Final Quick Revision Notes Paper-1 2020 PDF

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QUICK REVISION PART-1  Learners level of mental ability, learners

previous experience, learners level of
interest of study & learners view about
TEACHING APTITUDE society are basic learners characteristics.
 Learning objective means intended
 Teaching is a tri-polar process involving learning outcome.
three variables:- dependent, independent  For optimizing self learning, satisfying
& intervening variable. needs for competence – motivational
 Levels of Teaching:- Principle is helpful.
 Memory Level (Herbarto) – Role  Learners commitment, prior knowledge of
memorization (Teacher centred) eg.: the learner, skills of learner in concern
(recalling info) area will influence his perspective in
 Understanding Level (Morrison) – course of study.
Memory + insight eg.: Identifying the  Student centric classroom is meant for
example of given concept. addressing individual differences.
 Reflective Level (Hunt) – Highest level  Various method of teaching includes:-
of teaching where classroom Tutorial, Heuristic approach,
environment shall be open & demonstration, team teaching, role play,
independent. brain storming etc.
 Various domains of teaching are:  Field of study which uses role playing,
 Affective Domain – relates to feelings, simulation, self evaluation as strategies for
affection etc. adult learner is called as Andragogy.
 Psycho Motor Domain – Focus on  THINK ALOUD procedure is a technique
skills. used to investigate learner’s strategies &
 Cognitive Domain – Focus on Mental performance.
Level/ Knowledge.  Concept of team teaching means more
 As per cognitive level theory of Jean than 2 teachers plan & teach same class as
Piaget, Adolescent students are in formal per there specialty.
operational stage of development.  Brain storming method is used to
 Learning of facts and its abstraction are generate new ideas in area of interest.
higher order cognitive learning outcomes.  Skype, online chat, tele-conferencing is
 Reflective practice implies use of one’s aid used by Teacher in the classroom as
meta-cognition. Live Interactive Device.
 Science is the best field of study to  Modular Approach, Programmed
Improve the ability of students Learning, personalized teaching are the
experiment & analysis. INDIVIDUAL 1st to teaching method and
 Ability to relate oneself with others is a approaches.
social characteristics of learner.

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 Overhead projector is not instructional  Diagnostic evaluation as certain cause

material. and remedies of persistent learning
 Believing what is true is a non-cognitive problem dividing instructions.
characteristic of learner.  SHIFT-IN-FOCUS from Teacher centric to
 Purpose, resources and analysis are the student centric education is the Best
elements of evaluation plan. Advantage of CHOICE BASED CREDIT
 AUDIO-LINGUAL Teaching Aid enhance SYSTEM.
the skills like reading, listening and  Listening is important for teacher to
pronounciation. address the requirements of learner.
 Instructional Aspect that forms part of  Quality of question asked by students in
structure of class plan are:- classroom depicts best quality of teaching
in classroom.
getting informing informing receiving  INCLUSIVE EDUCATION implies ensuring
student learner of precaution desired that no child is left behind in education.
attention the of learning response  In case of test prepared by teacher, if test
objective is valid, it is reliable also.
 Patience, determination & focus should be  Aptitude test is an eg. of maximizing
there in teaching. performance test.
 Various types of evaluation are:-  Divergent question, concept based
 Formative  Assessment for learning question, open question are called
evaluation. PROCESS BASED rather than content
 Summative  Assessment of learning based.
evaluation.  In Norm reference testing, the
 Diagnostic  conducted anytime performance of student is compared with
when evaluation problem arises. another student.
 Basic characteristic in formative  Collaborative method – when students
evaluation is that evaluation is conducted share different aspect of learning activity.
during teaching.  Cooperative method – when students
 Conducting quiz session, providing help each other.
feedback while teaching and encouraging  Constructive method – when emphasis is
students to reflect more are activities of given on student as creator of knowledge.
formative evaluation performed by  Flipped classroom – Teacher centric  To
teacher. Student centric.

 To enhance students learning is the  Integrated educational programme in
objective of formative evaluation. which exceptional children attend classes
 Diagnostic evaluation focus on with normal children on either. Part time
identification of deficiencies, difficulties of or full time basis.
learner.

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 Learning is a goal of teaching. It consider  Individual differences means no two

all the activities & experiences leading to persons are some. We will consider only
permanent change in behaviour of a psychological differences
person.  Characteristic of learner.
 Training is enhancement of skills. Emoti Anal Evalu Learn Positi Curio
 Indoctrination is the highest order of onal yze ate from vity sity
teaching in which belief & values are set stabili Mist
up. ty akes
 Conditioning means enhancing as  When you want to became a teacher
smoothening already known concepts. (subject matter) important.
 Syllabus is the outline & summary of topics  When you are a teacher (dutiful) is
to be cover it is the part of curriculum. important.
 Curriculum is the sum total of all the  Locus of control means behaviour affects
experiences including both academic and end results.
extra curriculum activities.  CBCS implies (Choice Based Credit
 Variables of teaching System)
Independent variable – Teachers University Grants Commission has come
Dependent variable – Students up with the Choice Based Credit System
Intervening variable – Curriculum / topic (CBCS) programme in which the students
 Relationship between teaching & learning have a choice to choose from the
1) All teaching facilitate learning. prescribed courses, which are referred as
2) All teaching implies learning. core, elective or minor or soft skill courses
3) Learning is not only from teaching. and they can learn at their own pace and
4) Maximum learning is from experiences. the entire assessment is graded-based on
5) Teaching does not ensure learning. a credit system.
6) All teaching should aim at ensuring  SWAYAM implies Study Web of Active
learning. Learning for Young Aspiring Minds.
 Approaches of Teaching  Principle of Swayam are Access, Equity &
1) Inductive  Example to concept, Quality
Specific to general.  There are basically four quadrant in
2) Deductive  Concept to example, Swayam are:
General to specific. Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2
3) Conventional  Traditional Method e-tutorial e-content
(Involvement of Teacher is Maximum) Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
4) Non conventional  Modern Method Assessment Test Discussion forum
 Teacher is only of facilitator.  There are Nine National Coordinates in
Swayam.

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 Swayam platform is developed by MHRD 2. Characteristics of Teaching

and AICTE.– Below, we have listed down the crucial
 Swayam is digitalization of education characteristics of teaching:
which provide online education &  Teaching takes place in a dynamic
improving access to high quality environment.
education.  Teaching is a cognitive activity.
 MOOC  Massive Open Online Course.  Teaching includes a lengthy period of
 SWAYAM PRABHA: It was a group of 32 study and training.
DTH Channels devoted by Telecasting of  It has a high degree of autonomy.
High Quality Educational Programmes on  It is a continuous profession.
-15.  It is an art as well as science.
 DALE cone of experience.  It is closely related to education,
10% - Read learning, and training.
20% - Hear  It is a type of social service and has
30% - See different levels of teaching.
50% - See + Hear  Teaching is a system of actions that not
70% - See + Hear + Participate only varies in form but also relates to
90% - See + Hear + Experience. the content and student's behaviour
 Mind Mapping makes learning easy to under the various (social, physical)
understand. conditions.
 Cover the aspect in the form of tree which  Teaching is a professional activity that
is called mind mapping. involves a teacher & student with an
TEACHING APTITUDE (IMPORTANT aim to develop a student's overall
CONCEPT) personality.
1. Concept of Teaching  Teaching can be analysed & assessed
 Teaching can be defined as an activity and provide genuine feedback for
that causes the child to learn and further improvement in a student's
acquire the desired knowledge and overall personality.
skills and also the desired ways of living  It is an interactive process that is
in society. Teaching is a process which carried with process & objectives.
can be carried out formally or  Communication skills play an important
informally. Informal teaching takes role in the teaching field.
place within the family while formal  Teaching is a specialized task and may
teaching takes place outside the family. be needed to attains a set of skills for
Formal teaching should be carried out the realization of certain objectives and
by experienced faculty, teachers, aims.
editors etc.  Teaching should be effective enough to
engage the students.

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3. Basic requirements of teaching : A trained and more qualified teacher will help
 All three variables of teaching. students to inculcate the attitude of
(Dependent variable, independent discussion, questioning, investigation, inquiry,
variable and intervening variables) and critical thinking in them. His or her
 Professionalism is needed for teaching lessons are rich in content and have
to take place. relevance. The trained teacher doesn’t use
 A cohesive environment for the mechanical mode of instruction that is dull for
students should be there, so that the students.
teaching can be useful. Teacher-student relationship
 Teacher-student relationship should be It must be noted that the teacher-student
healthy so that students can ask relationship is not that of hierarchy alone.
questions without hesitation. A good teacher always respects his or her
 Student’s discipline is another basic students, is sensitive to their social, cultural
requirement for effective teaching. and economic background, kindles their
4. Factors affecting Teaching intellectual curiosities and quests, and helps
Following are the factors that affect the them develop a good civic and moral sense.
process of teaching: To get the content of knowledge across one’s
 Educational qualification of the learners, a teacher must be able to connect
teachers. with them. There should be a culture of
 Adequate skills are required for a dialogue for making teaching instruction
teacher to carry his work effectively. interesting and engaging.
 Experience teachers better handle the A teacher who only relies on lecture methods
student's queries and classroom fails to grab attention and appreciation from
management. the learners. In such a scenario, teaching
 The classroom environment should suffers significantly.
support the teaching-learning Methods of teaching used
environment and the teacher plays a A good teacher must have a good hang on the
vital role in handling this activity. varieties of methods that can be used for
Credentials or Qualifications of the teacher teaching.
Qualifications matter as much as the If teaching becomes monotonous, students
professional training. A teacher who has a can lose interest in classes or lectures.
higher degree apparently will have a better To keep it appealing, the teacher must use
knowledge of the subject. Someone who has very creative methods.
secured professional training like B.Ed., There are teacher-centred methods, student-
M.Ed., MPhil, PhD, etc. will be able to yield centered methods, content-focused methods
better learning outcomes in a student than and interactive or participative methods.
someone who has not been professionally For effective teaching, more and more use of
trained. learner-centred methods should be made. In

