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Lesson 2.3 (Tabular) PDF
Lesson 2.3 (Tabular) PDF
Data presented in paragraph or in sentences are said to in textual form. This includes
enumeration of important characteristics, emphasizing the most significant features and
highlighting the most striking attributes of the set of data.
Example
The data are Math test scores of 15 students out of 50 items: 47, 48, 49,42, 42, 36, 38,
40,35,50,44,45,50,50. Make a simple analysis by writing findings and drawing conclusions.
Findings:
Though analysis can be done from the text, it is however, recommended to organize the
data in tables for better comparison of values and quicker and better analysis of details.
Furthermore, if data are presented in plain text, readers sometimes get bored, thus tables and
graphs are oftentimes used.
Frequency tells you how often something happened. The frequency of an observation
tells you the number of times the observation occurs in the data. For example, in the following list
of numbers, the frequency of the number 9 is 5 (because it occurs 5 times)
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 9, 8, 5, 1, 1, 9, 9, 0, 6, 9.
The following table shows the students’ preferred brand of mobile phone. The left column
shows the categorical variable (Brand) and the right column is the frequency.
Brand Frequency
Samsung 14
Hwawei 11
Iphone 7
Oppo 19
LG 9
Total 60
Example 1
Tally marks are often used to make a frequency distribution table. For example, let’s say
you survey a number of households and find out how many pets they own. The results are 3, 0, 1,
4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3. Looking at that string of numbers; a frequency
distribution table will make the data easier to understand.
1. To make the frequency distribution table, first write the categories in one column (number of
pets)
2. Next, tally the numbers in each category (from the results above). For example, the number
zero appears four times in the list, so put four tally marks “||||”:
3. Finally, count up the tally marks and write the frequency in the final column. The frequency
is just the total. You have four tally marks for “0”, so put 4 in the last column:
A frequency distribution table is one way you can organize data so that it makes more
sense. For example, let’s say you have a list of IQ scores (continuous data) for a gifted classroom
in a particular elementary school.
The IQ scores are: 118, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 130, 133, 136, 138, 141,
142, 149, 150, and 154. The IQ score is continuous; we can still construct a frequency
distribution table, which will give a better picture of your data than a simple list, however, a
class interval or classes serves as the categories.
Step 1: Figure out how many classes (categories) you need. There are no hard rules about how
many classes to pick, but there are a couple of general guidelines:
Pick between 5 and 20 classes. For the list of IQs above, we picked 5 classes.
Make sure you have a few items in each category. For example, if you have 20 items,
choose 5 classes (4 items per category), not 20 classes (which would give you only 1 item
per category).
Note: There is a more mathematical way to choose classes. The formula is . You would round
up the answer to the next integer. For example, will be rounded up to become 5.
Step 2: Subtract the minimum data value from the maximum data value. For example, our IQ list
above had a minimum value of 118 and a maximum value of 154, so:
154 – 118 = 36
Step 3: Divide your answer in Step 2 by the number of classes you chose in Step 1.
36 / 5 = 7.2
Step 4: Round the number from Step 3 up to a whole number to get the class width. Rounded up,
7.2 becomes 8.
Step 5: Write down your lowest value for your first minimum data value:
The lowest value is 118
Step 6: Add the class width from Step 4 to Step 5 to get the next lower class limit:
118 + 8 = 126
Step 7: Repeat Step 6 for the other minimum data values (in other words, keep on adding your
class width to your minimum data values) until you have created the number of classes you chose
in Step 1. We chose 5 classes, so our 5 minimum data values are:
118
126 (118 + 8)
134 (126 + 8)
142 (134 + 8)
150 (142 + 8)
Step 8: Write down the upper class limits. These are the highest values that can be in the
category, so in most cases you can subtract 1 from the class width and add that to the minimum
data value. For example:
118 + (8 – 1) = 125
118 – 125
126 – 133
134 – 141
142 – 149
150 – 157
Step 9: Add a second column for the number of items in each class, and label the columns with
appropriate headings:
IQ Number
118-125
126-133
134-141
142-149
150-157
Step 10: Count the number of items in each class, and put the total in the second column. The
list of IQ scores are: 118, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 130, 133, 136, 138, 141, 142, 149,
150, 154.
IQ Number
118-125 4
126-133 6
134-141 3
142-149 2
150-157 2
Total 17
This is a table which shows the data arranged into different classes, and the numbers of
cases which fall into each class are tabulated.
Table Number
Table Title
Table 3a.
Column Headers
Distribution of Students in ABS High School
According to Year Level
Row Year Level No. of Students Percent (%)
classifier (Frequency)
Freshmen 350 32
Sophomore 300 27
Junior 250 23
Senior 200 18
Total 1100 100
Source: ABS High School Registrar
Source Note
Construct an ungrouped frequency distribution table for the age of 50 service crews at McDollibee
Restaurant.
21 18 22 19 18 18 19 19 25 20
22 18 23 24 19 25 18 21 24 25
23 19 21 23 20 18 21 23 20 24
25 21 20 22 20 20 21 22 23 23
18 24 21 21 21 19 19 18 21 21
Since the youngest is 18 and the oldest is 25, the range is: R = 25 -18 = 7. Therefore, an
ungrouped frequency distribution table is feasible.
18 8 16
19 7 14
20 6 12
21 11 22
22 4 8
23 6 12
24 4 8
25 4 8
Total 50 100
Basic findings are those which you can see directly from the table;
Additional findings are those which you cannot see directly from the table.
The average age of the 50 service crews at McDollibee is 21 and the standard deviation is
2.18
The range of the ages is 7 since the youngest service crew is 18 while the oldest is 25.
Thirty two or 64% of the service crews are 21 years old and below.
Conclusion
I therefore conclude that McDollibee prefers employees who are 21 years old and below.
Discrete with few values (range is below Frequency distribution table listing each value
10) as the category
Discrete data with many values (range is Frequency distribution table with classes or
10 and above) class intervals
Let’s DO this
Group activity
Organized each variable (see page 9) in the provided data file using frequency
table. Then, write 3 findings from the table presented
strongly
male 555 1 1 1
agree
strongly
male 2000 1 1 1
agree