GROUP THREE - RIZAL

AMERICAN COLONIALISM
IN THE PHILIPPINES
MANILA BAY WAR
April 27, 1898
MANILA BAY WAR
Through the command of John Long, the United
States' Secretary of the Navy, Commodore
George Dewey led an American fleet from Hong
Kong going to the Philippines on April 27, 1898.

He was ordered to capture or destroy the

Spanish Pacific fleet, which was known to be in
the coastal waters of the Spanish-controlled
Philippines.

On May 1, 1898, at Manila Bay in the Philippines,

the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish
Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the
Spanish-American War (April-August 1898).
MANILA BAY WAR
On the morning of 1 May, Commodore
Dewey—with his flag aboard USS
Olympia—steamed his ships into Manila
Bay to confront the Spanish flotilla
commanded by Rear Admiral Patricio
Montojo y Pasarón.

By early afternoon, Dewey had

completed the destruction of Montojo's
squadron and the shore batteries, while
his own ships were largely undamaged.
Dewey anchored his ships off Manila
and accepted the surrender of the city.
"CHICANERY" TO THE FILIPINOS
MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA (AUGUST 13, 1898)
MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
AUGUST 13, 1898

It was a land engagement which took place

in Manila at the end of the Spanish–American
War, four months after the decisive victory by
Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the
Manila Bay War.

The belligerents were Spanish forces led by

Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín
Jáudenes, and American forces led by
United States Navy Commodore George
Dewey. American forces were supported by
units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army,
led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
AUGUST 13, 1898

"Mock Battle of Manila" because the local

Spanish and American generals, who were
legally still at war, secretly and jointly
planned the battle to transfer control of
the city center from the Spanish to the
Americans while keeping the Philippine
Revolutionary Army, out of the city center.

The battle left American forces in control

of Intramuros, the center of Manila,
surrounded by Philippine revolutionary
forces.
AMERICAN OCCUPATION IN
MANILA
TREATY OF PARIS
TREATY OF PARIS
December 10, 1898
TREATY OF PARIS
On August 12, 1898, the Protocol of Peace was signed
directing five Americans and five Spanish commissioners
to meet in Paris to discuss peace terms between US and
Spain.

The commission met from October to December 1898,

and agreed upon that some colonies of Spain including
the Philippines be ceded to the United States. 

On December 10, 1898, without Filipino representation

and consultation, the Treaty of Paris was concluded.  It
was signed by representatives from the US Government
and the Spanish delegation.
 Gave up all rights to Cuba
and evacuation of Spanish
invaders in Cuba

THREE Surrendered Puerto Rico and

CRUCIAL gave up its possessions in the
West Indies and the island of
PROVISIONS Guam and the Philippines to
the United States.

TREATY OF PARIS 1898

Surrendered the Philippines
to the United States for a
payment of US $20 000 000
TREATY OF PARIS
The American and Spanish government reckoned the
Treaty of Paris as an instrument of Peace, but the Filipinos
resented its conclusion and ratification for they were not
consulted and considered in its making.

Further, the provisions of the treaty were not for the

benefit of the Filipinos but for the imperialists, instead.

With the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Paris, the

bitter relations between the Americans and the Filipinos
turned bitterer and eventually lead to another episode that
was known as Filipino-American War.
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
Despite the appointment of Emilio Aguinaldo as the
President of the First Republic of the Philippines on
January 23, 1899, the Americans did not even
fully recognize it.

This is because the United States has the legal right to

colonize the Philippines in accordance with the provisions
of the Treaty of Paris.