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any chosen method, the teacher should not institution also affect the teaching process. A
appear as an authority figure. He or she teacher may want to teach beyond classroom
should be the facilitator and resource for instruction but policies of the educational
teaching and learning. institutions can limit such motivation.
Classroom environment Sometimes the adoption of a specific
Classroom environment comprises both curriculum or teaching method by the
physical and social factors. Physical factors institution can limit the scope of teacher’s
involve physical infrastructure such as creativity and competence. They are made to
furniture, the building of the institution, stick to the prescribed content, curriculum
library facilities, laboratories, teaching aids, and methods.
light, cleanliness, and so on. Social factors Rewards
include the relationship that all the critical Teaching is a specialised skill, it is an art as
stakeholders have with each other such as well as science. Every so often, teachers are
the relationship between teachers and the not remunerated well which affects the
management, student-teacher relationship, manner in which they teach students.
teacher-parent relationship, student-student A good salary or remuneration can be a great
relationship, etc. intrinsic motivation for teachers to maximize
A teacher should have the capacity for the learning outcomes.
conflict resolution. Clear and stable Institutions should regard teaching a great
communication between these stakeholders skill and should be able to offer competitive
is necessary. salaries to teachers as per their qualification,
Such factors also affect the quality of experience and performance in the industry.
teaching. 5. Methods of teaching
Skills of a Teacher Here are some important teaching
Skills are an acquired set of abilities. Teaching methods:
is also affected by the kind of skills that a a) Teacher-centred strategy
teacher has. Following are the teacher-centred
The skills include good communication skills, strategies:
interpersonal skills, soft skills, computer skills, Lecture Method: Lecture Method is a
so on and so forth. process of teaching in which the
A teacher who has a flair for learning new and teacher tells his/her students about the
varied skills can maximize learning outcomes planned facts. The students listen and
in various situations. Teachers should take notes. The success of this method
continuously engage themselves in attending depends on the ability of the teacher to
conferences and seminars to learn new skills. speak fluently in a good tone and style.
Institutional Policies Team Teaching: Team teaching
Whether one is a school teacher or a college includes a batch of instructors which
teacher, administrative policies of the help a group of students regularly and

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cooperative them to learn the different of the advanced methods of teaching in

concepts. Teachers together prepare which the student’s point of view is
their course, frame the syllabus, given importance in the design of the
prepare the lesson plans, teach, guide curriculum and content of studies. This
and evaluate the results of the method is based on the philosophy of
students. They share student's analysis Pragmatism and the principle of
and also suggest students to decide 'Learning by doing'.
which approach is better. Some other methods of small group
TV or Video Presentation: It is an teaching method are the role-playing
improved method in which it involves method, simulation, demonstration
radio or audio presentation, and it can method, tutorial etc.
virtually bring the whole world inside c) Student-centred strategy
the classroom. Screening of video The following strategies cover the
presentation is followed by the following method of teachings:
discussion of a task. Assignments : An assignment is a
b) Mixed strategy teaching method which can be done
Following are the methods of this both individually or in the group, that
strategy: assist the students to acquire individual
Group Discussion : Discussion methods academic competences. No contact
set a platform for the open-ended, hours are offered for completion of the
collaborative exchange of ideas among assignment, and the students have to
the teacher and students with the carry out the task in their own time.
motive to increase the student's Case study : The case method is the
thinking, learning, problem-solving, and most powerful student-centred
understanding. Participants present teaching strategy that imparts students
their unique points of view, listen to with critical thinking, communication,
other's ideas and then present their and interpersonal skills. Working in
ideas in a better way as to increase different case study helps the students
their knowledge, understanding, or to research and evaluate multiple
interpretation of the matter or topic. sources of data, fostering information
Brainstorming : It is group creativity in literacy.
which efforts are made to find a Programmed instruction: It is a
relevant conclusion or solution for a research-based system that helps the
particular problem by listing out students to learn in a graded sequence
different ideas or suggestions of controlled steps. It is discovered by
spontaneously contributed by its Sydney L. Pressey.
members. Computer-assisted learning : In this
Project method: Project method is one method, the computer is used to

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present the instructional material and Visual Method : This method covers the
monitor the learning that takes place. seeing aspect of the subject matter in the
Heuristic method: This method was teaching-learning process. It includes a
discovered by Dr H. E. Armstrong. It is demonstration method, supervised study
an approach to problem-solving, method, etc.
learning, or discovery that employs a Mental Method : This method covers the
practical method but instead sufficient cognitive aspects of the subject matter.
for reaching an immediate goal. Inductive, deductive, analysis, synthesis
d) Teaching Aids methods are included in this method.
Teaching aids are the aids used by the Strategies of teaching : Teaching strategy
facilitator or a teacher in the classroom to helps the students in learning the desired
make his/her teaching effective and easy course of the content and these are the
so that the students can be understood method by which objective of teaching is
easily. There are different types of released in the classroom.
teaching aids: Types of Teaching strategies
Audio Aids: These aids find the usage of Teaching strategies are of two types i.e.,
the sense of hearing for example radio, Autocratic teaching strategy and Democratic
tape recorders, language laboratories etc. teaching strategy.
Visual Aids: These aids use the sense of A. Autocratic Teaching Strategy:
visual only. For example chalkboards, soft This strategy uses traditional methods of
boards, maps, pictures, flashcards, maps teaching. In this method, the teacher has
etc. full control over teaching and student are
Audio-Visual Aids : This makes use of both not allowed to act freely. This strategy is of
sense of hearing and vision. For example four types:
television, films, computers, film-strips 1. Storytelling method : Under this
etc. method teacher delivers the content in
Telling method : Telling method covers all a story form to the students. This
the aspects of teaching which are method increases the vocabulary of the
delivered orally to the students during the student and enhances their vocabulary.
teaching-learning process. This method This method is useful in teaching
covers lecture Method, Discussion languages and social studies.
Method, storytelling Method and so on. 2. Lecture method : Lecture method is
Project Method : This method covers the oldest and one-way
learning by doing aspects of the subject communication method of teaching
matter in the teaching-learning process. and helpful in developing the cognitive
This method covers the project method, and affective domains of the child. This
problem-solving method, textbook method is suitable in introducing a
method, etc. new lesson and lays emphasis on

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presentation. 2. Heuristic method : Under this method,

3. Demonstration method: This method a teacher raises a problem in front of
is useful in teaching a practical subject the student and also guides him. And
where the content can be understood then students solve the problem after
by only showing. gaining knowledge through self-study,
4. Tutorial Method: Under this method, a self-learning, through investigation
class is divided into groups according and research.
to the capacities of students. Each 3. Discovery method : under this method
group is handled by different teachers. student find the solution to their
In this method absence of previous problems from his own surrounding
knowledge of students should be environment. He draws his own
covered and every child should get the experience and prior knowledge in
chance to express himself/herself finding the solution to a problem. It is
individually. This method is a type of inquiry-based learning.
remedial teaching and can be suited in 4. Project method : Under this method, a
teaching natural science and project related to real-life experiences
mathematics subjects. is assigned to students by making a
B. Democratic teaching strategy: group. Students learn and solve real-
Under this strategy, a child is free to life problems with each other’s
express their views in front of the teacher cooperation.
and maximum interaction between 5. Role-playing Method: Under this
teachers takes place. Here the teacher method roles are assigned to students
works as a guide or instructor. It helps in and student are allowed to play those
the all-round development of teachers and roles. This technique is an excellent
develops the effective as well as the tool for engaging students and
cognitive domain of students. Six types of develops higher-order thinking in
methods are covered under this strategy: students.
1. Discussion Method : Under this 6. Brain-storming : It is a creative
method, an oral conversation about a method of teaching under which a
topic takes place between students number of ideas are generated for the
and teacher. Discussion method solution of a specific problem. This
develops the thinking and method effectively uses brains to
communication power which results in storm the problem.
the development of a higher level of 6. TEACHING LEARNING MATERIAL
the cognitive and affective domain. Introduction: Language is a medium
This method is suited to all subject through which one can express one’s
teaching except maths, art, music, and ideas, thoughts, feelings, and messages.
dance. The language teaching is somehow a

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difficult task as it is basically conditioned  Teaching aids should be simple and will
by the nature of the subjects. So, for fit into classroom situations.
making the teaching interesting, a teacher  Teaching aids make lessons enjoyable
can take the help of teaching-learning and interesting for the students.
materials. While selecting the teaching-  These aids save time, energy and
learning materials, a teacher should burden of a teacher.
ensure that the skills of reading, 2. Objectives of Teaching-Learning Materials
understanding, listening, and speaking can The objectives of using teaching-learning
be developed. materials are given below:
Teaching-Learning Materials  Teaching aids make every student an
 The aids used by the teacher or facilitator active participant in the classroom.
in the classroom to make his teaching  Teaching aids help students to relate to
understandable and effective are known what is being taught to real-life
as the teaching-learning materials or situations.
teaching aids. It can be big or small and  Teaching aids provide a reinforcement
can be bought or made easily by both the for better learning.
teacher or students. For example,  They make the learning permanent
blackboard, map, chart, globe, tape among the students.
recorder etc. Teachers should use  They develop the perception of the
teaching-learning materials in an students towards the content.
appropriate way. It not only helps students 3. Types of Teaching-Learning Materials
to enhance their learning but also make Teaching-learning materials can be
their learning permanent. Before selecting classified into three types i.e., audio aids,
the teaching aids, teachers should first visual aids, and audio-visual aids.
think their practical use and assess a) Audio Aids
whether the aim of using aids i.e., the Aids that facilitate learning by using the
purpose of teaching can be achieved or sense of hearing are known as audio
not. The aids should be student-oriented aids. These aids help a teacher,
and should be selected systematically to especially in language teaching. For
fulfill the purpose. example, radio, tape recorder, audio
1. Characteristics of Teaching-Learning cassette player, Linguaphone etc.
Materials Radio: With the help of radio, students
Some of the characteristics of teaching- can improve comprehension through
learning materials are given below: listening. Also, they can correct their
 Teaching aids can be found easily pronunciation drill.
whether in a market or can be made by Tape recorder: By recorder, students
teacher or students. can record their voice and can correct
 Teaching aids are easy to carry. their mistake by listening to their voice.

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It helps the students to correct their small amount of information, held up

speech and can also improve their for pupils to see, as an aid to learning.
reading skills. c) Audio-Visual Aids
Linguaphone: It provides self-study The aids that engage in both the sense
language courses, students can learn organs and visual organs of the
proper speech pattern. students are known as audio-visual
Language Laboratory : It is an audio or aids. These aids help in the attaining of
audio-visual installation used as an aid Bloom's teaching objective i.e.,
in modern language teaching. cognitive, affective and psychomotor.
b) Visual Aids For example, the LCD project, Film
Aids that facilitate learning by using projector, TV, Computer, VCD player,
visual organs are known as visual aids. Virtual Classroom, Multimedia etc.
These aids help in the attaining of Television : It helps the students in
Bloom's teaching objective i.e., understanding concepts, enrich
cognitive, affective and psychomotor. vocabulary and pronunciation by
For example, radio, tape recorder, providing some educational
audio cassette player, Linguaphone etc. programmes, quizzes and news
Some examples of visual aids are bulletins etc.
Blackboard, charts, maps, flannel The Computer : A computer is a device
board, flash cards, globe etc. that can be instructed to carry out
Blackboard: It is used by the teachers sequences of arithmetic or logical
in schools for writing on with chalk. A operations automatically via computer
teacher can explain the difficult topic programming. Students can save
with the help of diagrams and figures important topics on a computer for
on the blackboard. their reference.
Charts: A chart contains a drawing that Filmstrip: It is a common form of still
shows information in a simple way, image instructional multimedia, once
often using lines and curves. Colorful commonly used by educators in
charts provide interest towards the primary and secondary schools,
learning among the students. overtaken at the end of the 1980s by
Maps: It is a diagrammatic newer and increasingly lower-cost full-
representation of an area of land or sea motion videocassettes and later on by
showing physical features, cities, roads, DVDs.
etc. Slide projector: It is a device that is
Flannel board: It is a board covered used to view photographic slides using
with flannel fabric, usually resting on optical and mechanical methods. It
an easel. contains an electric light bulb. focusing
Flashcards : It is a card containing a lenses. reflector and condensing lenses.

