Anatomy and Physiology Lecture

Chapter 13-Blood Vessels 3. Capillaries into venules

4. Venules to small veins
A. Functions 5. Veins return to heart

1. Carry blood Blood Vessel Walls

2. Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases  Tunica intima:

 innermost layer
within tissues  simple squamous
 Tunica media:
3. Transport substances  middle layer
4. Regulate blood pressure  smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
 Tunica adventitia:
5. Direct blood flow to tissues  outermost layer
 connective tissue

C. Types of Arteries
B. Vessel Structures
 Elastic arteries:
Arteries:  largest in diameter
 thickest walls
 carry blood away from heart  Ex. Aorta and pulmonary trunk
 thick with a lot of elastic  Muscular arteries:
 medium to small size
Veins:
 thick in diameter
 carry blood toward heart  contain smooth muscle cells
 think with less elastic  can control blood flow to body regions

Capillaries: D. Capillaries

 exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids
Blood Flow
1. Blood flows from arteries into arterioles
2. Arterioles into capillaries
 Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
 Capillaries branch to form networks
 Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscle cells, precapillary
sphincters


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E. Types of Veins Thoracic:

 Blood flows from capillaries into venules  part of descending aorta that extends through thorax to
 Blood flows from venules into small veins diaphragm
 All 3 tunics are present in small veins
Abdominal:
 Medium sized veins: collect blood from small veins and
 descending aorta that extends from diaphragm where it
deliver to large veins
divides at common iliac arteries
 Large veins: contain valves

Arteries of Head and Neck

Blood Vessels of Pulmonary Circulation
Branches of aortic arch:
Pulmonary circulation:
 brachiocephalic artery
 blood vessels that carry blood from right ventricle to
 left common carotid artery
lungs and back from left atrium of heart
 left subclavian
 Pulmonary trunk:
 blood pump from right ventricle towards lung Brachiocephalic artery:
 Pulmonary veins:
 exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left atrium  first branch off aortic arch
 supplies blood to right side of head and neck
Parts of Aorta
Left common carotid artery:
Ascending:
 2nd branch off aortic arch
 passes superiorly from left ventricle  supplies blood to the left side of head and neck
Aortic Arch:
Left subclavian artery:
 3 major arteries which carry blood to head and upper
limbs  3rd branch off aortic arch
 supplies blood to left upper limbs
Descending:
Right common carotid artery:
 extends through thorax and abdomen to pelvis
 branches off brachiocephalic artery

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 supplies blood to right side of head and neck Arteries off Abdominal Aorta

Right subclavian artery: Celiac trunk arteries:

 branches off brachiocephalic artery  supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, upper
 supplies blood to right upper limbs duodenum

Superior mesenteric arteries:

Arteries of Upper Limbs
 supply blood to small intestines and upper portion of
Axillary arteries: colon

 continuation of subclavian Inferior mesenteric arteries:

 supply blood deep in clavicle
 supply blood to colon
Brachial arteries:
Renal arteries:
 continuation of axillary
 where blood pressure measurements are taken  supply blood to kidneys

Ulnar arteries: Hepatic arteries:

 branch of brachial artery  supply blood to liver

 near elbow
Testicular arteries:
Radial arteries:
 supply blood to testes
 branch of brachial artery
 supply blood to forearm and hand
Ovarian arteries:
 pulse taken here
 supply blood to ovaries
Figure 13.11
Inferior phrenic arteries:

 supply blood to diaphragm

Lumbar arteries:

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 supply blood to lumbar vertebra and back muscles  supply blood to lateral leg and foot

Figure 13.7c Figure 13.13

Arteries of Pelvis Veins

Common iliac arteries: Superior vena cava:

 branches from abdominal aorta  returns blood from head, neck, thorax, and
 divides into internal iliac arteries
right upper limbs
External iliac arteries:
 empties into right atrium of heart
 division of common iliac artery
 supply blood to lower limbs Inferior vena cava:

Internal iliac arteries:  returns blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
 empties into right atrium of heart
 division of common iliac
 supply blood to pelvic area
Veins of Head and Neck

Arteries of Lower Limbs External jugular vein:

