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Final Quick Revision Notes Paper-1 2020 PDF
Final Quick Revision Notes Paper-1 2020 PDF
Final Quick Revision Notes Paper-1 2020 PDF
3. Basic requirements of teaching : A trained and more qualified teacher will help
All three variables of teaching. students to inculcate the attitude of
(Dependent variable, independent discussion, questioning, investigation, inquiry,
variable and intervening variables) and critical thinking in them. His or her
Professionalism is needed for teaching lessons are rich in content and have
to take place. relevance. The trained teacher doesn’t use
A cohesive environment for the mechanical mode of instruction that is dull for
students should be there, so that the students.
teaching can be useful. Teacher-student relationship
Teacher-student relationship should be It must be noted that the teacher-student
healthy so that students can ask relationship is not that of hierarchy alone.
questions without hesitation. A good teacher always respects his or her
Student’s discipline is another basic students, is sensitive to their social, cultural
requirement for effective teaching. and economic background, kindles their
4. Factors affecting Teaching intellectual curiosities and quests, and helps
Following are the factors that affect the them develop a good civic and moral sense.
process of teaching: To get the content of knowledge across one’s
Educational qualification of the learners, a teacher must be able to connect
teachers. with them. There should be a culture of
Adequate skills are required for a dialogue for making teaching instruction
teacher to carry his work effectively. interesting and engaging.
Experience teachers better handle the A teacher who only relies on lecture methods
student's queries and classroom fails to grab attention and appreciation from
management. the learners. In such a scenario, teaching
The classroom environment should suffers significantly.
support the teaching-learning Methods of teaching used
environment and the teacher plays a A good teacher must have a good hang on the
vital role in handling this activity. varieties of methods that can be used for
Credentials or Qualifications of the teacher teaching.
Qualifications matter as much as the If teaching becomes monotonous, students
professional training. A teacher who has a can lose interest in classes or lectures.
higher degree apparently will have a better To keep it appealing, the teacher must use
knowledge of the subject. Someone who has very creative methods.
secured professional training like B.Ed., There are teacher-centred methods, student-
M.Ed., MPhil, PhD, etc. will be able to yield centered methods, content-focused methods
better learning outcomes in a student than and interactive or participative methods.
someone who has not been professionally For effective teaching, more and more use of
trained. learner-centred methods should be made. In
any chosen method, the teacher should not institution also affect the teaching process. A
appear as an authority figure. He or she teacher may want to teach beyond classroom
should be the facilitator and resource for instruction but policies of the educational
teaching and learning. institutions can limit such motivation.
Classroom environment Sometimes the adoption of a specific
Classroom environment comprises both curriculum or teaching method by the
physical and social factors. Physical factors institution can limit the scope of teacher’s
involve physical infrastructure such as creativity and competence. They are made to
furniture, the building of the institution, stick to the prescribed content, curriculum
library facilities, laboratories, teaching aids, and methods.
light, cleanliness, and so on. Social factors Rewards
include the relationship that all the critical Teaching is a specialised skill, it is an art as
stakeholders have with each other such as well as science. Every so often, teachers are
the relationship between teachers and the not remunerated well which affects the
management, student-teacher relationship, manner in which they teach students.
teacher-parent relationship, student-student A good salary or remuneration can be a great
relationship, etc. intrinsic motivation for teachers to maximize
A teacher should have the capacity for the learning outcomes.
conflict resolution. Clear and stable Institutions should regard teaching a great
communication between these stakeholders skill and should be able to offer competitive
is necessary. salaries to teachers as per their qualification,
Such factors also affect the quality of experience and performance in the industry.
teaching. 5. Methods of teaching
Skills of a Teacher Here are some important teaching
Skills are an acquired set of abilities. Teaching methods:
is also affected by the kind of skills that a a) Teacher-centred strategy
teacher has. Following are the teacher-centred
The skills include good communication skills, strategies:
interpersonal skills, soft skills, computer skills, Lecture Method: Lecture Method is a
so on and so forth. process of teaching in which the
A teacher who has a flair for learning new and teacher tells his/her students about the
varied skills can maximize learning outcomes planned facts. The students listen and
in various situations. Teachers should take notes. The success of this method
continuously engage themselves in attending depends on the ability of the teacher to
conferences and seminars to learn new skills. speak fluently in a good tone and style.
Institutional Policies Team Teaching: Team teaching
Whether one is a school teacher or a college includes a batch of instructors which
teacher, administrative policies of the help a group of students regularly and
present the instructional material and Visual Method : This method covers the
monitor the learning that takes place. seeing aspect of the subject matter in the
Heuristic method: This method was teaching-learning process. It includes a
discovered by Dr H. E. Armstrong. It is demonstration method, supervised study
an approach to problem-solving, method, etc.
learning, or discovery that employs a Mental Method : This method covers the
practical method but instead sufficient cognitive aspects of the subject matter.
for reaching an immediate goal. Inductive, deductive, analysis, synthesis
d) Teaching Aids methods are included in this method.
Teaching aids are the aids used by the Strategies of teaching : Teaching strategy
facilitator or a teacher in the classroom to helps the students in learning the desired
make his/her teaching effective and easy course of the content and these are the
so that the students can be understood method by which objective of teaching is
easily. There are different types of released in the classroom.
teaching aids: Types of Teaching strategies
Audio Aids: These aids find the usage of Teaching strategies are of two types i.e.,
the sense of hearing for example radio, Autocratic teaching strategy and Democratic
tape recorders, language laboratories etc. teaching strategy.
Visual Aids: These aids use the sense of A. Autocratic Teaching Strategy:
visual only. For example chalkboards, soft This strategy uses traditional methods of
boards, maps, pictures, flashcards, maps teaching. In this method, the teacher has
etc. full control over teaching and student are
Audio-Visual Aids : This makes use of both not allowed to act freely. This strategy is of
sense of hearing and vision. For example four types:
television, films, computers, film-strips 1. Storytelling method : Under this
etc. method teacher delivers the content in
Telling method : Telling method covers all a story form to the students. This
the aspects of teaching which are method increases the vocabulary of the
delivered orally to the students during the student and enhances their vocabulary.
teaching-learning process. This method This method is useful in teaching
covers lecture Method, Discussion languages and social studies.