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a holder that holds the slide. attractive part of the textbooks, which
d) Textbook: makes the reading and understanding part
A textbook is an area in which the quite influencing.
language material presented prescribed 4. Selection of teaching-learning materials
for teaching and learning. A good textbook Teaching-learning materials make the
not only teaches but it also tests the teaching-learning process easy and
knowledge of students. The content of the interesting.
book should be very clear, a proper So while selecting the teaching-learning
beginning is required to prepare the material, a teacher should take care of the
learners for the upcoming content and a following things:
perfect conclusion is required to assemble  Relevant
the entire learning.  Suitable
An advantage of using textbooks:  Practical
 Textbooks give a great contribution to the  Objective attainment
teaching-learning process both to the  Learner-centred
teachers and to learners. They offer a  Simple and educative
framework of guidance and orientation. 7. Evaluation:
However, apart from numerous Education is a changing process that
advantages a single textbook frequently requires to be continuously evaluated.
does not meet the diverse needs of the Evaluation is an element of education that
learners. Textbooks works as a fruitful is based upon the educational objectives
resource for learners, it provides a and the learning experience. Evaluation is
guideline for students for the curriculum. a systematic process of collecting,
Purposes: examining and interpreting information to
 The textbook plays an important role in determine the extent to which pupils are
teaching and learning process. Textbook achieving instructional objectives.
adaptations at the activity level, unit level, Method of evaluation:
and syllabus level are an integral part of There are two methods of evaluation that is
the course-developing process which used in the teaching and learning evaluation
assists the teacher in meeting the learners’ process:
specific work-related needs. Norm-Referenced Evaluation : It is a type of
The strategy should be followed for book evaluation in which the performance of the
reading: Introducing the learners with the students is measured by comparing the
concept of the lessons before starting the relation with a hypothetical average student.
reading, and reading the lessons in units is Criterion-Referenced evaluation : In the
quite helpful to remember the facts about Criterion-Referenced test the performance of
the chapter. Pictures, graphs, etc. are a student is measured against a
always considered to be the most predetermined learning standard. These tests

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are extensively used in higher education. 2. Portfolio assessment : This assessment

The need for Evaluation : takes place occasionally over a long period
 With the help of evaluation process of time. The project, written assignments,
ensures learning takes place. tests etc. are the tools of this assessment.
 Evaluation process ensures teachers In this assessment feedback to the learner
effectiveness in learning by setting student is more formal and also provides
learning objectives instead of what a opportunities for learners to re-
teacher will do. demonstrate their understanding after the
 Evaluation process helps in making the feedback has been understood and acted
learner-centered environment in the upon.
higher environment. 3. Summative assessment : This assessment
 Evaluation process helps in creating a can be done at the end of a year or term.
knowledge-centered environment in the Through this assessment, the teacher
higher. comes to know about the strength and
 Evaluation in teaching creates the weakness of the curriculum and
assessment centred environment in the instruction. The result of this assessment
higher. may take time to return to parents or
 Evaluation process in teaching-learning students. Here feedback is very limited
creates the community-centred and provides no opportunity to improve it.
environment within higher education. The result of this assessment is used to
Types of Assessment: compare the performance of a student
Usually, three kinds of assessment are used in with the standard or with a group of
the teaching-learning process. They are: students.
1. Formative assessment : This assessment is Important paradigm in Assessment:
one of the most powerful tools of 1. Assessment for learning : Assessment for
assessment for improving the learning focuses on where the learners are
understanding and performance of the in learning, where they need to go and
students over a short period of time. In how best to get there. It occurs
this type of assessment, the teacher throughout the learning and sometimes it
comes to knows the result of the learners is also referred to as Formative
within a very short duration by conducting Assessment.
the written test, observing the behaviour 2. Assessment of Learning: This assessment
of the students and provides quick is also known as Summative Assessment.
feedback to the learners. With the help of This assessment occurs when the teacher
quick feedback, learners change their uses proofs of students learning for
behaviour and understanding. Teacher act determining student’s achievement
as the coach here and it is an informal against goals or standards at the end of
process. term or year.

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3. Assessment as learning: In this Understanding Level of Teaching

assessment, student assesses their own (ULT) and Memory Level of Teaching
performance and monitors their own (MLT).
learning and also uses the number of  It is a problem-centric approach to
strategies to decide what they know and teaching.
what they can do and how they use  The aim of this teaching is to
assessment for new learning. develop a reflective power of
8. Levels of Teaching learning such that this teaching can
a. Memory level of Teaching assist to solve problems by
 It is the first stage of teaching. reasoning, logic and imagination,
 This level of teaching assists the and lead successful and happy lives.
learner to retain the topic and also 9. TEACHING SUPPORT SYSTEM:
to reproduce the material which the TRADITIONAL, MODERN AND ICT BASED
student learnt. 1. Meaning of Teaching Support System
 Good memory includes rapidity in  In the realm of the teaching-learning
learning and recalling the stability of process, there is a system that
retention, and the ability to bring teaches, trains, coaches, guides and
only desirable contents to the instructs teachers on how to
conscious level. maximize academic achievement of
 Herbart is the main exponent of the students.
memory level of teaching.  This system of tools and resources is
b. Understanding level of Teaching called a teaching support system. A
 This level of teaching is known as teaching support system caters to
‘memory plus insight’, as it goes the teachers with an ultimate goal
beyond just memorizing of facts. to improve students’ achievement.
 It focuses on the mastery of the  In other words, teaching support
subject. system is the capacity building of
 It makes pupil understand the teachers using resources and guides
generalizations, principles and facts. on ‘how to teach’.
 It supports a lot of opportunities for  A good teaching support system
the students to develop ‘intellectual provides teachers with a set of
behaviour’. instructional strategies for the
 Morrison is the main endorser of standards and skills that students
the understanding level of teaching. are not proficient in. Along with
c. Reflective level of Teaching that, it helps teachers acquire the
 Reflective level of Teaching: It is knowledge and skills to deliver
considered as the highest level of those strategies in the classroom.
teaching and it includes both

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2. Why do we need the Teaching Support called as ‘chalk and talk’

System? method.
 In present times, life skills are more Some of the features of traditional teaching
important than memorizing concepts methods are:
and theories. This makes it very  It is a teacher-centred approach, which
challenging for the teacher to approach means that this method sees the teacher
his or her subject merely using as having an indisputable authority over
traditional methods. knowledge.
 Given this scenario, it is important for  It concentrates more on memorization and
the teacher to go beyond traditional reinforcing techniques.
teaching styles and be more creative  This sees learners as passive recipients of
and engaging in terms of enhancing the learning activity.
students’ participation.  The focus remains on syllabus completion
 Secondly, information is abundantly and evaluation of learners through the
available over the internet which is traditional examination system.
accessible to teachers and learners  The teachers evaluate the learners but
alike. This somewhat reduces the role there is no benchmark for evaluating
of teachers as the ultimate source of teachers.
information, more so in case of middle  Usage of textbooks and blackboard is the
and higher education. Now, the goal of norm.
teachers should also be to keep  Class management is all about maintaining
themselves updated with the trends of discipline.
technology and information.  There is no emphasis on team-building,
3. Teaching Support System- Traditional and collaboration, and so on.
Modern  This is usually lecture-based.
(I) What are traditional teaching (i) Merits of traditional teaching
methods? methods:
a. Meaning of Traditional  Lecture remains one of the most
Methods: effective teaching methods when
 Traditional teaching approach the group of learners is
is ‘back to the basics’ exceptionally huge.
methodology in teaching. It  Traditional teaching methods are
includes all the conventional easy to use given any group of
methods of teaching that are learners.
used in the classroom for  They are economic in terms of
knowledge generation. In the money as well as time.
field of education and  The teacher has a lot of authority
epistemology, this can also be over how the content is delivered

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and the amount of creativity  Modern teaching methods

involved. require good execution and
(ii) Demerits of traditional teaching definite goals.
methods:  Modern teaching methods highly
 There is less involvement of depend on information and
learners. communication technologies.
 There is less emphasis on the  They are collaborative and
understanding of concepts. require initiative.
 Weak learners suffer the most as  Knowledge is constructed rather
they don’t feel motivated. than delivered.
 Evaluation of learners based on  Modern teaching methods have
traditional teaching methods can more scope for creativity,
sometimes be faulty. flexibility, and reliability.
 There is less incentive among (i) Merits of modern teaching methods:
teachers for reflection.  They are learner-centred
(II) What are the modern teaching techniques.
methods?  More content can be covered in
a. Meaning of Modern Teaching lesser time.
Methods:  Modern teaching methods are fun
 Modern teaching methods are and interactive way of learning.
more learner-centred methods  There is more scope for using audio-
used in the classroom (such as video teaching aids such as
peer-assisted learning, documentaries, YouTube videos,
brainstorming, group discussion online lectures, MOOCs, educational
etc.). Modern teaching methods games, educational mobile
also include ICT enabled learning applications etc.
techniques through the use of  It is not a mechanical way of
computers, overhead projectors, teaching as students, as well as
videos, documentaries, teachers, participate in knowledge
whiteboards, etc. ICT enabled construction.
learning also incorporates mobile  Modern teaching methods also help
and internet-based learning in self-evaluation.
methods. Some of the features (ii) Demerits of modern teaching
of modern teaching methods methods:
are: Since teaching becomes more dynamic,
 Modern teaching methods are teachers need to learn and relearn new
student-friendly as they require skills.
their active participation. There is too much reliance on

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technology which reduces the authority RESEARCH APTITUDE

of teachers.
It requires huge investment of money,  Research: Re – Again
time and effort. Search – Investigation
Some modern teaching methods are  Research is a systematic, scientific process
exclusionary in nature. that adds something to the existing stock
The teacher-student relationship of knowledge.
suffers as there is less time to develop  Various type of research are:-
bonding with the students.  Fundamental  Theoretical application
(iii) Which teaching methods are better- research, generalization of New
Traditional or Modern? Theory.
With digital advancement, it rather  Applied Research  Practical
appears that traditional teaching Application (real life situations).
methods would become a passé.  Action Research  Immediate solution
However, this is not entirely true. A for a problem
teaching support system helps teachers  Action research has potential for
to build their capacity where both the enhancing teaching competencies.
methods can be used in combination.  Action research cycle is presented
While mobile learning and e-learning by plan, act, observe & reflect.
are the buzzwords, there is no doubt  Action research is a type of research
that they can completely replace that has great potential for ensuring
traditional ways of teaching. For the improvement of professional
developing critical thinking, the and work situation.
attitude of reflection and inquiry,  Explorative Research  Formulative
lecture and dialogue methods play a study done in beginning of research.
significant role. At the same time, to  Descriptive Research  Quantifiable
keep pace with the ever-changing information research to describe the
world and knowledge about the world, characteristic of population.
ICTs have played a significant role.  Cross Sectional  One time data
Teaching support system assists and collection.
guides teachers to use the best possible  Longitudinal Sectional  Collect factual
combination of methods to teach information on continuing basis.
topics of relevance. With all the  Ex-post Facto Research  Event
resources at hand, teachers should occurred in past.
become learners sometimes. Likewise,  Experimental Research  dependent
learners should become the teachers and independent variable.
sometimes by engaging in self-learning.  Independent variable is
manipulated.

