars of fallen leaves
 FISH-TAIL PALM
CARYOTA URENS
• This fine palm, is extremely
handsome and differs in many
ways from the other palms
described in this book, being
remarkable for its much divided
leaves and triangular leaflets
• It is not a tall palm, 15 m being
about the highest it ever
reaches and 6 m. being more
common. The stem is mooth,
grey and cylindrical.
• Leaves are few in number but
huge in size, but they do not all
develop from the crown.
 ROYAL PALM
OREODOXA REGIA
• This elegant palm has
only recently been
imported into India
• It is an extensively
cultivated tree
• It is now much planted in
parks and gardens where
it reaches a height of
about 20 m.
• It is very decorative,
particularly when planted
in avenues.
 WILD DATE PALM
PHOENIX SYLVESTRIS
• Here is another of our
extremely valuable palms.
• Sun is not a necessity for
it as it will thrive in shade
• Comparatively speaking, it
is a small palm — 9 or 12
m. being the usual height
• The thick stem is densely
covered with the bases of
fallen leaves and, lower
down, by the remaining
scars
 ARECA
ARECA CATECHU
• The Betel-Nut Palm is now
cultivated- over all the hot,
damp coastal regions of India
• Rising to 18 or even 30 m.
with a girth of only 45 cm. it
bears at the summit of its
slender, unbranched stem.
• This Areca is not often found
in gardens, but other species
are very ornamental and are
frequently grown as pot-
plants
Thank You