Method, storytelling Method and so on. 2. Lecture method : Lecture method is
Project Method : This method covers the oldest and one-way
learning by doing aspects of the subject communication method of teaching
matter in the teaching-learning process. and helpful in developing the cognitive
This method covers the project method, and affective domains of the child. This
problem-solving method, textbook method is suitable in introducing a
method, etc. new lesson and lays emphasis on
difficult task as it is basically conditioned Teaching aids should be simple and will
by the nature of the subjects. So, for fit into classroom situations.
making the teaching interesting, a teacher Teaching aids make lessons enjoyable
can take the help of teaching-learning and interesting for the students.
materials. While selecting the teaching- These aids save time, energy and
learning materials, a teacher should burden of a teacher.
ensure that the skills of reading, 2. Objectives of Teaching-Learning Materials
understanding, listening, and speaking can The objectives of using teaching-learning
be developed. materials are given below:
Teaching-Learning Materials Teaching aids make every student an
The aids used by the teacher or facilitator active participant in the classroom.
in the classroom to make his teaching Teaching aids help students to relate to
understandable and effective are known what is being taught to real-life
as the teaching-learning materials or situations.
teaching aids. It can be big or small and Teaching aids provide a reinforcement
can be bought or made easily by both the for better learning.
teacher or students. For example, They make the learning permanent
blackboard, map, chart, globe, tape among the students.
recorder etc. Teachers should use They develop the perception of the
teaching-learning materials in an students towards the content.
appropriate way. It not only helps students 3. Types of Teaching-Learning Materials
to enhance their learning but also make Teaching-learning materials can be
their learning permanent. Before selecting classified into three types i.e., audio aids,
the teaching aids, teachers should first visual aids, and audio-visual aids.
think their practical use and assess a) Audio Aids
whether the aim of using aids i.e., the Aids that facilitate learning by using the
purpose of teaching can be achieved or sense of hearing are known as audio
not. The aids should be student-oriented aids. These aids help a teacher,
and should be selected systematically to especially in language teaching. For
fulfill the purpose. example, radio, tape recorder, audio
1. Characteristics of Teaching-Learning cassette player, Linguaphone etc.
Materials Radio: With the help of radio, students
Some of the characteristics of teaching- can improve comprehension through
learning materials are given below: listening. Also, they can correct their
Teaching aids can be found easily pronunciation drill.
whether in a market or can be made by Tape recorder: By recorder, students
teacher or students. can record their voice and can correct
Teaching aids are easy to carry. their mistake by listening to their voice.
a holder that holds the slide. attractive part of the textbooks, which
d) Textbook: makes the reading and understanding part
A textbook is an area in which the quite influencing.
language material presented prescribed 4. Selection of teaching-learning materials
for teaching and learning. A good textbook Teaching-learning materials make the
not only teaches but it also tests the teaching-learning process easy and
knowledge of students. The content of the interesting.
book should be very clear, a proper So while selecting the teaching-learning
beginning is required to prepare the material, a teacher should take care of the
learners for the upcoming content and a following things:
perfect conclusion is required to assemble Relevant
the entire learning. Suitable
An advantage of using textbooks: Practical
Textbooks give a great contribution to the Objective attainment
teaching-learning process both to the Learner-centred
teachers and to learners. They offer a Simple and educative
framework of guidance and orientation. 7. Evaluation:
However, apart from numerous Education is a changing process that
advantages a single textbook frequently requires to be continuously evaluated.
does not meet the diverse needs of the Evaluation is an element of education that
learners. Textbooks works as a fruitful is based upon the educational objectives
resource for learners, it provides a and the learning experience. Evaluation is
guideline for students for the curriculum. a systematic process of collecting,
Purposes: examining and interpreting information to
The textbook plays an important role in determine the extent to which pupils are
teaching and learning process. Textbook achieving instructional objectives.
adaptations at the activity level, unit level, Method of evaluation:
and syllabus level are an integral part of There are two methods of evaluation that is
the course-developing process which used in the teaching and learning evaluation
assists the teacher in meeting the learners’ process:
specific work-related needs. Norm-Referenced Evaluation : It is a type of
The strategy should be followed for book evaluation in which the performance of the
reading: Introducing the learners with the students is measured by comparing the
concept of the lessons before starting the relation with a hypothetical average student.
reading, and reading the lessons in units is Criterion-Referenced evaluation : In the
quite helpful to remember the facts about Criterion-Referenced test the performance of
the chapter. Pictures, graphs, etc. are a student is measured against a
always considered to be the most predetermined learning standard. These tests
A perception where we donot have the In a computer, if 8 bits are used to specify
knowledge of an object characterized by address in memory, the total number of
any predicate but an apprehension of addresses will be 256.
some unrelated element is called WYSIWYG what you see is what you get.
indeterminate perception. Software that you can download for free,
The fallacy of irrelevant reason is a type of but have to pay to continue it use after a
influence where a reason is given of a trial period is called shareware.
conclusion but this reason is irrelevant to SWAYAM study world of action learning
the truth or falsity of the conclusion. for young aspiring minds.
The fallacy of trivial objections is an A groups access to digital technology and
informal fallacy where irrelevant and another groups lack of access to it, will
sometimes frivolers objections are made cause a disparity known as Digital Divide.
to divert the attention away from the topic RAM is one of the computer components
that is being discussed. is fastest in terms of speed of access.
The fallacy of assertion is the logically Wiki is a system that allows collaborative
fallacy where someone tries to argue a modification of its content and structure
point by newly asserting that is true, directly from the web browser.
regardless of contradiction. Spyware software aims to gather
A self contradiction fallacy is a statement information about a person without
from which no coherent conclusions can he/her knowledge, and that may send
be drawn because the statement seems to such information to another entity.
contract itself. VLE:- Virtual Learning Environment.
Worm is a virus that can be transferred
INFORMATION AND from one computer to.