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 In experimental Research, the  Interval scale – categorize, rank and

observations derived from measurable.
dependent variable is considered  Ratio scale – categorize, rank, measurable
for statistical analysis. in equal intervals and expressed in
 Inductive Research  Generalization of absolute zero.
new theory.  Easiest attitudinal scale which is
 Deductive Research  Testing of summated rating scale is called as Likert
existing theory. scale.
 Quantitative Research (How much,  Hypothesis is a tentative statement
How many)  Structured research providing an explanation.
approach.  Hypothesis should be conceptually simple,
 Qualitative Research (Tell about why) clear and specific.
 unstructured approach it avoids  Research fails to reject Null Hypothesis
positivist assumption and data analysis. (Ho) in his research, it implies that his
 Stating purpose & research principal of research hypothesis was to
question, collecting data based on reject the research hypothesis.
words from small number of  Experimental and ex-post facto research
individuals, using text analysis are focuses on hypothesis testing and
features of qualitative research. generalization.
 Feminist Research  That focus on  The conceptual framework in which a
social inequality between men & research is conducted is called research
women. design.
 Pilot study is also called as feasibility  Major operations in scientific research are
study. demonstration of co-variance, elimination
 Ethnographic research is a research of spurious relation, sequencing in terms
paradigm that focus on concern on the of time order and theorization.
interpreting reality in terms of participant  Formulation of research problem can be
perspective. compared to laying the foundation of
 Participant observation is a part of building.
ethnographic research.  A good review of literature aims at
 Study of why does stressful living result in generating the research questions &
heart attack is classified as explanatory validating those questions.
research.  Review of literature stage in research
 Nominal scale – categorization of creates a working thesis for research
variables. paper by specifying and organizing
 Ranking scale – categorization of ranking category of information.
of variables.  Auto facts that arise and acts the internal
validity in research are history, maturity,

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instrumentation and experimental  Denoted by  (alpha)

morality.  False positive
 During research, while recording  Type 2 error
observation, if an observer rates an  Acceptance of false null hypothesis
individual based on rating given in another  Denoted by 
aspect, it is called Halo effect.  False negative
 Position papers are highlighting of issues &  We consider only NULL HYPOTHESIS in
deception of status. research.
 Characteristic of research  Steps in writing research report:
 reliability – consistency a) Logical analysis of subject matter
 validity – accuracy b) Preparation of final outline
 accuracy – related to validity c) Preparation of rough draft
 credit ability – use of best source of d) Re-writing & polishing
information and best procedure. e) Preparation of final bibliography
 generalization – research has been f) Writing the final draft
conducted by using scientific method &  Structure of Report Writing:
procedure. a) Tile page
 systematic – effective research b) Index or content
 controlled – exploring causality in c) Thesis (or term of reference / abstract)
relation with 2 variable. d) Introduction (or executive summary)
 Process of research e) Background
 Identifying problem f) Procedure
 Review of literature g) Implication or issues
 Specify research purpose h) Solution or recommendation
 Designing research i) Conclusion
 Collecting data j) Appendixes
 Analyze & Inter pretention of data k) Bibliography & Reference
 Report & evaluate research  2 types of reference
 Principle of experimental research design a) APA  American Psychological
 Principle of replication  variation Association
 Principle of randomization  remove b) MLA  Modern Language Association
biasness  Correlation research – relation between
 Principle of locus control  increase two variable.
the efficiency by decreasing error.  Fabricating – creation of superior data by
 6 W’s of prescriptive research researcher.
 What, Who, Where, When, Why, Way  Falsification – Manipulate research
 Type 1 error material.
 Rejection of tree null hypothesis

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 Plagrism – copying someone else idea as RESEARCH APTITUDE (IMPORTANT POINTS)

there own. 1. Definition:
 http://go.turnitin.com is a plagiarism  Combination of two words:
check by website.
Re + search
 A detailed description of methodology of
research is required in thesis or (Re = again + search = investigation)
dissertation. again & again for improved solution.
 Reporting of research finding &  To add something new in existing stock
interpretation is susceptible to issue of knowledge
research ethics.  It is a scientific and systematic process
 Conference paper provide more latitude to
 Always problem oriented
researcher for creative expression.
 POSITIVISM:- To discover law that are 2. Characteristics of Research:
generalizable & govern universe.  Objectivity: without any bias
 Based on verifiable facts  Reliability: consistency / verifiability
 Deductive approach  Validity: accuracy of procedures
 Based on quantitative research.
 Credibility: use of best source of
 Positivism:- Observable + Quantifiable +
Verification + Independent + Deductible information
Approach.  Generalize ability: degree to which
 POST-POSITIVISM:- resource findings are applicable
 Researcher chooses methodology as (overall implementation)
suitable to researcher context. 3. Approaches:
 Include – qualitative & quantitative
Positivism Post-positivistic
 Different type of sampling techniques
 Philosophical  Methodological
 Probability sampling techniques
 Scientifically  Subjective /
o Simple random sampling.
verified Subjectivity
o Stratified random sampling.
o Cluster sampling.  Objective reality  Consider
o Systematic random sampling. commonsense
 Non probability sampling techniques  Research  Logical
o Convenience sampling. conducted in
o Judgement or purposive sampling. controlled &
o Quota sampling. structured
o Accidental sampling. manner
o Snowball sampling.

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4. Type of Research: existing

Ex-post facto used in social science after 12.Conceptual establishing concept
effect study based on theoretical
application (just
Type Meaning / Word
idea)
1. Active PAOR Immediate solution
13.Empirical Performing
(Plan, Act, e.g. school related
experiments to test
Observe, problems (no delays)
relevance of old
Reflect)
theories
2. Fundamental Building of new
14.Analytical Same as qualitative /
theory e.g. Newton
unstructured details
Theory (1st time)
analysis – why
3. Evaluation Perceived impact
something occurs
e.g. to check
15.Descriptive Same as quantitative
4. Applied Newton theory used
/ structured what
use of existing
something done /
theory / application
occur
5. Qualitative Nature of problem
16.Exploratory To explore
unstructured
something new
6. Quantitative Numbers extent of
17.Cross One time different
structured problem (problem
sectional samples e.g. in 2019,
positioned)
check sale of coke,
7. Inductive Add something
Pepsi, Fanta.
OPHT particular to general
18.Longitudinal Several times, same
(Observation,
samples e.g. in 2019,
Pattern,
2018, 2017, 2016
Hypothesis,
check sales of Coke
Theory)
8. Deductive Subtract something
THOC (Theory, agent to particular
Hypothesis,
Observation,
Conservation)
9. Explanatory Explain cause &
consequences of
problem
10.Innovative New technology and
technique
11.Incremental Improvement in

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RESEARCH PROCESS 5. Sampling Techniques

Probability Non-Probability
When we give equal Not give each and
chance to each and equal chance
every element (biasness)
Types Types
Simple random – Judgemental:
Lottery selection on the basis
of perception
Stratified population: Quota: Pre-decided
Layers eg. seats
Men
Women
Kid
Heterogeneous into
homogenous
Systematic: nth term
e.g. multiple of 5
Cluster: Randomly Convenience: To
select group check ease (nearby)
Multistage: different 2 Snowball/
steps Punjab  Reference: Selection
Ludhiana  Model on the basis of
Town reference
 Appropriate sample size is 10% of
population
 Depends upon topic, which sample
method is choose
Sampling error Non-sampling
error
If there is an error No error in size
either in selection and technique,
technique or in size still it is a
problem known
as non-sampling
error
6. Methods of Data Collection
Primary Data Secondary Data
st
Fresh data, 1 hand Collected by someone else, used
data, collected by by others, we need to make
researcher himself alternation in data in secondary

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 Accurate and  Reasonable, easily available C. End Matter

reliable
Methods: Published Unpublished 14. Bibliography and List of References
Observation: (Newspaper, Sales record of 15. Appendices
Interview: Books, company, BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT STYLE:
Survey: Magazines) personal
Questionnaire: No  No diaries  American Psychological Association (APA)
personal contact permission  Permission (TRICK: YEAR AFTER NAME)
between researcher is required is required
and respondent. to use
Author's last name, first name.(Year of
Schedule: Direct link resources Publication).Book Title. Publication Place:
between researcher Publisher.
and respondent
7. Error I and Error II in Research  Modern Language Association (MLA)
(TRICK: YEAR AT LAST)
Hypothesis conduct on null hypothesis.
Author's last name, first name. Book Title.
Correct Incorrect City of Publication: Publishing Company,
Accept  Error II Publication Year.
Reject Error I   Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) (TRICK:
Error I: When we reject the correct FIRST NAME OF AUTHOR COMES FIRST)
hypothesis known as alpha () (false +ve) Author's First Name, Last Name. Title of
Error II: When we accept the incorrect Work. Publication Place: Publisher, Date of
hypothesis known as beta () (false –ve) Publication.
VARIABLES OF RESEARCH
 Error I is easy to rectify
RESEARCH IS STUDY OF CAUSE AND EFFECT.
 Error I is more dangerous 1) Dependent: effected
FORMAT OF THESIS WRITING 2) Independent: cause
A. Front matter: 3) Extraneous : can affect the dependent but
1. Title Page controlled during the study
2. Abstract 4) Intervening: goes side by side
3. Acknowledgments Example: Effect of mobile phone (cause/
4. Table of Contents independent) on eyes (dependent/
5. List of figures and Tables, etc., if any effected).
B. Main body: Eyesight checked ( study of eye lens) (
6. Introduction ( purpose) intervening)
7. Research Methodology Poor diet (extraneous) may affect
8. Material & Procedure eyesight.
9. Data interpretation R.T.V (Trick: Alphabetical order)
10. Results  R is RELIABILITY consistent result
11. Findings  T is TRIANGULATION means using more
12. Conclusion than one method to collect data on the
13. Recommendations

