Chapter I

INTRODUCTION
to
Material Properties Science
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Ⅰ-1. Materials
What Materials are
 Materials are matters that you use to make something
useful, e.g., tableware( 食 ), clothing( 衣 ), vehicles( 行 ),
building( 住 ), machines, instruments, tools, and
components( 科技生產 ).
Importance of Materials
 Materials lie at the base of all technological advances.
 Advanced materials and advanced processing of
materials are critical to the nation’s quality of life,
security, and economic strength.
 Advanced materials are the building blocks of advanced
technologies. 2
Ⅰ-2. Classification of Materials

The major classes of materials are:

 Metals ( 金屬材料 )
 Ceramics ( 陶瓷材料 )
 Polymers ( 高分子材料 )
 Composites ( 複合材料 )
 Semiconductors ( 半導體材料 )
 Biomaterials ( 生物材料 )

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Ⅰ-3. Metals
 Dense ( heavy)
● High hardness (much higher than polymers , but

mostly lower than ceramics)

 High mechanical strength
 Ductile and high toughness
 Can be deformed into complex shapes
 Electrically conductive
 High thermal conductivity
 Medium melting point (much higher than polymers ,
but mostly lower than ceramics)
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 Advances in processing:

 Fabricated from metal powders by compacting

them into a desired shape at high temperature
and pressure in a process known as powder
metallurgy (PM).

 Reduced production costs through PM will

continue to impact the aerospace and
automotive fields.
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Ⅰ-4. Ceramics (typically, compounds of
metallic and nonmetallic elements)
 Medium dense (lighter than metals but heavier than
polymers)
 Mostly extremely hard
 High mechanical strength (extremely stiff)
 Brittle and low toughness
 High melting point and high temperature
stability(refractory)
 Highly electrically insulative
 significant exceptions
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 Electrolyte for fuel cell: YSZ (8% Y2O3-ZrO2)
 Example 1: ceramic ionic conductors
 Example 2: superconductors
 Low thermal conductivity ( thermally insulative,
with significant exceptions, e.g., AlN, BN,
diamond, graphene, carbon nano tube,…)
 Resistance to chemical attack
 Resistance to absorption of foreign substances
 Some posses unique optical emission properties:
phosphors, e.g., YAG: Ce3+, Ca2Si5N8: Eu2+ and
CaAlSiN3:Eu2+

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FuelCell LED
 Current and potential applications
• Automotive industry ： engine components.
• High-performance integrated circuit substrate
and package materials, e.g., AlN.
• Superconductors, YBa2Cu3O7 and
Ba2Sr2CaCu2Ox.

 Next-generation computers: Flat Panel Display

(FPD)/ ceramic electro-optic components ( 螢光材
料)

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Ⅰ-5. Polymers
 Relatively easy to synthesize
 Low density (light)

 Low mechanical strength

 Tend to soften at moderate temperatures (limiting

the use at low temperatures).

 Easily formed into complex shapes

(low temperature process ability)

 High electrical resistivity (with exceptions)

 Extremely low thermal conductivity

 Chemical inertness.
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Ⅰ-6. Composites (Composite Materials)
comprising two or more different types of materials
and possessing the desired properties of the
components: epoxy molding compound (EMC)
polymer
AlN or BN  High thermal (matrix)
particles (filler) conductivity AlN or BN/  rigidity
Polymer Composite  Adhesive
 high thermal
conductivity  high
breaking-
  
(>50W/m-K) through
 high electrical
    voltage
resistivity 
  
 low
 low thermal  temperature
expansion  processability
 mechanical        low thermal
conductivity
strength
(<0.5W/m-K)
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 Carbon fiber-epoxy composite-the strength and
rigidity.
 Metal matrix composite (with ceramic as filler) -
airframe material
 Ceramic-matrix composites (with other ceramic
as filler).
 matrix: continuous phase ;
filler: noncontinuous (dispersed phase)

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Ⅰ-7. Semiconductors

materials possessing semiconducting

properties.
(usually a ceramic or a polymer.)

 Silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe and Inp.

 Semiconductors must be processed in ways that permit

precise control of composition and structure.

 Current and potential applications.

 Information transfer, changing from electrical to optical

signals.
 The size scale of microelectronic devices.
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Ⅰ-8. Biomaterials

materials that can be implanted into human

bodies. (can be metals, ceramics or polymers)

 to be implanted into human body, e.g., artificial

teeth, bones, skins and etc.
 must be compatible with body tissues.