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Microsoft Windows is an example of
(ICT) proprietary system software.
Local Area Network is a Computer
The output quality of a printer is measured Network which is used within a building.
by Dots Per Inch. LCD stand for Light Compact Display.
Bug denotes an error in a computer Phising is an attempt to acquire sensitive
program. information for malicious seasons, by
A smaller text i.e. stared on user’s masquerading as a trustworthy entity.
computer by some website in order to Spreadsheet is use to automatic
recognize and keep track of user’s calculations in preparing a budget.
preferences is called cookie. Spamming a large number of listeners are
.wav and .wmu are the Audio formats. sending unsolicited advertising messages
or e-mailing them.
RAM is volatile and the amount of RAM in Interpreter Converts high level
a computer system can affect its language into machine language (one at a
performance. time or line by line).
Bluetooth is a wireless technology which Compiler: Converts high level language
can be used to connect a headset to a into machine language (in one go).
mobile phone. Bit = 0 or 1
Operating system control peripheral, and Byte = 8 Bits
allocates. Memory and Processor Time. Kilobyte = 1024 Byte = 210 Byte
Logic bomb is a type of malware Megabyte = 1024 Kilobyte = 220 Byte
intentionally instituted into a software Gigabyte = 1024 Megabyte = 230 Byte
system that will set off a malicious Terabyte = 1024 Gigabyte = 240 Byte
function when specified conditions are File Extension:-
met. .wav – for sound
First Generation = Vacuum Tube. .docx – Microsoft word
Second Generation = Transistor. .text – Notepad files
Third Generation = Integrated Circuits. .ppt – Power point
Fourth Generation = ULSI Microprocessor. .jpg – Images
Computer virus is a computer. Program .xls - Excel
that spreads by inserting copies of itself HTTP is the protocol that supports linking
into other executable code or document. from one web page to another page.
RGB (Red, Green, Black) In audio video Domain Name:- It is the unique name that
compression it stand for. identifies an internet site or website.
Web Browsers:- Internet explorer, Mozilla .com:- Commercial Institute or
Firebox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera. Organization.
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is .edu:- Educational Institutions
used to create webpages. .gov:- Government Sites
JPEG is used to compress images. .mil:- Military Sites
Search Engine:- Yahoo, Google. .net:- Gateway & Administrative Hosts
Two Main Component of CPU:- Control .org:- Private Organizations
Unit, ALU. BHIM:- Bharat Interface for Money
ASCIT American Standard Code for (Developed by NPCI).
Information Interchange. National Payment Corporation of India.
EBCDIL Extended Binary Coded Decimal A modern electronic computer is a
Interchange Code. machine that is meant for input, storage,
Assembler Converts assembly language manipulation and outputting of data.
into machine language. Data is not a main component of
computer.
The brain of any computer system is CPU.
the project for telecasting high quality National Asset" has been sanctioned to IIT,
educational programmes through 32 DTH Kharagpur under NMEICT by MHRD. NDL
channels on 24 7 basis. Every day, there project aims to develop.
will be new content of at least (4) hours a) overall framework to collate large
which would be repeated 6 times a day, number of e-contents, virtual library,
allowing the student to choose the time of covering needs of learners with
his convenience. differing abilities for different levels of
The DTH Channels cover: education.
a) Curriculum based course contents b) Design & development of "OAI-PMH"
covering diverse disciplines such as arts, Server for Metadata Harvesting,
science, commerce, performing arts, social Indexed etc.
sciences and humanities subjects, c) Pan-India virtual teaching-learning-
engineering, technology, law, medicine, evaluation-knowledge platform and for
agriculture etc. in higher education key national asset and
domain (all courses would be certification- d) Collect resources from other Ministries.
ready in their detailed offering). There are more than 72 lakh digital
b) School education (9-12 levels) modules. books available through the NDL and
c) Curricula and courses that can meet the available through mobile also.
needs of life-long learners or Indian E-pathshala
citizens in India and abroad. E-books of the resources developed by
d) IIT-PAL – to assist the students in the National Council of Educational Research
Classes 11 and 12 aspiring to joint IITs – and Training (NCERT), State Council of
the four channels under this would be on Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and / State Institutes of Education (SIEs), State
Biology. Boards etc.
The project was conceived and completed SIEs in multiple languages and uploaded
within 3 months with the active participation on e-pathshala website and disseminated
of the Bhaskaracharya Satellite Application through mobile app (android, iOS and
Centre and Geinformatics (BISAG) Windows).
Gandhinagar and ECIL Hyderabad. E-pathshala has been listed / made
National Digital Library (NDL) available on the UMANG App of Govt. of
The National Digital Library of India (NDL) India, which was launched by Hon'ble
is a project to develop a framework of Primed Minister of India on 23 November,
virtual repository of learning resources 2017 during GCCS-2017.
with a single-window search facility. National Repository of Open Educational
National Digital Library (NDL): A Project Resources (NROER)
tiled "Development of National Digital To make digital resources available for
Library of India, Towards Building a teachers and students as free and open
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
NAPCC was prepared by Prime Minister As per area, it is 1st populated country.
council on 30 June 2008 to tackle the Reason for next world war would be water
climate change. arises.
Montreal protocol – international Major reasons for indoor air pollution is
agreement made in 1987 on depletion of incomplete combustion.
ozone layer. Air quality index is a number used by
Earth summit at Rio de Jeneiro – 1992:- It government agencies to communicate to
leads to development of Agenda 21, forest public. How polluted the air currently is or
principles & Rio declaration on forecast to be
environment & development. AQI in Delhi as on 10th November, 2019
Convention on biological diversity – for was between 332 to 350 & for Ludhiana it
extinction of species & gradual changes in is 130.
ecology. Fluorides are most harmful in terms of
Kyoto protocol:- efficiency in greenhouse gas.
Negotiated in December 1997 in Japan
& came in February 16, 2005. HIGHER EDUCATION
Deals with emission from industries.
There is a scheme under UGC “Human
Pairs agreement – for global warming.