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same topic. This is a way of assuring the  In a workshop, elements of qualitative

validity of research. research, brainstorming and problem
 V is VALIDITY claim about soundness of solving are included.
research  A workshop involves larger numbers of
So, reliability leads to validity, if a people than conventional group
measurement is valid, it is also reliable. But if discussions and often involve more than
is reliable, it may or may not be valid. one moderator or facilitator.
RESEARCH ETHICS Seminar
Ethical issue when we do something  Seminar is simply a group of people
deliberately. coming
The problem of ‘research ethics’ is concerned  together for the discussion and learning of
with Evidence based research reporting. specific techniques and topics.
Reporting of research findings is susceptible  It is a form of academic instruction, either
to the issue of research ethics. at a university or offered by a commercial
3 SINS IN RESEARCH or professional organization.
 FALSIFICATION: MANIPULATE DATA Conference
(CHANGES)  A conference is a formal meeting, where
 FABRICATION: CREATING DATA participant sex changes their views on
(GENERATE) varioustopics.
 PLAGRISM: COPYING DATA WITH  Conference can take place in different
REFERENCE fields, and it need not be academic in
TOOL OF RESEARCH nature all the time.
Paper Trick: word used in Question: creative and
 A research paper is a common form of critical thinking
academic writing which is based on Answer: conference
analysis, interpretation, and research Symposium
findings on a particular topic conducted by  Symposium is a formal gathering in an
a researcher. academic setting where participants are
 Research papers require writers to locate experts in their respective fields.
information about a topic, take a stand on  These experts present or deliver their
that topic and provide evidence for that opinions or view points on a chosen topic
position in an organized report. of discussion.
Workshop  The chief characteristic of a symposium is
 A workshop is an interactive session, often that it covers a single topic or subject and
takes a full day or more, in which clients, all the lectures given by experts are
researchers and other participants such as completed in a single day.
customers work intensively on an issue or POINTS TO REMEMBER
question. 1) 5 w’s and 1 h of research problem

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 Who  Feedback in the communication process is

 What the response that gives us some indication
 When of how effectively we communicate. It is
 Where the gauge of efficiency and effectiveness
 Why in communication.
 How  Four S’s of communication:- SHORT,
2) Objectives of research can be categorized SIMPLE, STRENGTH, SINCERITY.
as:  MNEMONICS: Technique in which one
1. Theoretical: formulation of new uses code words. Also known as memory
theories by devices that helps the learner to recall
2. exploring the association of different large information.
variables.( fundamental research)  MEDIA is the reflection of our society and
3. Factual: finding new facts. (historical or it depicts how society and it depicts how
explanatory research) society works. That why it is known as the
4. Application: use of existing theories to FOURTH PILLAR of democracy.
newer situations. (applied research)  HEPTICS is a term used to explain the hand
3) Types of hypothesis movements.
1. Declarative (skin problem- makeup)  COGNITIVE DISSONANCE is a term that
2. Directional (difference or association) ( describes conflict in one’s thinking
a is effective than b) process.
3. Non directional ( there is difference  The most important thing that has to be
between a and b ) kept in mind while answering
4) Government initiatives for integrating ICT COMMUNICATION section questions is
with research: that, it must be related to CLASSROOM
1. Shodhganga COMMUNICATION.
2. E shod Sindhu  Mass communication is a process whereby
3. Impacting research, innovation and mass produced messages are transmitted
technology (imprints) to large, anonymous and heterogeneous
4. Global imitative of academic networks masses of receivers.
(Gian)  The primary barriers in interpersonal
communication are the PSYCHOLOGICAL
BARRIERS.
COMMUNICATION  To make the communication process
effective, it is important that the sender
 Communication has been derived from should be clear about the Ws and H. i.e.
the Latin Word “COMMUNICARE” or a) WHO  To whom should the message
“COMMUNIS” which means to make go.
common. b) WHY  Why I should communicate.

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c) WHAT  Decide what to sequence of activities performed in a

communicate. sequential manner.
d) WHEN  The best time to  SYNCHRONOUS MEDIA: Related to real
communicate. time eg.: such as live television shows.
e) HOW  Use a language, which the  ASYNCHRONOUS MEDIA: Media that does
receives will understand. not require audience to assemble. eg.
 It is often said that awareness of 7C’s of recorded videos.
communication makes the communicator  TODAY MEDIA: society equation is largely
effective. The 7C’s are:- Completeness, consumer conscious.
Conciseness, Consideration, Clarity,  NON-CONTENT BEHAVIOURS are
Concreteness, Courtesy, Correctness. generally referred to as extra-linguistic
 The process of classroom communication behaviour. It includes rate of speaking,
is based upon COLE AND CHAN MODEL tendency to interrupt.
and involves the following steps:-  LANGUAGE of communication also
i) Formulation of message. constitutes the SOCIAL WORLD.
ii) Message encoding.  IMPLICIT COMMUNICATION focuses on
iii) Message transmission. areas of gestures, vocal tones and actions.
iv) Message decoding and  EXPLICIT COMMUNICATION deals with a
interpretation. person directly.
v) Feedback and evaluation.  In transactional model of communication
 The main principle on which the DESIGN noise is an important variable.
OF MESSAGE is based SMART. i.e.  Cybernetics is a term associated with
S – Specific feedback.
M – Measurable  Intra personal communication is also
A – Achievable known as multi-dic.
R – Realistic  Interpersonal communication is known as
T – Time Framed Dyadic communication.
 PARAPHRASING is a skill that is absolutely
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
necessary for good listening.
 For a communication process to be  Intrapersonal Communication:- It
effective and free from barriers, it is very means talking to oneself.
necessary that the Teacher should  It includes individual reflection and
communicate in the class without any even praying to God.
assumptions.  It can take place any time as there is
 Classroom communication is a no need of receiver.
transactional process because  Interpersonal Communication:- It is
communication process is a orderly the interaction between different
persons.

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 It is an effective communication  Non-Verbal Communication:-

situation because one can get  It includes facial expressions,
immediate feedback. posture, eye contract, hand
 It has emotional appeal too, and it movements.
can motivate, encourage and  It is the process of communication
coordinate work more effectively. through sending and receiving
 Intragroup Communication:- It is a wordless messages.
form of communication that takes  It is often said that ‘Actions speak
place between members of the same louder than words’.
group.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-VERBAL
 In this there is only one group and
COMMUNICATION
communication takes place within
the group.  No use of words.
 Intergroup Communication:- Two or  Culturally determined.
more different groups are involved.  Different meaning.
 Communication that takes place  Vague and imprecise.
between two or more groups i.e.  May conflict with verbal message.
between members of different
 Largely unconscious.
groups.
 Shows feelings and attitudes.
 Verbal Communication:-
 Informality.
 It takes place when one engage in
 Mediated Communication:-
speaking with others.
 Also known as mass communication.
 It is further divided into two parts.
 It does not involve face-to-face or
a) Oral Communication:-
any direct contact between the
 In this spoken words are used.
sender and receiver.
 Oral communication is
 Communication takes place through
influenced by pitch and volume,
any medium such as newspaper,
rate of speaking and clarity in
radio, computers.
speaking and articulation.
 Formal Communication:-
b) Written Communication:-
 In this proper rules, regulations,
 In this message can be
conventions and protocols are
transmitted via email, letter,
followed while formulating and
report, memo etc.
communicating message.
 Written signs and symbols, both
 Also known as Official
in printed or handwritten form,
Communication.
can be used.

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 Informal Communication:- BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

 In this there is spontaneous and
 Physical Barriers: Related to environment
free-flow of communication without
 Psychological Barriers: Related to the mind
any protocol.
frame of receiver and sender.
 Information in this form of
 Semantic Barriers: Related to the
communication is less reliable or
language.
accurate.
 Mechanical Barriers: Absence of proper
 Contiguous Communication:-
communication facilities.
 It is a kind of face-to-face
communication which is a MASS MEDIA EFFECT THEORY
continuous process of
communication.  Limited effect theory: Media exerts
 Non-Contiguous Communication:- negligible influence on society.
 No direct face-to-face contact  Class dominant theory: Certain elite class
between the sender and receiver. It exerts influence on society.
is not continuous.  Culturist theory: Combines the above both
theories.
PRINCIPLE OF GOOD COMMUNICATION
LOGICAL REASONING
 Have A Goal
 Listen  In logical reasoning.
 Adjust To Your Medium A  All – Universal Affirmative
 Stay Organized E  No – Universal Negative
 Be Persuasive I  Some – Particular Affirmative
 Be Clear O  Some not – Particular Negative
 Visuals Are Important  A  All, each, every, any, ram (noun)
 Use Stories E  No, never, none
 Less Is More I  Few, some, certain, most, many,
 Be Curious almost, etc.
7C’s OF COMMUNICATIONS O  Some not, hardly.
 Various statements in square of opposition
 Completeness are:-
 Concreteness 1) Contradictory Statements (A-O), (I-E)
 Courtesy  One is denial of other.
 Correctness  When subject & predicate of both
 Clarity the premises are same but they
 Consideration differ in quality and quantity are
 Conciseness contradictory statements.
2) Contrary statements (A-E)

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 Between universal Kinds of Anumana

 When subject and predicate of both
 Purvatva Anumana (previously) refers to
premises are same but, they differ
the reasoning obtained from cause to
in quality only, it is known as
effect, inferring an unperceived effect
contraries.
from a perceived cause. eg. their are
3) Sub-Contrary Statements (I-O)
clouds so it is going to rain.
 Between particulars
 Sheshavat Anumana (Remaining)
 When subject & predicate of both
inferring an unperceived cause from a
premises are same but differ in
perceived.
quality, it is sub-contraries.
 Samanyata Drushta Anumana refers to
4) Sub-Alteration (A-I) (E-O)
the the inferrential knowledge obtained
 Between universal & particular
through generalizationof a particular
 When subject & predicate of both
matter when inference is not based on
the premises are same, but they
causation but an uniformity of
differ in quantity, it is called sub
coexistence.
alteration.
 Indian logic is concerned with Pramanas, VYPATI
which means ‘truth’.
 As per Nayaya logic, there are 4 types of  The word Vyapti literally means the state
Pramanas:- of pervasion.
Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana, Shabda.  It is considered as a logical ground of
 As per Mimasa School, it is of 6 types:- inference which is one of the means of
Above four plus arthapatti & Anupalabdhi knowledge.
 Pratyaksha Pramana – means perception
Upamana Pramana – Means Analogy /
Anumana Pramana
Comparison eg. this Gavaya is like my cow.
 means assumption / influence /
supposition Shabda Pramana – Means verbal
 inference (Anumana) is rooted in testimony and valid knowledge.
invariable concomitance between
middle term & major term. Arthapatti Pramana – means implication
or postulation. eg. Devadatta is growing
Structure of Anumana fat. He does not eat food during day.
Therefore, he must be eating food during
 The Proposition – (Pratijna)
night.
 The Ground – (Hetu)
 The Illustration – (Udaharana) Anupalabhdi – means non-perception
 The Application – (Upanaya) Pramana or non-apprehension eg. There is
 The Conclusion – (Nigamana) no drop on the ground.
 Hetvabhas – means fallacies of inference.