Moreover, even before 1898, the United States had already

established the Military Government in the Philippines and
made Gen. Wesley Merritt as the first Governor-General.
BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS
DECEMBER 02, 1899

referred to as the "Philippine Thermopylae"

It was a battle in the Philippine–American

War in northern Luzon, in which a 60-man
Filipino rear guard commanded by
Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar
succumbed to more than 500 Americans,
mostly of the 33rd Volunteer Infantry
Regiment under Major Peyton C. March,
while delaying the American advance to
ensure that President Emilio Aguinaldo and
his troops escaped.
BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS
DECEMBER 02, 1899

The retreat of Aguinaldo from Bayambang,

Pangasinan, through the mountainous terrain
began on November 13, 1899, after he had
disbanded the regular Filipino army into
guerrilla units.

On November 23, Aguinaldo's party reached

the pass, which provided a strategic
bottleneck. It was to be protected by a rear
guard under General Gregorio del Pilar, who
noticed the advantageous terrain of Tirad Pass
and hunkered down to defend it while
Aguinaldo escaped through the mountains.
THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
DECEMBER 21, 1898

It refers to a policy of the United States towards

the Philippines as described in a proclamation by
U.S. President William McKinley.

It succinctly stated that "future control,

disposition, and government of the Philippine
islands were ceded to the United States" and
that "the military government is to be to the
whole of the ceded territory."

The proclamation was issued after Spain was

defeated in the Spanish–American War but before
fighting began in the Philippine–American War.
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
On August 14, 1898, the U.S. established a military government in
the Philippines, with General Wesley Merritt acting as military
governor.

During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander

governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president
as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces.

It was done to subdue the army led by Aguinaldo and the other
groups who were against the American government.

The aim of the military government is to prevent any possible

outbreaks in the country. It is their duty to maintain peace and order
in the Philippines.
 American-style school system
was introduced, initially with
soldiers as teachers.

MILITARY Civil and criminal courts were

GOVERNMENT reestablished, including a
supreme court, and local
ACCOMPLISHMENTS governments were established
in towns and provinces.
MOST RELEVANT
Manila is open to global trade
and a first local election was
conducted by General Harold
Lawton in Bulacan.
SCHURMAN COMMISSION

Also known as the First Philippine

Commission, it was established by
United States President William
McKinley on January 20, 1899, and
tasked to study the situation in the
Philippines and make recommendations
on how the U.S. should proceed after
the sovereignty of the Philippines was
ceded to the U.S. by Spain.
 Establishment of civilian
government as rapidly as
possible

Establishment of a bicameral
SPECIFIC legislature and autonomous
RECOMMENDATIONS governments on the
provincial and municipal
FINAL REPORT levels

Establishment of a system of
free public elementary
schools
CIVIL GOVERNMENT
On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army
Appropriation Act containing the Spooner Amendment which
provided the President with legislative authority to establish of a
civil government in the Philippines.

The Spooner Amendment is a law that allows the government to

replace the military government and enforce the civil government.
It is a kind of civilian-led government.

It aims to raise democratic leadership where power is in the hands

of the people.

It also states that military power rests solely with civilian authority
and that soldiers are deployed to protect the rights of citizens..
CIVIL GOVERNMENT PROVIDED:
Appointment of Plenary Establishment of the Philippine
commissioners to the US Assembly
Congress to represent the lower
legislative branch of the
Preservation of natural Philippines
resources for Filipinos to maintain the Philippine
commission (Philippine
Grants of rights other Commission) as the highest
than judicial rights legislative assembly
TAFT COMMISSION
The Second Philippine Commission
established by President William McKinley on
March 16, 1900, and headed by William
Howard Taft, was granted legislative as well
as limited executive powers.

Between September 1900 and August 1902, it

issued 499 laws, established a judicial
system, including a Supreme Court, drew up
a legal code, and organized a civil service.
TAFT COMMISSION
"Ang Pilipinas ay para sa mga Pilipino."

Under the civil government, Filipinos was

given the opportunity to somehow take part
in the governance of the country.

Many good things happened during the civil

government especially under Governor
General Taft's administration.

One of these is the enactment of the Cooper

Act, better known as the Philippine Bill of
1902.
THE END
That's all for today. Thank you!

AMERICAN COLONIALISM IN
THE PHILIPPINES