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I-9. Typical Examples of Advanced
Materials Development
(A) Flat Panel Display (FPD)

(phosphors
)
(carbon nano tube)

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White Light LED Lighting

yellow : YAG: Ce3+

red : Ca2Si5N8: Eu2+
CaAlSiN3:Eu2+
Chip holders or
chip submounts
(high thermal
comsuctivity ceramics:
AlN)=>heat dissipation
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(C) Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor

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Nano-sized dielectric
ceramic powder

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(D) Electronic Substrates
(with high thermal conductivity: AlN)

EMC
chip
leads

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(E) Photocatalysts
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
mechanism ：
1.Absorption

2. Electron injection

3. Regeneration

4. Cathode:

Our research goals ： to synthesize various nanopowder and nanostructured

materials (TiO2, ZnO,CeO2…) with different morphologies for the fabrication of
semiconductor electrode for DSSCs.
Properties and photoelectric conversion efficiencies of the DSSC’s fabricated using the
TiO2 electrode synthesized in our Lab. or using the commercial TiO 2 powders.

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(F) Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

A. Objective
Chemical Energy conversion Electrical Energy

Requirements:
• High efficiency
(= amount of electrical energy obtained per unit amount
of chemical energy input).
• Low environmental pollution
(environmental friendly or green)
• Low cost

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(a) Traditional Approach
Fuel fuel (coal, oil, or natural gas) + air Fuel
(chemical (chemical
energy) energy)

Heat Heat 1
(thermal High Temp Combustion gas CO2, (thermal
energy) H2O,…+ pollutants energy)

Heat 2
steam
(thermal
energy)
mechanical Gas turbine
energy generator Steam turbine
mechanical
generator energy

electrical electrical
energy electrical energy energy
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(b) Fuel Cell Approach

Over all reaction

H2 + 1/2O2 H2O(g) + electrical energy
One-step conversion (the highest conversion ever obtained)

Fuel (H2 or CO)

e Anode
(porous) H 2  O  2  H 2O  2e

load Electrolyte
(dense) O-2
e
Cathode
(porous) O2

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Oxidizer (air or O2)
 Cathode (Air Electrode)
1/2O2(g)+2e- = O-22(s)
Requirements ：
(a)High electronic conductivity.
(b)Chemical and dimensional stability.
(c)A suitable thermal expansion coefficient.
(d)Compatibility and minimum reactivity.
(e)Sufficient porosity (oxygen from the gas phase to the air
electrode/electrolyte interface).
◎ Materials (formulation) ：
Lanthanum manganite ( 鑭錳氧化物 ) doped with alkaline and
rare-earth elements porous tube.
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  14
It dissociates at 1000°C at low oxygen pressures(  10 atm).
The electronic conductivity: hopping of an electron hole
between the +3 and +4 valence states of Mn.
Conductivity is enhanced by doping with a divalent ion such as
calcium (Ca) or strontium (Sr).
 Materials Synthesis ：
high-purity: La2O3 and MnO2 solid state reaction Lanthanum
manganite
(e.g.,La0.9 Sr0.1
 Component fabrication
MnO3)
Electrolyte
 Materials (formulation)
YSZ (8% Y2O3-ZrO2) has been the most successfully
employed. Yttrium oxide stabilizes the high-temperature
cubic phase and generates oxygen vacancies; an oxygen
vacancy is created for every mole of the dopant Y2O3: 25

oxygen-ion conductivity.
 Materials Requirement, Synthesis and Fabrication
free of porosity uniformly thin high oxygen-ion conductivity
transport number for electrons as close to zero as possible.
~40-μm-thick layer electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD).
2MeCly + yH2O = 2MeOy/2 + 2yHCl
and
4 MeCl y  yO2  2 yH 2 4 MeO y / 2  4 yHCl

Anode (Fuel Electrode)

O-2(s) + H2(g) 1000℃ H2O(g) + 2e

 Requirement
electronically conducting and sufficient porosity.
 Materials (formulation)
Nickel (cobalt or ruthenium) in YSZ, thermal expansion sinter
forming a skeleton of YSZ around the nickel particles.
Nickel powder slurry; EVD process; deposition of a Ni-YSZ slurry
sintering. 26
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Cross-flow planar design for a solid-oxide fuel cell.
P-type perovskite oxide reversible oxidation-reduction
behavior. Oxygen excess or deficiency, depending upon the
ambient oxygen partial pressure and temperature.

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Co-flow monolithic design for a solid-solid-oxide fuel cell.
Tubular design for a solid-solid-oxide fuel cell. 29
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NCKU Tentative Principles for Course Instruction in Response to
the Epidemic Prevention of Severe Special Infectious Pneumonia
Approved at the 3nd meeting of the NCKU Curriculum Committee in the 2019-20 academic year,
May. 20, 2020

During the period of epidemic prevention, course instructors should

keep track of student attendance (e.g., roll-calls or regular seating
charts). Students who are prohibited entry into Taiwan; confirmed as
a patient; or undergoing home isolation, home quarantine, or self-
health management at home should apply in advance for leave of
absence, which will not be penalized as an absence or grade-point
deduction.

 For those who attend the class:

Please log in to the Moodle/Courses/Material Properties Science/
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