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 In Moods and figures,  Deductive reasoning:-

 It is an argument between two  It is from general to specific.
premises and one conclusion.  conclusion is guaranteed to be true if
 It contains exactly three terms:- premises are true
Major term – predicate of conclusion.  analytical
Minor term – subject of conclusion.  syllogism is a part of deductive
Middle term – common term in both reasoning.
the premises that is not present in  deductive arguments can be valid or
conclusion. invalid.
 There are 4 steps in moods & figures:  Adductive reasoning:- Based on
a) Make argument in standard form it knowledge but no logic is applied.
predicate of conclusion must come  Counter arguments:- These are the
from major premises & subject of exceptional cases to valid argument.
conclusion must come from minor  Analogies Argument:- These are based on
premises. previous relationship.
b) Determine to mood.  Denotation:-
c) Determine the figure.  dictionary meaning of word.
d) Check its validity (is it conditionally  objective.
valid or unconditionally valid)  Connotation:-
 A proposition is a sentence that makes a  set of associations that a word usually
statement and gives relation between two brings to mind.
or more terms.  subjective.
 Truth and falsity are attributes of  known as figurative meaning.
proposition.  Fallacies:- errors or tricks in reasoning that
 Inference – Process by which conclusion is appear intentionally or unintentionally.
arrived at one the basis of other  Formal fallacies:- error in form.
propositions. Informal fallacies:- error in content.
 Premises – proposition that supports the Existential fallacies:- means a formal
conclusion of argument logical fallacy which is committed when
 Inductive reasoning:- categorical syllogism employ two universal
 Process of going from observation to premises to arrive at particular conclusion.
conclusion or specific to general Exclusive premise fallacy:- where at least
 does not guarantee 100% surety one premise is not affirmative, it is
 synthetic exclusive premise fallacy.
 reasoning that is helpful in finding new Affirmative from Negative fallacy:- one
knowledge of facts about the world. negative in argument, then conclusion
 in inductive argument, conclusion can drawn from it will be negative.
be strong or weak.

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 A perception where we donot have the  In a computer, if 8 bits are used to specify
knowledge of an object characterized by address in memory, the total number of
any predicate but an apprehension of addresses will be 256.
some unrelated element is called  WYSIWYG what you see is what you get.
indeterminate perception.  Software that you can download for free,
 The fallacy of irrelevant reason is a type of but have to pay to continue it use after a
influence where a reason is given of a trial period is called shareware.
conclusion but this reason is irrelevant to  SWAYAM study world of action learning
the truth or falsity of the conclusion. for young aspiring minds.
 The fallacy of trivial objections is an  A groups access to digital technology and
informal fallacy where irrelevant and another groups lack of access to it, will
sometimes frivolers objections are made cause a disparity known as Digital Divide.
to divert the attention away from the topic  RAM is one of the computer components
that is being discussed. is fastest in terms of speed of access.
 The fallacy of assertion is the logically  Wiki is a system that allows collaborative
fallacy where someone tries to argue a modification of its content and structure
point by newly asserting that is true, directly from the web browser.
regardless of contradiction.  Spyware software aims to gather
 A self contradiction fallacy is a statement information about a person without
from which no coherent conclusions can he/her knowledge, and that may send
be drawn because the statement seems to such information to another entity.
contract itself.  VLE:- Virtual Learning Environment.
 Worm is a virus that can be transferred
INFORMATION AND from one computer to.
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY  Microsoft Windows is an example of
(ICT) proprietary system software.
 Local Area Network is a Computer
 The output quality of a printer is measured Network which is used within a building.
by Dots Per Inch.  LCD stand for Light Compact Display.
 Bug denotes an error in a computer  Phising is an attempt to acquire sensitive
program. information for malicious seasons, by
 A smaller text i.e. stared on user’s masquerading as a trustworthy entity.
computer by some website in order to  Spreadsheet is use to automatic
recognize and keep track of user’s calculations in preparing a budget.
preferences is called cookie.  Spamming a large number of listeners are
 .wav and .wmu are the Audio formats. sending unsolicited advertising messages
or e-mailing them.

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 RAM is volatile and the amount of RAM in  Interpreter  Converts high level
a computer system can affect its language into machine language (one at a
performance. time or line by line).
 Bluetooth is a wireless technology which  Compiler: Converts high level language
can be used to connect a headset to a into machine language (in one go).
mobile phone.  Bit = 0 or 1
 Operating system control peripheral, and Byte = 8 Bits
allocates. Memory and Processor Time. Kilobyte = 1024 Byte = 210 Byte
 Logic bomb is a type of malware Megabyte = 1024 Kilobyte = 220 Byte
intentionally instituted into a software Gigabyte = 1024 Megabyte = 230 Byte
system that will set off a malicious Terabyte = 1024 Gigabyte = 240 Byte
function when specified conditions are  File Extension:-
met.  .wav – for sound
 First Generation = Vacuum Tube.  .docx – Microsoft word
Second Generation = Transistor.  .text – Notepad files
Third Generation = Integrated Circuits.  .ppt – Power point
Fourth Generation = ULSI Microprocessor.  .jpg – Images
 Computer virus is a computer. Program  .xls - Excel
that spreads by inserting copies of itself  HTTP is the protocol that supports linking
into other executable code or document. from one web page to another page.
 RGB (Red, Green, Black)  In audio video  Domain Name:- It is the unique name that
compression it stand for. identifies an internet site or website.
 Web Browsers:- Internet explorer, Mozilla  .com:- Commercial Institute or
Firebox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera. Organization.
 HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is  .edu:- Educational Institutions
used to create webpages.  .gov:- Government Sites
 JPEG is used to compress images.  .mil:- Military Sites
 Search Engine:- Yahoo, Google.  .net:- Gateway & Administrative Hosts
 Two Main Component of CPU:- Control  .org:- Private Organizations
Unit, ALU.  BHIM:- Bharat Interface for Money
 ASCIT  American Standard Code for (Developed by NPCI).
Information Interchange. National Payment Corporation of India.
 EBCDIL  Extended Binary Coded Decimal  A modern electronic computer is a
Interchange Code. machine that is meant for input, storage,
 Assembler  Converts assembly language manipulation and outputting of data.
into machine language.  Data is not a main component of
computer.
 The brain of any computer system is CPU.

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 CPU is a combination of Arithmetic logic learners up to pre-degree level.

and control unit.  It was started as a project with in-built
 Maxframe is not a computer classification. flexibilities by the Central Board of
 The computers that work on continuous Secondary Education (CBSE) in 1979. In
data are called as Analog computers. 1986, the National Policy on Education
 Micro computer is a type of computer on suggested strengthening of Open School
the basis of size. System for extending open learning
 Palmtop computer is the smallest in size. facilities in a phased manner at secondary
 A Hybrid computer is resembles both level all.
digital and analog computer.  Over the country as an independent
 Assembly language started to be used system with its own curriculum and
from second generation computers. examination leading to certification.
 Artificial Intelligence is associated with  National Institute of Open Schooling
which fifth generation. (NIOS) provides opportunities to
 Fifth generation of computer is still under interested learners by making available
development. the following Courses / Programmes of
 LAN type of network is commonly used in Study through open and distance learning
a college lab environment. (ODL) mode.
 WAN type of network is commonly used in Open Basic Education (OBE) Programme for
an international organization. 14+ years age group, adolescents and adults
 Modem is not a transmission medium. at A, B and C levels that are equivalent to
 Communications software, Protocol, classes III, V and VIII of the formal school
Communication hardware is required to system.
communicate between two computers.  Secondary Education Course
 Internet’s initial development was  Senior Secondary Education Course
supported by ARPANET  Vocational Education Courses /
 A modem is needed when accessing the Programme
Internet through Wi Fi and Cable.  Life Enrichment Programmes
 FTP protocol is used to transfer file on the SWAYAM Prabha
internet.  SWAYAM Prabha is an initiative to provide
 Online business on the internet is referred 32 High Quality Educational Channels
to as E-commerce. through DTH (Direct to Home) across the
 Bus is a hardware component that carries length and breadth of the country on 24 
data within and between the 7 basis.
microprocessor, RAM and peripherals.
 It has curriculum based course content
Government Initiative on ICT covering diverse disciplines.
 NIOS is "Open School" to cater to the  The 32 educational DTH channels: The
needs of a heterogeneous group of SWAYAM PRABHA has been conceived as

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the project for telecasting high quality National Asset" has been sanctioned to IIT,
educational programmes through 32 DTH Kharagpur under NMEICT by MHRD. NDL
channels on 24  7 basis. Every day, there project aims to develop.
will be new content of at least (4) hours a) overall framework to collate large
which would be repeated 6 times a day, number of e-contents, virtual library,
allowing the student to choose the time of covering needs of learners with
his convenience. differing abilities for different levels of
The DTH Channels cover: education.
a) Curriculum based course contents b) Design & development of "OAI-PMH"
covering diverse disciplines such as arts, Server for Metadata Harvesting,
science, commerce, performing arts, social Indexed etc.
sciences and humanities subjects, c) Pan-India virtual teaching-learning-
engineering, technology, law, medicine, evaluation-knowledge platform and for
agriculture etc. in higher education key national asset and
domain (all courses would be certification- d) Collect resources from other Ministries.
ready in their detailed offering). There are more than 72 lakh digital
b) School education (9-12 levels) modules. books available through the NDL and
c) Curricula and courses that can meet the available through mobile also.
needs of life-long learners or Indian E-pathshala
citizens in India and abroad.  E-books of the resources developed by
d) IIT-PAL – to assist the students in the National Council of Educational Research
Classes 11 and 12 aspiring to joint IITs – and Training (NCERT), State Council of
the four channels under this would be on Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and / State Institutes of Education (SIEs), State
Biology. Boards etc.
The project was conceived and completed  SIEs in multiple languages and uploaded
within 3 months with the active participation on e-pathshala website and disseminated
of the Bhaskaracharya Satellite Application through mobile app (android, iOS and
Centre and Geinformatics (BISAG) Windows).
Gandhinagar and ECIL Hyderabad.  E-pathshala has been listed / made
National Digital Library (NDL) available on the UMANG App of Govt. of
 The National Digital Library of India (NDL) India, which was launched by Hon'ble
is a project to develop a framework of Primed Minister of India on 23 November,
virtual repository of learning resources 2017 during GCCS-2017.
with a single-window search facility. National Repository of Open Educational
 National Digital Library (NDL): A Project Resources (NROER)
tiled "Development of National Digital  To make digital resources available for
Library of India, Towards Building a teachers and students as free and open

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source material. Milia Islamia; BHU; and AMU.