Rights and Value in Education” component
International solar alliance – it was
of this scheme are as follows:
unveiled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
a) To encourage research activities.
& French President Francois Hollande on
b) To develop interaction between society
November 30, 2015 – for solar resources.
& educational institutions.
Most common pollutants of air are:-
c) To sensitive the citizens so that the
Particulate matter
norms and values of human rights are
Ozone
realized.
Nitrogen oxide
The University grant commission was
Carbon monoxide
formally inaugurated on 28th December,
Sulphur dioxide
1953 by Sh. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.
In green house gas, carbon dioxide is the
In 1964 education commission under the
most important one followed by methane
Chairmanship of Dr. D.S. Kothari was set
and then nitrogen oxide.
up in 1964.
Ozone is harmful in troposphere and
Rashtriya Uchchtar Shiksha Abhiyan was
beneficial in stratosphere.
launched in 2013 with the purpose to
Most important element in acid rain is
provide strategic funding to eligible state
sulphur dioxide.
higher educational institutions.
Causes of desertification are overgrazing
The National Knowledge Commission
and industrialization.
(NKC) was established in 2005.
India is 2nd populated country in world.
was to formulate the general principles and The salient objectives of RUSA are to:
guidelines for the development of education Improve the overall quality of state
from primary level to the highest. institutions by ensuring conformity to
However, the medical and legal studies were prescribed norms and standards and adopt
excluded from the purview of the accreditation as a mandatory quality
commission. assurance framework.
Saddler Commission Usher transformative reforms in the state
Lord Ripon appointed the first Indian higher education system by creating a
Education Commission on 3rd February 1882. facilitating institutional structure for
Sir Willium Hunter (a member of viceroy’s planning and monitoring at the state level,
Executive Council) was appointed as the promoting autonomy in State Universities
Chairman of the commission. and improving governance in institutions.
Indian Universities Commission / Raleigh Ensure reforms in the affiliation, academic
Commission was appointed in 1902 to and examination systems.
recommend the reforms in university Ensure adequate availability of quality
education system of India and on its basis faculty in all higher educational
Indian Universities Act of 1904 was institutions and ensure capacity building at
promulgated. all levels of employment.
In 1917 the government appointed the Sadler Create an enabling atmosphere in the
Commission to inquire into the conditions higher educational institutions to devote
and prospects of the University of Calcutta. themselves to research and innovations.
RUSA Expand the institutional base by creating
Rasthriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) additional capacity in existing institutions
is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), and establishing new institutions, in order
launched in 2013 aims at providing strategic to achieve enrolment targets.
funding to eligible state higher educational Correct regional imbalances in access to
institutions. higher education by setting up institutions
The funding would flow from the central in unserved & underserved areas.
ministry through the state Improve equity in higher education by
governments/union territories to the State providing adequate opportunities of
Higher Education Councils before reaching higher education to SC/STs and socially
the identified institutions. and educationally backward classes;
The funding to states would be made on the promote inclusion of women, minorities,
basis of critical appraisal of State Higher and differently abled persons.
Education Plans, which would describe each Non-conventional courses by Indian
state’s strategy to address issues of equity, Universities
access and excellence in higher education. Tea Tasting/ Tea Sommelier
Objectives of RUSA
Pet Groomers
Gerontology (study includes the social, years for ranking institutions of higher
emotional and life aspects of ageing that education in different categories and
aims to help the elderly) domains of knowledge.
Gandhian Thoughts o NIRF was launched on 29th September
Ethical Hacking 2015.
Spa Management Objective: To encourage institutes to
Carpet Technology compete against each other and
Museology simultaneously work towards their
What is NIRF? growth. In addition, these rankings also
National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) attract foreign students, providing a solid
was started in 2015. It is used for ranking base for the 'Study in India' programme
institution of higher education in different for the growth of higher education in
categories and domains of knowledge. India.
Parameters used for ranking institutions: NIRF is one of the criterias for private
1. Teaching, Learning and Resources. institutions assessment for the Institutions
2. Research and Professional Practices. of Eminence (IoE) Scheme.
3. Graduation Outcomes. o IoE Scheme is a government's scheme
4. Outreach and Inclusivity. to provide the regulatory architecture
5. Peer Perception. for setting up or upgrading of 20
Why is NIRF used? Institutions (10 from public sector and
1. It encourages institutes to compete 10 from the private sector) as world-
against each other and simultaneously class teaching and research institutions.
work towards their growth. NIRF outlines a methodology to rank
2. These rankings also attract foreign institutions across the country. The
students, providing a solid base for the methodology draws from the overall
'Study in India' programme for the growth recommendations and broad
of higher education in India. understanding arrived at by a Core
It is also one of the criteria for private Committee set up by MHRD.
institutions assessment for the Institutions of Broad Parameters:
Eminence (IoE) Scheme. o Teaching, Learning and Resources.
NIRF 2020 o Research and Professional Practices.
Recently, 'India Rankings 2020' of Institutions o Graduation Outcomes.
of Higher Education was released. o Outreach and Inclusivity.
The Ministry of Human Resources o Peer Perception.
Development (MHRD) has taken this 90% of the parameters in NIRF are
important initiative of creating a National completely objective and fact-based,
Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), while only 10% is based on the subjective
which has been used for the past five
Bangalore
Engineering Law Discipline
Category National Law
IIT Madras, School of India
IIT Delhi, University,
IIT Bomaby Bengaluru,
NLU New Delhi,
Nalsar University
of Law,
Hyderabad
Management Architecture
Category Discipline
IIM IIT Kharagpur,
Ahmedabad, IIT Roorkee,
IIM Bangalore, NIT Calicut
IIM Calcutta
Pharmacy Dental College
Discipline Maulana Azad
Jamia Institute of
Hamdard Dental Science,
University, Manipal College
Punjab of Dental
University, Science,
National Dr DY Patil
Institute of Vidyapith Pune.