Femoral arteries:  drain blood from head and neck

 empties into subclavian veins
 supply to thigh
Internal jugular vein:
Popliteal arteries :
 drain blood from brain, face, neck
 supply blood to knee  empty into subclavian veins

Anterior and posterior arteries: Subclavian veins:

 supply blood to leg and foot  forms brachiocephalic veins

Fibular arteries:

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Brachiocephalic veins: Posterior intercostal veins:

 join to form superior vena cava  drain blood from posterior thoracic wall
 drains into azygos vein on right side

Veins of Upper Limbs Hemiazygos vein:

Brachial veins:  receives blood from azygos vein of left side

 empty into axillary vein

Veins of Abdomen and Pelvis
Cephalic veins:
Common iliac vein:
 empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
 formed from external and internal iliac
Median cubital veins:  empty into inferior vena cava
 connects to cephalic vein External iliac vein:
 near elbow
 drains blood from lower limbs
 empty into common iliac vein

Internal iliac vein:

Veins of Thorax
 drains blood from pelvic region
Right and left brachiocephalic veins:
 empties into common iliac vein
 drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
Renal vein:
Azygos veins:
 drains blood from kidneys
 drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
Hepatic Portal System
Internal thoracic veins:
 Liver is a major processing center for substances
 empty into brachiocephalic veins absorbed by intestinal tract.

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Portal system: Capillary Exchange

 vascular system that begins with capillaries in viscera o Most exchange across capillary walls
and ends with capillaries in liver occurs by diffusion
 uses splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein o Blood pressure, capillary permeability and
osmosis affect movement of fluids across
Veins of Lower Limbs capillary walls.
o Net movement of fluid from blood into
Femoral veins:
tissues
 drain blood from thigh and empty into external iliac vein o Fluid gained in tissues is removed by
lymphatic system
Great saphenous veins:

 drain from foot and empty into femoral vein

Popliteal veins: Local Control of Blood Flow

 drain blood from knee and empty into femoral vein o Local control achieved by relaxation and contraction of
 Figure 13.14 precapillary sphincters
Blood Pressure o Sphincters relax blood flow increases
o Precapillary sphincters controlled by metabolic needs of tissues
 measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls o Concentration of nutrients also control blood flow
 Normal is 120/80 o Blood flow increases when oxygen levels decrease
 Systolic pressure:
 contraction of heart Nervous and Hormonal Control of Blood Flow
 Diastolic pressure:
 relaxation of heart Vasomotor center:

Pulse Pressure  sympathetic division

 difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
 Ex. 120 for systolic 80 for diastolic pulse pressure is 40
mm Hg
 pulse pressure points can be felt near large arteries
 controls blood vessel diameter
Vasomotor tone:
 state of partial constriction of blood vessels
 increase causes blood vessels to constrict and blood
pressure to go up

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Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)

alter blood vessel diameter. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin

Baroreceptor Reflexes 2. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

 Baroreceptor reflexes activate responses to blood pressure in 3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to
normal range angiotensin II
 Baroreceptors respond to stretch in arteries due to increased
pressure 4. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
 Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch
5. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
 Change peripheral resistance, heart rate, stroke volume in
response to blood pressure 6. Aldosterone acts on kidneys causes them to conserve sodium
and water
Chemoreceptor Reflex
7. Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained
 Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and pH
 Chemoreceptors are located in carotid bodies and aortic bodies
which lie near carotid sinuses and aortic arch Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism
 They send action potentials along sensory nerve to medulla
oblongata 1. Nerve cells in hypothalamus release antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) when concentration of solutes in plasma increases or
blood pressure decrease
Adrenal Medullary Mechanism
2. ADH acts of kidneys and they absorb more water (decrease
1. Stimuli increase sympathetic stimulation to adrenal medulla urine volume)
2. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into 3. Result is maintaining blood volume and blood pressure
blood

3. This causes increased heart rate and stroke volume and

vasoconstriction

4. Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle

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Other Information:

Arteriosclerosis:

 makes arteries less elastic

Atherosclerosis:

 type of arteriosclerosis
 from deposit of materials in artery walls (plaque)

 Factors that contribute to atherosclerosis:

 lack of exercise, smoking, obesity, diet high in
cholesterol and trans fats, some genetics