 To enable the participation of the  The foreign universities identified for the
community in development and sharing of training are also within the top 100 in the
digital resources. world global rankings.
 To facilitate the adoption and creation of  The foreign collaborating institutions are
digital resources in different Indian University of Michigan; NTU Singapore;
languages. Harvard University; Purdue University,
Leadership for Academicians Programme USA; University of Chicago; University of
(LEAP) Pennsylvania; Monash University; Oxford
 Leadership for Academicians Programme University; University of Cambridge and
(LEAP) is a three weeks (2 weeks domestic University of Virginia.
and one week foreign training) flagship Annual Refresher Programme in Teaching
leadership development training (ARPIT)
programme for second level academic  Annual Refresher Programme in Teaching
functionaries in public funded higher (ARPIT) is a major and unique initiative of
education institutions. online professional development of 15
 LEAP will make Higher Education lakh higher education faculty using the
Institutions (HEIs) perform their roles of MOOCs platform SWAYAM.
developing better students who will be  For implementing ARPIT, 75 discipline-
future torch bearers. specific institutions have been identified
 The main objective is to prepare second and notified as National Resource Centers
tier academic heads who are potentially (NRCs) in the first phase.
likely to assume leadership roles in the
future.
 It would provide senior faculty the
required leadership and managerial skills
including skills of problem-solving,
handling stress, team building work,
conflict management, communication,
understanding the complexity and
challenges of governance in HEIs and
general administration.
 It will be implemented through 15 NIRF
top ranked Indian Institutions namely, IIT
Roorke; IIT Kanpur; NIT Trichy; IISER
Kolkata; JNU: IIT (BHU); Delhi University;
IIT Bombay; TISS Mumbai; University of
Hyderabad; NIEPA, IIT Kharagpur; Jamia

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GENERATION OF COMPUTER
First Generation Second Third Fourth Fifth Generation

(1940-1956) Generation Generation Generation (Present and
(1956-1963) Features (1964- (1971-Present) Beyond)
1971)
1. Used vacuum 1. Transistors 1. Integrated 1. Large-scale These computers
tubes for were used. circuits integration are used in
circuitry and developed. (LSI) and very parallel
magnetic large-scale processing,
drums for integration speech
memory. (VLSI) recognition,
technology is intelligent robots
used. and artificial
intelligence.
2. High 2. First 2. Low-power 2. Development
electricity operating consumption. of portable
consumption system and computers.
. core memory
were
developed.
3. Programming 3. Programming 3. Small-scale 3. Use of RAD
in machine was in integration (Redundant
language. machine (SSI) and Array of
Examples language and medium-scale Inexpensive
Mark 1, assembly technology Disks)
ENIAC language. (MSI) was technology
used. for data
storage.
4. Magnetic 4. High-level 4. Used in
tapes and languages virtual reality
discs were (HLL) were multimedia
used. used. and
simulation.
5. Examples: 5. The main 5. Computers

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Early versions examples are started in use

of COBOL and PDP-8, ICL for data
FORTRAN, 2900, IBM- communicati
IBM 1401, 360 and IBM- on. Examples
IBM-1402, 370 IBM PC, Apple
PDP-1, etc. Macintosh.
Generation of computer hardware
Subject 1st 2nd 3rd 4th generation 5th

generation generation generation generation
Period 1940-1956 1956-1963 1964-1971 1971-present Present &
beyond
Circuitry Vacuum tube Transistor Integrated Microprocessor ULSI (Ultra
chips (IC) (VLSI) Large Scale
Integration
Technology)
rd
Processing 300 IPS inst. 300 IPS 1MIPS (1 Faster than 3 Very fast
Speed Per sec. million inst. generation
per sec.)
Examples of UNIVAC, IBM 1401, IBM 360 Pentium series Artificial
computers EDVAC IBM 7094, series, 1900 Multimedia, Intelligence,
CDC 3600, D series Stimulation Robotics
UNIVAC 1108
Memory Random Access Memory (RAM)

 In computing memory refers to the  Structure: A set of memory chips, each of
physical devices used to store programs or them is an integrated circuit (IC) made of
data on the temporary or permanent basis millions of transistors and capacitors.
for use in a computer or other digital  Volatile: their state is lost or reset when
electronic device. power is removed from the system.
 Main memory is divided into two parts:  Usage: Holds data / application programs
o Random Access Memory (RAM) should from input devices or storages.
be better known as Read Write  Capacity: Determines the number and size
Memory. of the program can be run at the same
o Read Only Memory (ROM) time as well as the amount of data that
can be processed immediately.
 Memory is the part of a computer which

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store information. Difference between SRAM and DRAm

Random Access Memory (RAM): It is also DRAM SRAM
termed as the main memory. It is the 1. Constructed of 1. Constructed of
temporary memory (volatile) that allows tiny capacitors circuits similar to
information to be stored randomly and that lead D flip-flops
accessed quickly and directly (without the electricity
need to go through intervening data). A 2. Requires a 2. Hold its contents
computer can both write data into RAM and recharge every as long as power is
read data from RAM. few milliseconds available.
Every time a user turns on his / her computer, to maintain its
a set of operating instructions is copied from data.
the hard disk into RAM. These instructions, 3. In expensive. 3. Expensive.
which help control the basic computer 4. Slower than 4. Faster than DRAM.
functions remain in RAM until the computer SRAM.
is turned off. As soon as the power is turned 5. Can store many 5. Cannot share
off, whatever data present in the RAM bits per chip. many bits per
disappears. chip.
Types of RAM 6. Use less power. 6. Uses more power.
Static Random Dynamic Random 7. Generates less 7. Generates more
Access Memory Access Memory heat. heat.
(SRAM) (DRAM) 8. Used for main 8. Used for cache.
 Semi conductor  Store each bit of memory.
memory memory in Comparison Chart
capacitor in an Basis for SRAM DRAM
integrated circuit Comparison
 Use flip-flop to  Real capacitors Speed Faster Slower
store ach bit of leak charge so Size Small Large
memory so does capacitors need to Cost Expensive Cheap
not need to be be refreshed Used in Cache Main memory
periodically periodically memory
refreshed Density Less dense Highly dense
 Faster and  Simple structure Construction Complex and Simple and
consumes low (1 transistor and 1 uses uses
power capacitor per bit) transistors capacitors
so it has very high and latches and very few
density transistors.
Single block 6 transistors Only one
of memory transistor

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requires. switched off.

Charge Not present Present 
leakage hence require ROM ROM TYPES Description
TYPES
property power
ROM Read –only memory Information is written
refresh chips to a ROM chip when it
circuitry is manufactured. A
Power Low High ROM Chip cannot be
erased or re-written
consumption and can become
Read-only Memory (ROM): It is the obsolete.
permanent memory of a computer. A set of PROM Programmable Information is written
instructions that has been built into the read-only memory to a PROM chip after it
is manufactured. A
computer by the manufacturer and it cannot PROM chip cannot be
be accessed or changed by the user. It only erased or re-written.
permits the user to read data. Computers EPROM Erasable Information is written
programmable to an EPROM chip after
always contain a small amount of ROM that
read-only memory it is manufactured. An
holds instructions for starting up the EPROM chip can be
computer. erased with exposure
 Programmable Read-only Memory to UV light. Special
equipment is required.
(PROM): A PROM is a memory chip in EEPROM Electrically erasable Information is written
which you can store a program. Once the programmable to an EEPROM chip
PROM has been used, you cannot wipe it read-only memory after it is
clean and use it to store something else. manufactured.
EEPROM chips are also
Like ROMs, PROMs are non-volatile. called Flash ROMs. An
 Erasable Programmable Read-only EEPROM chip can be
Memory (EPROM): An EPROM is a special erased and re-written
without to remove the
type of PROM that can be erased by chip from the
exposing it to ultraviolet light. computer.
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read- Other types of ROM
only Memory (EEPROM): An EEPROM is a 1. PROM (programmable read only
special type of PROM that can be erased memory) – a blank chip which can be
by exposing it to an electrical charge. It is programmed only once using a special
also termed as flash memory. device called a programmer. Once it’s
Read only memory (ROM) programmed its contents cannot be
 Has contents which are fixed when the modified or erased.
chip is manufactured. 2. EPROm (erasable programmable read
 Holds the bootstrap loader part of the only memory) – can be programmed
operating system. multiple times. Its contents can be erased
 Retains its data when the computer is by using UV (ultraviolet) light. Exposure to

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the UV light will erase all contents. costlier comparatively

3. EEPROM (electrically erasable memory. cheaper than
programmable read-only memory) – RAM.
similar to EPROm but its contents can be Type Types of RAM Types of ROM
electrically erased and re-written without are static are PROM,
having to remove it from the computer. RAM and EPROM,
4. Flash Memory – a modern type of dynamic EEPROM.
EEPROM, it can be erased and re-written RAM.
to electrically. It is much faster than
EEPROM. It is ideal for electronic devices RAM ROM
such as mobile phones and digital Volatility RAM is volatile ROM is non-
cameras. in nature as it volatile since
Based RAM ROM automatically it is never
Comparison erased when erased when
Basic It is a read- It is read only computer there is any
write memory. shutdowns shutdown or
memory. restart of
Use Used to store It stores the computer.
the data that instructions Accessibility RAM can be ROM can’t
has to be required directly be directly
currently during accessed by the accessed by
processed by bootstrap of processor. the
CPU the processor
temporarily. computer. since it is
Volatility It is a volatile It is a transferred
memory. nonvolatile into RAM
memory. where it is
Stands for Random Read Only executed by
Access Memory. the
Memory. processor.
Modification Data in ROM Data in ROM Storage RAM is used to ROM is used
can be cannot be store the to store
modified. modified. temporary permanent
Capacity RAM sizes ROM is information for information
from 64 MB comparatively limited time. which can’t
to 4GB. smaller than be deleted.
RAM. Hardware RAM in form of ROM is
Cost RAM is a ROM is structure chip while generally

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optical which is used to reduce the access time for

drivers made data. On the other hands.
of magnetic  Virtual memory is not exactly a physical
tapes. memory it is a technique which extends
Cost Costlier than Cheaper the capacity of the main memory beyond
ROM than RAM its limit.
Size Chip size is Chip size is
larger than smaller than BASIS VIRTUAL CACHSE
ROM ROM MEMORY MEMORY
Writing Writing data to Writing data Basic Virtual Cache
speed a RAM chip is a to a ROM memory memory
faster process chip is a slow extends the fastens the
process capacity of data
Storage A RAM chip can A ROM chip main memory accessing
Limit store multiple typically for the user. speed of
gigabytes (GB) stores only CPU.
of data, up to several Nature Virtual Cache
16 GB or more megabytes memory is memory is a
per chip. (MB) of data, technique. storage unit.
up to 4 MB Function Virtual Cache
or more per memory memory
chip. allows stores the
Examples Static and PROM, execution of copies of
dynamic RAM EPROM and the program original data
EEPROM are that is larger that has
types of than the main been
ROM. memory. recently
Cache Memory used.
 Faster and expensive than RAM. Memory Virtual Cache
 It improves the computer’s performance. management memory is memory is
 Processor can use it store frequently managed by fully
accessed data and program instructions. the operating managed by
 It is two types: system. the
o L1 : primary cache (inside the hardware.
processor) Size Virtual Cache
o L2 : secondary cache (in the mother memory is far memory has
board or near the micro processor) larger than bounded
 A cache memory is a high-speed memory cached size.

