Lecture 21: The Definite Integral (Sections 5.2, 5.

3
& 5.4)

Definition
If f is defined and continuous for a ≤ x ≤ b, we divide [a, b] into n
subintervals of equal width 4x = (b − a)/n. Let
x0 (= a), x1 , x2 , . . . , xn (= b) be the endpoints of these subintervals and
letxi∗ be any sample point in the subinterval [xi−1 , xi ]. Then the definite
integral of f from a to b is
Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (xi∗ )4x
a n→∞
i=1

if the limit exists. If so, f is integrable on [a, b].

n
X Z b Z
The sum f (xi∗ )4x is a Riemman sum of f. In f (x)dx, is an
i=1 a
integral sign, f (x) is an integrand, a and b are lower and upper limits of
integration.
Theorem
If f is continuous on [a, b], or if f has only a finite number of jump
discontinuities, then f is integrable on [a, b].

Fact
If f is a nonnegative
continuous function on [a, b],
then the area enclosed by the
lines x = a, x = b, y = 0
(the x-axis) and the curve
y = f (x) is
Z b
A= f (x)dx
a

Properties of the integral

Z b
(1) f (x) dx =
a
Z b
(2) c dx =
a
Z b
(3) [f (x) ± g (x)] dx =
a
Z b
(4) cf (x) dx =
a
Z b
(5) f (x) dx =
a
(6) If f (x) ≥ 0 for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

(7) If f (x) ≥ g (x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

(8) If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part I
If f is continuous on [a, b],then the function g defined by
Z x
g (x) = f (t) dt a≤x ≤b
a

is continuous on (a, b), and g 0 (x) = f (x).

Z x
Example 1: (a) Find the derivative of g (x) = t cos t dt
a

Z x2
d
(b) Find t cos t dt
dx a
Part II
If f is continuous on [a, b],then
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) − F (a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f (F 0 = f ).

Z 1
Example 2: Evaluate the integral x 3 dx
0

2
x4 + 1
Z
Example 3: Evaluate the integral dx
1 x2
 Z π/2
Example 4: Evaluate cos x dx and sketch the area represented by
0
this definite integral.

Z 1 √
Z 2 √
2
Example 5: Evaluate (x + x) dx , (x + x)2 dx
0 2
 1
Example 6: Find the area bounded by f (x) = 2 and the x-axis from
x
x = 1 to x = 4.
A=

Example 7: Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the
graph of 
x + 1, if x ≤ 0;
f (x) =
sec2 x, if x > 0
on the interval [−1, π/4]
A=
Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem

Indefinite Integrals
R
f (x) dx is used to denote an antiderivative of f, and is called an
indefinite integral of f:
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) =⇒ F 0 (x) = f (x)
Z
1+x
Example 8: Evaluate dx
x3

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z
1. cf (x) dx =
Z
2. [f (x) ± g (x)] dx =
Z
3. k dx =
Z
4. x n dx =
Z
5. sin x dx =
Z
6. cos x dx =
Z
7. sec2 x dx =
Z
8. sec x tan x dx =
 Z
sin t
Example 9: Evaluate dt
cos2 t

Z π/2
Example 10: Evaluate (1 + cos x) dx
0

Lecture 22: The Substitution Rule (Section 5.5)

Z
Example 1: Find 2x cos (x 2 ) dx

The Substitution Rule

If u = g (x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I, and f
is continuous on I, then
Z Z
f (g (x))g 0 (x) dx = f (u) du
 Z
x
Example 2: Find √ dx
2x 2 + 3

The Substitution Rule For Definite Integrals

If g 0 is continuous on [a, b], and f is continuous on the range of
u = g (x), then
Z b Z g (b)
0
f (g (x))g (x) dx = f (u) du
a g (a)

Z 2
2x
Example 3: Find dx
1 (x 2 + 1)2
 1
cos (x −2 )
Z
Example 4: Find dx
1/2 x3

Z 1
tan x
Example 5: Find dx
−1 x4 + 1

Integrals of odd and even functions

Let f be a continuous function on [−a, a].
Z a Z 2
If f is even [f (−x) = f (x)], then f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx
−a 0
Z a
If f is odd [f (−x) = −f (x)], then f (x) dx = 0
−a