Pharmaceutical
Education and
Research
Mohali
51.Conference arrangements a wider occur together but that does not mean
spectrum of ideas and issues may be made that one has caused the other to occur.
possible. 59.Explanatory research attempts to answer
52.Reporting of research findings is how and why between two aspects of a
susceptible to the issue of research ethics. situation or a phenomenon. For example,
53.The research that applies the laws at the why examination related stress leads to
time of field study to draw more and more rote learning? Why and how stress leads
clear ideas about the problem is: to a heart disease?
Experimental research 60.Experimental Research or Casual Studies is
54.When a research problem is related to cause-and-effect finding research; it seeks
heterogeneous population, the most to uncover cause-and-effect relationships.
suitable sampling method is Stratified 61.Fundamental (Basic or Pure) Research to
sampling add to the existing stock of knowledge
55.Descriptive research can answer questions and, thus, can be intellectually challenging.
such as 'what is' or 'what was'. Here, the The knowledge produced through pure
information is collected without changing research is sought in order to add to the
the environment (i.e., nothing is existing body of research methods.
manipulated). Sometimes these are 62.Applied Research is done to solve specific,
referred to as 'correctional' or practical questions facing the society. It
'observational' studies. It is 'any study that can be used for policy formulation,
is not truly experimental'. It includes administration, and understanding of a
surveys and fact-finding enquiries with phenomenon.
adequate interpretation. 63.A satisfactory statistical quantitative
56.Objectives are to be stated in Chapter I of method should not possess one of the
the Thesis following qualities: Flexibility
57.Descriptive research is closely linked with 64.Books and records are the primary sources
ex post facto, historical, exploratory, and of data in: historical research
analytical research, and sometimes, these 65.The important pre-requisites of a
terms can be used interchangeably. researcher in sciences, social sciences and
58.Co relational studies undertaken to humanities are: Supervisor, topic, critical
discover or establish relationship or analysis, patience
independence between two aspects of a 66.What do you consider as the main aim of
situation. Two or more variables may inter disciplinary research? To bring out
101. A statistical measure based upon the 2. When students fail in a test, it is the
entire population is called parameter teacher who fails.
while measure based upon a sample is 3. Every teaching must aim at ensuring
learning.
known as: Statistics
4. There can be teaching without learning
102. The importance of the correlation co- taking place.
efficient lies in the fact that: it allows one 5. A teacher teaches but learns also.
to determine the degree or strength of the 6. Learning is a lifelong process.
association between two variables 7. Teaching is related to learning.
103. The F-test: can be one tailed as well as 8. Teaching is a ‘task’ word while learning is
two tailed depending on the hypothesis an ‘achievement’ world.
9. One may teach without learning taking
104. The research is always – verifying the
place.
old knowledge, exploring new knowledge, 10.Factors affect teaching are:
filling the gap between knowledge (i) Teacher’s internal locus of control.
105. The process not needed in (ii) Learner-motivation.
experimental research is: Reference (iii) Teacher’s internal locus of control.
collection (iv) Learner-motivation.
106. A research problem is not feasible only (v) Teacher’s self efficacy.
(vi) Teacher’s skill in managing and
when: it consists of independent and
monitoring.
dependent variables (vii) Teacher’s knowledge of the subject
107. Logical reasoning is based on: Valid including general knowledge.
relation among the involved propositions 11.Interactive lecture sessions followed by
108. Two propositions with the same buzz sessions, brainstorming and projects
subject and predicate terms but different are combinations of methods of teaching
is likely to optimize learning.
in quality are: Subaltern
12.Teaching aids have to be considered as
109. Research has shown that the most supplements to instruction.
frequent symptom of nervous instability 13.Positive factors contributing to effect of
among teacher is: Explosive behavior teaching:
110. Action research means: A research (a) Teacher’s knowledge of the subject.
initiated to solve an immediate problem (b) Communication skill of the teacher.
(c) Teacher’s competence in managing and
Teaching Aptitude monitoring the classroom
transactions.
11.The use of teaching aids is justified on the 21. Concern of all teaching is to ensure
grounds of effective engagement of some kind of transformation in
students in learning tasks. students.
12.Giving opportunity for discriminating 22. Teaching is a social act whereas
examples and non-examples of a point is a learning is a personal act.
Basic requirements for promoting 23. Prior experience of the learner is highly
cognitive interchange of Understanding related to effectiveness of teaching
level 24. During interaction with students in the
13.Recording the important points made classroom, the teacher provides
during the presentations is a Basic corrective feedback is formative
requirements for promoting cognitive evaluation.
interchange of Memory level 25. The overall performance of a students’
14.Critically analyzing the points to be made is reported to parents at every three
and discussed is a Basic requirements for months interval is form of summative
promoting cognitive interchange of evaluation.
Reflective level 26. Teaching is an interaction and is triadic
15.The set of learner characteristics may be in nature whereas learning is an active
considered helpful in designing effective engagement in a subject domain.
teaching-learning systems 27. The interaction between a teacher and
(i) Prior experience of learners in students creates a zone of
respect of the subject. development.
(ii) Ability of the learners in respect 28. Discussion method can be used when the
of the subject. topic is difficult
(iii) Motivational – orientation of the 29. The main aim of teaching is: To develop
students.
only reasoning, To develop only thinking
16.Teaching should be influenced by the
individual differences (on the basis of IQ 30. The quality of teaching is reflected: By
level) among the learners. the quality of questions asked by
17.A teacher should not discriminate students students
on the basis of their colour, caste, 31. The present annual examination system:
creed, or religion. promotes rote learning, does not
18.In choice-based credit system, the burden promote good study habits, does not
on teachers and students decreases
encourage students to be regular in class
19.There is a condition of scoring minimum
passing marks in choice-based credit 32. Educationists should build the
system capabilities of the spirit of inquiry,
20. Teaching and learning are integrally creativity, entrepreneurial and moral
related leadership among students and become
valuing what is being learned, and except where the students are to select
ultimately incorporating the values of the contents.
discipline into a way of life. 58. The science of the study of feedback
51. Psychomotor domain is mainly systems in humans, animals and
concerned with the acquisition of machines is known as: cybernetics
technical skills. 59. Parliament can legislate on matters listed
52. Team teaching is an innovative approach in the State list: At the request of two or
in teaching large groups in which two or more states.
