UNIT 2: FOURIER SERIES

Class Work Problems

Fourier Series in (0,2 )

1. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  x in  0, 2  .

 1 1 
(Ans: x    2 sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  ... )
 2 3 
2. Obtain the Fourier series for f ( x)  x sin x in  0, 2  .
1 2 2
(Ans: x sin x  1   sin x  cos x  2 cos 2x  2 cos3x  ... )
2 2 1 3 1

3. Find the Fourier series to represent f x   x 2 in  0, 2  and hence deduce

2 1 1 1 1
     ...
12 12 22 32 42
4 2 
1 
1
(Ans: x   4 2 cos nx  4  sin nx )
2

3 n 1 n n 1 n

4. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x)  e in  0, 2  and f ( x  2 )  f ( x) and hence

x


 1n
deduce n
n2
2
1
1  e2  1  1 
(Ans: e x    2 
cos nx  n sin nx 
  2 n1 1  n 
  x 
2

5. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x)    in  0, 2  and f ( x  2 )  f (x) and

 2 
hence deduce

2
1 1 1 1
a. 
    ...
12 12 22 32 42
2 1 1 1
b.     ...
6 12 22 32
  x  
2 2
1 1 1
(Ans:     2 cos x  2 cos 2 x  2 cos3x  ... )
 2  12 1 2 3

Fourier Series in ( ,  )

1. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x)  e x in   ,   .
2sinh   1 1 1 1 1 2 3 
(Ans: ex    cos x  cos 2x  cos3x  ...  sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  ... )
 2 2 5 10 2 5 10 
2. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  x  x 2 in   x   . Hence deduce that
2 1 1 1
 1    ...
6 22 32 42
2  1 1   1 1 
(Ans: f  x    4  cos x  2 cos 2 x  2 cos3x  ..  2  sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  ... )
3  2 3   2 3 
1;    x   2


3. Find the Fourier series of the function f ( x)   0;  2  x   2

1;   x 
2
1 2 
(Ans: f  x   2sin x  2sin 2 x  sin 3x  ... )
 3 
0,    x  0
4. Find the Fourier expansion of f x    . Hence deduce that
 x, 0 x 
2 1 1 1
 2
 2  2  ...
8 1 3 5
(Ans: f x 
 2 
1
 

 1 sin nx )
n

4
 
 n1 2n  12
cos 2n  1 x  
n 1 n
1 ,   x  0
 2
5. Find the Fourier expansion of f x    .
x
  , 0  x  
1 2  1  sin 2nx
(Ans: f x    2   
1
2  n1 2n  12
cos 2n  1 x  
2 n1 n
)

Fourier Series in (c, c  2l ) , (l, l)

1. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)  4  x2 in the interval  0, 2 
8 4 1 1 1 
f  x    2  2 cos  x  2 cos 2 x  2 cos3 x  ...
3  1 2 3 
(Ans: ).
4 1 1 1 
  sin  x  sin 2 x  sin 3 x  ...
 1 2 3 
2; 2 x 0
2. Find the Fourier expansion of f ( x)   .
x; 0  x  2
3 4 1 x 1 3 x 1 5 x 
f  x   2  2 cos  2 cos  2 cos  ...
2  1 2 3 2 5 2 
(Ans: ).
2 1  x 1 2 x 1 3 x 
  sin  sin  sin  ...
 1 2 2 2 3 2 
3. Expand f ( x)  e x as a Fourier series in the interval (l, l)
 1  1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 
 l  2l  12   2 cos l  12  22  2 cos l  12  32  2 cos l  ... 
 