more teachers are involved in planning, 60. Teacher uses visual-aids to make
executing, and evaluating the learning learning: interesting
experiences of a group of students. 61. The teacher's role at the higher
53. Group discussion is one of the basic educational level is to: promote self-
methods of teaching smaller groups. It learning in students
can be described as communication and 62. Micro teaching is most effective for the
interaction within a group around a student-teacher: during the practice-
topic, skill, issue, or problem presented teaching
to the group by the trainer or moderator 63. Which is the least important factor in
for discussion. teaching? punishing the students
54. Brainstorming is a creative group work in 64. Verbal guidance is least effective in the
which group members produce a large learning of: skills
number of ideas quickly on a given topic 65. The most appropriate purpose of
or problem for subsequent evaluation. learning is: modification of behavior
55. Simulation means creating conditions 66. The students who keep on asking
that are quite similar to actual questions in the class should be: advised
conditions. Then the training is provided to meet the teacher after the class
under those conditions. 67. Maximum participation of students is
56. Assignments are given to students for a possible in teaching through: discussion
number of purposes, such as for method
acquiring additional information, 68. The teacher has been glorified by the
surveying, application of knowledge, and phrase "Friend, philosopher and guide"
solving numerical problems. because: He transmits the high value of
57. Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) humanity to students.
can be used for all subject matters 69. Open Learning a flexible method of
delivering the instruction, where the 74. The most important cause of failure for
learner has open access to learning teacher lies in the area of: lack of
resources of people, material, command over the knowledge of the
equipment, and accommodation, subject
although regular class attendances are 75. A teacher can establish rapport with his
not necessary. students by: impressing students with
70. A formative evaluation (also referred to knowledge and skill
as internal evaluation) is a method for 76. A teacher's major contribution towards
judging the worth of a programme while the maximum self-realization of the
the programme activities are in progress. student is affected through: Sensitivity to
It focuses on the process. This evaluation students' needs, goals and purposes
provides the student with feedback 77. A teacher's most important challenge is:
regarding his or her success or failure in to make teaching – learning process
attaining the instructional objectives. enjoyable
71. The formative evaluation determines the 78. Value-education stands for: inculcation
extent to which students accomplish the of virtues
learning targets; therefore, it focuses on
the measurement of the intended Communication
outcomes.
72. Summative evaluation is a method of 1. Using the central point of the classroom
judging the worth of a programme at the communication as the beginning of a
end of the programme activities dynamic pattern of ideas is referred to as
Mind mapping
(summation). The focus is on the
2. Aspects of the voice, other than the
outcome. It determines the extent to
speech are known as Para language
which objectives of instruction have 3. Every type of communication is affected
been achieved and is used for assigning by its Context
course grades. 4. Attitudes, actions and appearances in
73. Mind Mapping as a method of teaching the context of classroom communi-
was developed by Tony Buzan in 1960. A cation are considered as Non-verbal
5. Moralizing, being judgemental and
'mind map' is a diagram for repressing
comments of consolation
tasks, words, concepts, or items linked to 6. As a teacher, Adoption of well-established
and arranged around a central concept posture Is the best option to ensure your
or subject. effective presence in the classroom
36.Message, noise and feedback are parts of using a medium/ channel, sends it to the
the human communication process? receiver (decoder) who decodes the
37.Writing in a personal diary or otherwise message, and after processing the
recording one’s thoughts and feelings are
information, the receiver sends back
examples of Mediated intrapersonal
communication. appropriate feedback/ reply using a
38.Disturbances that interfere with the medium/ channel.
transmission, receipt or feedback of a 48.Communication motivates people in an
message are called Noise organization by clarifying the people what
39.Classroom communication is a is to be done, how well they are doing
transactional process. and what can be done to improve
40.Non-verbal communication can stimulate
performance.
ideas.
49.Communication is not a static act, but it is
41.Converging technologies that exemplify a dynamic symmetry refers to similarity
ICT include the merging of audio-visual, and complimentary refers to the
telephone and computer networks differences in characteristics.
through a cabling system. 50.Media that exist in an interconnected
series of communication – points are
42.Audio reproduction in a classroom can
referred to as: Network media
reduce the students is cognitive load in
51.The information function of mass
understanding.
communication is described as:
43.The classroom communication should surveillance
essentially be empathetic. 52.An example of asynchronous medium is:
Newspaper
44.In a classroom, the probability of message
53.In communication, connotative words
reception can be enhanced by
establishing a viewpoint. are: cultural
45.'Communication is transferring or 54.A message beneath a message is labeled
conveying of meaning'. as: sub-text
46.Berlo tried to explain communication as 55.In analog mass communication, stories
S-R Model or sender-receiver model, are: static
where sender stands for stimulus and 56.Public communication tends to occur
Receiver stands for response. within a more: formal structure.
47.In communication process, the sender 57.Communication always takes place with a
(encoder) encodes the message and then context.
of poor logic, unsound premises, invalid 16) Fact: Verifiable by research. Involve
arguments, illogical deductions. numbers, dates, testimony etc. It is certain
5) Informal fallacies are the result of wrong to have happened or be true.
information, irrelevant, assumptions, 17) Opinion: Judgmental based on facts. It
misuse of language, lack of evidence, or is debatable. It is believed to have
wrong analogy. happened or be true.
6) Definiendum: Term which is to be defined. 18) Belief: Based on cultural or personal
7) Definien: Words used to define the term. faith, morals and values. Varies from
8) Formal definition: Which we generally see culture to culture
in the dictionary or a book. 19) example: Cat crossing your path.
9) Informal definition: A known word in the 20) Prejudice: It is like a biased opinion
form of antonym or synonym can be used based on unexamined. It is verifiable. It
to explain something. Use of lesser known can express the narrow-minded views.
term with any other well know related 21) Deductive Reasoning: A type of logic in
term. which one goes from a general statement
10) Extended definition: Explaining to a specific instance.
concept. 22) Inductive Reasoning: involves going
11) Lexical definition: (Reportive) relating from a series of specific cases to a general
to the words or vocabulary of a language. statement. The conclusion in an inductive
Difficult to change. Having dictionary argument is never guaranteed.
meaning.
12) Stipulative: New meaning given to an Information and Communication
already existing term or meaning assigned Technology
to a new term.
13) Persuasive: Such definitions favour a
particular view or unfavour any view, but 1. ICT includes both old and new tools. Old
are presented in a neutral form. ICT tools mainly include radio, TV, and
14) Precising: Combination of lexical and telephone. New ICT tools mainly include
stipulative definition which aims at making computers, satellite, wireless technology,
and the Internet. ICTs not only refer to the
the meaning of a term more precise.
latest computer and the Internet-based
15) Analogous: When term is defined using technologies but also refer simple audio-
analogies, then it is called analogous visual aids such as transparencies, slides,
definition. cassette and video recorders, radio,
television, and film.
2. Target Community of IT in India as far as time even though they are in different
India's demographic profile is concerned, locations. Asynchronous media allows
almost half of India's population is below participants in the learning process to be
25' years of age, 70% people live in rural at different times and at different places.
areas, literacy rate is around 60%, and 6. Line access and avoidance of collision are
people speak 15 major languages. the main functions of: network protocols
3. Objectives of Using ICT in Higher 7. In the hypermedia database, information
Education bits are stored in the form of: nodes
The objectives of using ICT are the following: 8. Networked media exist in inter-
Improving access to the system through connected: technological environments
online education. 9. The combination of computing,
Improving the quality of teaching, telecommunications and media in a
especially across remote locations. digital atmosphere is referred to as:
Increasing transparency and convergence
strengthening systems, processes, and 10. A dialogue between a human-being
compliance norms in higher education and a computer programme that
institutes. occurs simultaneously in various forms
Measuring the students' learning is described as: interactivity
participation and effectiveness. 11. Using websites to pour out one's
Analyzing students' behaviour to grievances is called: cyberventing.
maximize students' involvement, 12. E-Leaning or Electronic Learning is also
optimizing retentions, and improving known as online learning and is
placements. commonly associated with the field of
Analyzing students' performance, advanced learning technology (ALT),
placement, application volume, website which deals with both the technologies
analytics, and social media metrics for and associated methodologies in
brand audit. learning using networked and/ or
4. The potential threat of plagiarism is high multimedia technologies. Distance
as students can copy information rather education provided the base for e-
than learning and developing their own learning's development.
skills. 13. Blended Learning is a combination of
5. Synchronous media requires all multiple approaches to learning. It is
participants to be together at the same usually used to define a situation where
different delivery methods are combined where students work on their own at
together to deliver a particular course. home or at office and communicate with
These methods may include a mixture of the faculty and other students via e-mail,
face-to-face learning, self-paced learning, electronic forums, video conferencing,
and online classrooms. chat rooms, instant messaging, and other
14. Face-To-Face Learning refers to learning forms of computer-based
that occurs in a traditional classroom communications. It is also known as open
setting where a faculty member delivers learning.
instructions to a group of learners. This 18. National Mission on Education through
could include lectures, workshops, Information and Communication
presentations, tutoring, conferences, and Technology (NMEICT): NMEICT is a
so on. centrally sponsored scheme to realize the
15. Self-Paced Learning provides the potential of ICT in teaching/ learning
flexibility to learn according to the process for benefit of all the learners in
availability of learners' own time and higher education institutions anytime and
pace. It occurs in a variety of ways, such anywhere.
as reading specific chapters from the text 19. In web search, finding a large number
book, studying the course material of documents with very little relevant
presented through web-based or CD- information is termed: poor recall
based courses, attending pre-recorded 20. The concept of connect intelligence is
classes or sessions, reading articles derived from: value added networks
referred by the faculty members, working 21. Use of an ordinary telephone as an
on assignments and projects, and internet appliance is called: voice line
searching and browsing the Internet. 22. Video transmission over the internet
16. Online Collaborative Learning involves that looks like delayed live casting is
interaction between the learners and the called: real-time video
faculty members through the web. This 23. WYSIWYG – describes the display of a
interaction can occur in one of the document on screen as it will actually
following modes (i) synchronous print: what you see is what you get
interaction and (ii) asynchronous 24. UNIX is not a Computer language.
interaction, which have been discussed 25. A key-board has atleast: 101 keys.
earlier. 26. An e-mail address is composed of: two
17. Distance Learning is a type of education, parts.
locate, display, and download text, video, 5. NAPCC is being implemented in various
audio and graphics stored in a host stages and parts by means of 8 missions
computer on the web. under it.
6. Montreal Protocol on substances that
66. The set of computer programs that
deplete the Ozone Layer was signed on
manage the hardware/ software of a 16th September 1987 to protect the thin
computer is called: Operating System layer of ozone in the stratosphere.
67. S/MIME in internal technology stands for: 7. The Protocol has now been signed by over
Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail 180 countries and is recognized as a great
Extension success in the field of environmental
68. The octal number system consists of the protection.
8. India has been active in the
following symbols: 0 -7
implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
69. The binary equivalent of (-19)10 in signed After becoming a signatory to the
magnitude system is: 10010011 Montreal Protocol in September, 1992.
70. DNS in internet technology stands for: 9. The Ozone Cell, set-up under the Ministry
Domain Name System. of Environment and Forests - managing
implementation of Montreal Protocol
Man & Environment activities.
10.The Kyoto Protocol the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
1. The Environmental Protection Act was was adopted in 1997 by the third
enacted under Art.253 of the Constitution Conference of the Parties in Kyoto (Japan)
of India. and came into force February 16, 2005 .
2. The purpose of the Act is to implement 11.The Kyoto Protocol is a agreement under
the decisions made at the United Nations which industrialized countries will reduce
Conference on Human Environment held their collective emissions of greenhouse
at Stockholm in June 1972, in which India gases by 5.2%.
had actively participated. 12.India, the world’s fourth-largest carbon
3. The E.P. Act deals with prevention and emitter with its population of 1.3 billion
control of all sorts of pollution. Besides people , ratified the Paris agreement on
prevention and control, the Act aims at climate change on October 2, 2016 to
protection and improvement of the become the 62nd nation to join the deal.