(Ans: e x  sinh l  ).
  1 x 2 2 x 3 3 x  
2  2 sin  sin  2 2 2 sin  ...  
 1   l 12  22  2 1 3   
2
l l

4. Obtain the Fourier expansion of f ( x)  x , in 2  x  2 .

(Ans: f x   
12 
 1n sin nx )
3

n 1 n3
5. Find the Fourier expansion of f x   x  x 3 in  1,1
1 2  1  sin 2nx
(Ans: f x    2   
1
2  n1 2n  12
cos 2n  1 x  
2 n1 n
)

Half range sine and cosine expansions:

1. Express f ( x)  x as a cosine half range series in 0  x  2 .

8 1 x 1 3 x 1 5 x 
(Ans: f  x   1 
2  2
cos  2 cos  2 cos  ... ).
 1 2 3 2 5 2 
 x, 0  x  a

2. Obtain half range sine series for f ( x)  a, a  x    a
  x,   a  x  

41 1 1 
(Ans: f  x  
 sin a sin x  2 sin 3a sin 3x  2 sin 5a sin 5x  ...
 12
3 5 
1,
 0 x  2
3. Obtain half range cosine series for f ( x)   .
0,   x  
 2
1 2 1 1 
(Ans: f  x    cos x  cos3x  cos5x  ... )
2  3 5 

4. Obtain the half range sine series for f ( x)  e x in 0  x  1 .

 1 e 2 1  e  3 1  e  
(Ans: f  x   2  sin  x  sin 2 x  sin 3 x  ... ).
1   1  4 1  9
2 2 2

x
 a , 0 xa
2l 2 
na nx
5. If f x    , prove that f x  
1
2  2
sin sin .
l  x , a  x  l al  a  n1 n l l
 l  a
 On Parseval’s Identity, Orthogonality, Orthonormality
 x, 0 x 
1. Find the Fourier series for f ( x)   . Hence deduce that
2  x,   x  2
2 1 1 1
    ...
96 14 34 54
 4 
1
(Ans: f  x     cos  2n  1 x ).
2  n 1  2n  12
2 
cos nx
2. It is given that for   x   , x2   4  1
n
. By using Parserval’s identity
3 n 1 n2

1  4
prove that n
n 1 904


3. Show that the set of functions cosnx , n  1,2,3,... is orthogonal on  0, 2  .

4. Show that the set of functions sin  2n  1 x , n  0,1,2,... is orthogonal over 0,  .
2  
Hence construct orthonormal set of functions.
2 2 2
(Ans: sin x , sin 3x , sin 5x , ... )
  
5. Show that the set of functions sin x , cos x , sin 2x , cos2x , ... is orthogonal on  0, 2  .
Write down the orthonormal set.
1 1 1 1 1
(Ans: , sin x , cos x , sin 2x , cos 2x ... )
2    

Complex form of Fourier Series and Fourier Integral representation

Classroom Problems

1. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  eax ,    x  

sinh a 
a  in inx
Ans. eax    1
n
e
 n  a 2  n2
2. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f (x)  cos ax,    x  

a sin a 
 1n
Ans. cos ax 


n   a n2 2
einx

3. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  sinh ax,  l  x  l

 1n in  n x 


i 
Ans. sinh ax  sinh al e l 

n   a2l 2  n2 2
4. Find complex form of Fourier series for the function f ( x)  e x ,  1  x  1

 1  in  in x
Ans. e x    1 sinh1  1  n 
n
e

2 2
n  

1, for x  1
5. Express the function f ( x)   as Fourier Integral and hence evaluate
0, for x  1

sin cos x 

0 
d . Ans.
2
f ( x)

ekx , for x  0
6. Express the function f ( x)    kx as Fourier Integral and hence show that
e , for x  0

 cos x 

0
2
k 2
d 
2
e kx , x  0, k  0 .


 sin x 
7. Using Fourier Integral representation, show that  d  e x  x  0 .
0 1 
2
2
8. Express e x cos x as a Fourier cosine integral and show that
2    2
2

cos xd ,  x  0
 0  4  4
e x cos x 

 , for 0  x  
9. Express the function f ( x)   2 as Fourier sine integral. Hence show that
0, for x  

1  cos 

0 
sin x d 
2
,0  x  

 x, 0  x 1

10. Find Fourier sine integral of f ( x)  2  x, 1  x  2 .
0, x2

2  2sin  sin 2 

Ans. f ( x)  sin x   d
0  2 