Environment. 13.The International Solar Alliance is an
4. National Action Plan on Climate Change or alliance of more than 120 countries, most
NAPCC is an action plan prepared by Prime of them being sunshine countries, which
Minister’s council on 30th June 2008 to come either completely or partly between
tackle climate change.
the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of the following frequency ranges: 1-2KHz
Capricorn. 25. Tamil Nadu coastal belt has drinking
14.In Sept. 2000, leaders of 189 countries water shortage due to: seepage of sea
gathered at the United Nations
water
Headquarters and signed the historic
millennium declaration, in which they 26. A species is a set of organisms that
committed to achieving a set of resemble each other in certain features.
measurable goals that provide a The members of a species living together
framework for development planning for and interacting with each other are
countries around the world by the target called a population. The members of a
date of 2015. population live within a given area.
15.The Millennium Development Goals
27. Critical Link Species are species that play
(MDGs) are commonly described as a
“Roadmap for World Development by an important role in supporting network
2015” species as pollinators, dispersal agents,
16. Global warming during winter becomes absorption or circulation of nutrients,
more pronounced at the : Tropic of etc. Mycorrhizal fungi help the vascular
Capricorn plants in obtaining inorganic nutrients
17. In the study of man-environment from soil and organic residues.
interaction, the statement of Miss 28. A community is an assemblage of all the
Semple that "the humans are solely the interacting populations of different
product of their environment": A fact species in a geographical area. It is a
18. In analysis of man-environment complex interacting network of plants,
relationship Pragmatic Possibilism animals, and microorganisms. Each
implies that: The man has to watch and population has a defined role in the
assess the situation and men go ahead community.
with resource utilization 29. The term ecosystem was defined by
19. The maximum loss of forest lands in Arthur Tansley in 1935. Ecosystem is a
India is caused by: River valley projects self-regulating community of living
20. Bitumen is obtained from: Crude oil organisms (populations of species),
21. Malaria is caused by: parasitic infection interacting with each other and their
22. Largest soil group of India is: Sandy soil non-living, physical environment, for
23. Main pollutant of the Indian coastal example, forest ecosystem and ocean
water is: industrial effluents ecosystem.
24. Human ear is most sensitive to noise in 30. Living components in an ecosystem are
pollutants do not get destroyed and are where they mix and react with water,
our source of worry. oxygen, and other chemicals to form
44. Clean, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen more acidic pollutants known as acid
by volume and 20.94% oxygen. The rain.
remaining 0.97% is made of gaseous 48. Aerosols – They are stable suspensions
mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, of solid or liquid particles in air. Aerosols
krypton, argon, xenon, nitrous oxide, and affect the weather conditions by blocking
very small amounts of other organic and solar radiations. Deposition of aerosols
inorganic gases. on leaves affects the process of
45. Primary pollutants enter the atmosphere photosynthesis.
directly from the source. some important Mist – Aerosols constricting of liquid
primary pollutants are as follows: droplets
1. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Dust – Arosols consisting of solid
2. Oxides of carbon particles
3. Hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) Fume – Aerosols consisting of hot
4. Sulphur oxides (SOx) vapours of metals
5. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Smoke is also an aerosol – mixtures of
6. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) liquid and solid particles as a result of
7. Lead burning
46. Secondary pollutants are not directly Plume – geometrical form of smoke
emitted from sources; they are formed smog is the mixture of smoke and fog
as a result of chemical reactions between (discussed separately)
the primary pollutants and certain 49. Pollution situation became so alarming in
atmospheric constituents, in the Delhi that it was declared as a 'gas
presence of sunlight. Sulphates, nitrates, chamber' by the Delhi High Court in
and organic particles can be transported 2015. Delhi Government started a pilot
over large distances, such as hundreds project 'Odd Even Formula' on January 1,
and even thousands of kilometers. 2016 to bring down the air pollution
47. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction levels amidst reports that Delhi is the
that begins when compounds like most polluted city in the world.
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are 50. The major reasons for indoor air
released into the air. These substances pollution are inefficient burning of
can rise very high into the atmosphere, inferior fuels during cooking or heating
32. Hartog Committee focused on 37. The word university is derived from the
improving the quality and standards of Latin word Universitas, which means
university-level education. specialized associations between
33. Sapru Committee appointed in 1934 by students and teachers.
the United Province (largely present 38. A central university or a union
Uttar Pradesh) Government to enquire university in India is established by Act
into the causes of unemployment in of Parliament and are under the
U.P. purview of the Department of Higher
34. Radhakrishnan Commission, also Education in the Union Human
known as University Education Resource Development Ministry.
Commission, suggested the integration 39. State universities established or
of secondary education and higher incorporated by a Provincial Act or by a
education by setting up of UGC. State Act is called a state university.
35. Kothari Commission was titled as The state universities are included in
'Education and National Development' the List of 12 (B) of UGC Act, 1956 and
report. It is a very progressive report. It are eligible for central assistance.
proposed a three-year degree course 40. Private universities established through
and a four-year honours degree course. the state or central act by a sponsoring
Establishment of Indian Education body, namely a society registered
Service (IES) to improve the quality of under the Societies Registration Act,
Indian higher education with emphasis 1860 or any other corresponding law
on quality teaching faculties to for the time being in force, in a state or
vocationalise secondary education was a public trust or a company registered
recommended. It recommended that under Section 25 of the Companies Act,
6% of the national income should be 1956 is called a private university.
spent on education. 41. A deemed to be university, commonly
36. Kothari Commission was followed by known as a deemed university, refers
the National Policy on Education (NPE) to a high-performing institution, as
of 1968 and 1986. These emphasized declared by the central government
on improving the quality of higher under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.
education level and also proposed 42. Deemed universities can be approved
imparting higher education by distance only by an executive order after UGC
learning mode. recommendation. Although they enjoy