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memory. b) secondary storage

Mapping Virtual No mapping a) Primary storage: It consists of RAM and
memory structures ROM. In primary memory, the data is not
requires are required stored permanently, but it is stored
mapping as such in a temporarily. After accessing the
structures to cache information, the data is erased from the
map virtual memory. memory of computer. Such types of data
address to are considered as short-term memory.
physical b) Secondary storage: It is also termed as
address. auxiliary storage. The secondary memory /
 Volatile and non-volatile memories: A storage is the slowest and the cheapest
non-volatile memory is one that retains its form of memory. It cannot be processed
contents even if power supply fails (as directly by the CPU and it must be copied
with ferrite core, drum, disk and tape first into primary storage (RAM).
memory). Volatile memory is one which Main Memory Secondary Memory
loses its contents on electric failure  Also known as  Also known as
(semiconductor type memory). Primary memory additional
 Destructive and non destructive memory or active memory memory or back
– In the case of destructive memory, its or internal memory or
contents get lost when it is read and thus memory external memory
to save the memory it has to be rewritten  Categorized as  Always
automatically after read operation. In non- volatile and non categorized as non
destructive memory, the contents are volatile volatile memory
retained even after reading operation. memories, RAM
Core memory is destructive read out type is volatile
and IC, drum, disk and tape are non memory whereas
destructive read out type. ROM is non
 Static and dynamic memories – In a static volatile memory
memory, the contents are retained  Expensive  Cheaper
indefinitely as long as system supply  Directly accessed  Indirectly accessed
power is applied. Dynamic memories by the CPU by the CPU
usually store a binary digit as charge on a  Faster data  Slower data access
capacitor which will discharge after some access
time. It, therefore, needs refreshing  Temporary  Permanent
periodically by a clock control which reads storage storage
the cell content and rewrites it.  Connected  Connected
Memory is also classified as computer computer through
a) primary storage and through slots cables

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 Smaller or limited  Larger or IMPORTANT FULL FORMS – ICT

storage capacity extendible storage
 A/D Analog To Digital.
capacity
 ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit.
Primary Storage
 ASCII American Standard Code For
 Primary storage is the main memory in a
Information
computer. It stores data and programs
 Interchange.
that can be accessed directly by the
 ASR Automatic Send And Receive.
processor.
 ATM Automated Teller Machine.
 Primary storage is installed internally. Two
main types of primary storage are RAM  BCD Binary Coded Decimal.
and ROM.  BIOS Basic Input / Output System.
 Data from RAM can be read (retrieved)  BIS Business Information System.
and written (speed) during processing  BPS Bits Per Second.
whereas data from ROM can just be read  TRP Television Rating Point
only.  CAD Computer-Aided Design
Primary Storage Secondary Storage  CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing.
Memory is directly Not directly connect  CASE Computer-Aided Software
connected to and to a CPU Engineering.
accessed by a  CD Compact Disc.
computer’s CPU  CDROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
Memory is volatile Non-volatile  COBOL Common Business-Oriented
(RAM) Language.
RAM is directly The hard disk drive  CPS Characters Per Second.
installed onto a is connected to the  CPU Central Processing Unit.
motherboard mother board by a  CROM Control Read-Only Memory.
cable.  CRT Cathode Ray Tube.
Direct access by CPU Indirect access by  DBMS Database Management System.
CPU  DOS Disk Operating System.
Faster data access Slower data access  DPI Dots Per Inch.
Used for processing Used for storing  DTP Desktop Publishing.
data data  DVD Digital Versatile Disk.
Small size Large size  EEPROM Electronically Erasable
 Programmable Read-Only Memory.
 EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only
 Memory
 FM Frequency Modulation.
 FORTRAN Formula Translation.

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 FTP File Transfer Protocol.  CLI Command Line Interface

 GB Giga Byte.  CRT Cathode Ray Tube
 KB Kilo Byte.  DAT Digital Audio Tape
 GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out.  DFD Data Flow Diagram
 GUI Graphical User Interface.  DDL Data Definition Language
 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language.  DDS Digital Data Storage
 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.  DNA Digital Network Architecture
 HZ Hertz.  DTS Digital Theater System
 I/O Input / Output.  DOS Disk Operating System
 IP Internet Protocol.  DRAM Dynamic RAM
 ISO International Standards Organisation.  DSN Distributed Systems Network
 ISP Internet Service Provider.  EPG Electronic Programming Guide
 LAN Local Area Network.  FAT File Allocation Table
 LCD Liquid Crystal Display.  FDD Floppy Disk Drive
 MAN Metropolitan Area Network.  HDD Hard Disk Drive
 MB Mega Byte.  FMS File Management System
 MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.  HP Hewlett Packard
 NS Nano Second  HSS Hierarchical Storage System
 AI Artificial Intelligence  IBM International Business Machine
 ALGOL Algorithmic Language  IC Integrated Circuit
 ABEND Abnormal End  ITV Interactive Television
 AMD Advanced Micro Devices  ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
 APRANET Advanced Research Project  JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
Agency  KHz Kilo Hertz
 Network  GPRS General Packet Radio Service
 AMD Advanced Micro Devices  GSM Global System for Mobile
 BIPS Billions of Instructions Per Second  communication
 BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic  GIAS Gateway Internet Access System
 Instruction Code  LAN Local Area Network
 CAE Computer Aided Engineering  LCD Liquid Crystal Display
 CAN Campus Area Network  LED Light Emitting Diode
 CDC Control Data Corporation  MAN Metropolitan Area Network
 CD-R CD-Recordable  MAR Memory Address Register
 CD-RW CD Read/Write  MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group
 CDR Compact Disk Recorder  MS-DOS Micro Soft Disk Operating System
 CPS Character Per Second  MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail
 CL Command Language Extension

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 MMS Multimedia Messaging Service PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT &

 NIC Network Interface Card
ENVIRONMENT
 NOS Network Operating System
 OCR Optical Character Recognition
 OMR Optical Mark Reader  The Tropical Western Ghats are situated in
 OSI Open System Interconnection Punjab.
 OSS Open Source Software  The Annual Range of Temperature in the
 PAN Personal Area Network interior of the continents is high compared
 PDF Portable Document Format to coastal areas because of presence of
 PDP Program Data Processor strong winds in the interior.
 PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory  A Source of Renewable Power which can
 RAM Random Access Memory be developed with minimum cost is
biomass power.
 ROM Read Only Memory
 6-9 millions tons carbon is being added to
 SRAM Static RAM
the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels.
 SSI Small Scale Integration
 Natural vegetation of an area needs to be
 SIM Subscriber Identity Module
preserved for the future mainly for the
 SMS Short Message Service
purpose of providing material for breeding
 TB Tera Bytes new species.
 UPC Universal Product Code  The time frame for the implementation of
 URL Uniform Resource Locator millennium development goals was 2000-
 USB Universal Serial Bus 2015.
 UTF Unicode Transformation Format  With increase in temperature, the
 VAN Value Added Network dissolved oxygen content in a water body
 VCR Video Cassette Recorder decreases.
 VGA Video Graphics Array  Oligotrophic lakes are characterized by
 VOD Video-On-Demand low level of nutrients.
 VDU (Visual Display Unit)  One of the main outcome of the Rio 20
 VIRUS Vital Information Resource Under conference was the develop a set of
Seized sustainable development goals.
 WAN Wide Area Network  Semi automatic waste converter duration
 WAP Wireless Application Protocol of the fillable compost generation is 3-6
 WWW World Wide Web months.
 XHTML extensible Hypertext Markup  In the formation of surface ozone oxides
Language of nitrogen, sunlight & carbon monoxide.
 XML extensible Markup Language  Geophysical hazards example are
 ZIP Zone Improvement Plan avalanches.

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 The Rio + 20 conference 2012 is also  Deals with target 5.

known as UN Conference on Sustainable  Indicator – UNICEF, WHO.
Development (UNCSD). Goal 5: Improving maternal health.
 The Paris agreement aims to limit the  Deals with target 6.
temperature rise in the century by 2oC  Most achieved goal.
above the Pre Industrial Levels.  Indicator Unicef WHO.
 Fukurshima Disaster belong to the Goal 6: Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria &
category of nuclear disaster. other diseases.
 Silicon is the material used widely in solar  Deals with target 7 (related to
cell manufacturing. HIV/AIDS) & target 8 (related
to malaria and other)
PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT AND  Indicators – UNICEF, WHO,
ENVIRONMENT UNAIDS.
Goal 7: Ensuring environmental
 The millennium development goals are sustainability
commonly described as roadmap for world  Deals with target 9, 10, 11.
development by 2015.  Least achieved goal.
 It has 8 goals and 18 targets.  Indicator – FAU, UNEP, WCMC,
Goal 1: Eradicating extreme poverty & UNFCCC, UN HABITAT.
hunger Goal 8: Developing a global partnership
 This goals deals with target 1 for development.
and target 2 which is related to  Deals with target 12, 13, 14,
income and hunger. 15, 16, 17, 18
 Indicators – world bank.  Indicator – DAC, UDA, GNI,
Goal 2: Achieving universal primary OECW, UNCTAD, WTO, ITO
education.  Environmental protection act passed in
 It deals with target 3 where March 1986 & came into force on 19
every children will be able to November 1986.
complete its primary  Objective of environment protection act
schooling. was to provide protection & improvement
 Indicators – UNICEF, WHO, of environment.
FAO, UNESW.  Enacted under article 253 of construction
Goal 3: Promoting gender equality and of India.
empowering women.  Section 48A specify that state shall protect
 Deals with target 4 that the environment.
eliminates gender disparity.  Contains 26 sections and 4 chapters.
 Indicators – UNESCW, ILU, IPO
Goal 4: Reducing child morality rate.

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 NAPCC was prepared by Prime Minister  As per area, it is 1st populated country.
council on 30 June 2008 to tackle the  Reason for next world war would be water
climate change. arises.
 Montreal protocol – international  Major reasons for indoor air pollution is
agreement made in 1987 on depletion of incomplete combustion.
ozone layer.  Air quality index is a number used by
 Earth summit at Rio de Jeneiro – 1992:- It government agencies to communicate to
leads to development of Agenda 21, forest public. How polluted the air currently is or
principles & Rio declaration on forecast to be
environment & development.  AQI in Delhi as on 10th November, 2019
 Convention on biological diversity – for was between 332 to 350 & for Ludhiana it
extinction of species & gradual changes in is 130.
ecology.  Fluorides are most harmful in terms of
 Kyoto protocol:- efficiency in greenhouse gas.
 Negotiated in December 1997 in Japan
& came in February 16, 2005. HIGHER EDUCATION
 Deals with emission from industries.
 There is a scheme under UGC “Human
 Pairs agreement – for global warming.
Rights and Value in Education” component
 International solar alliance – it was
of this scheme are as follows:
unveiled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
a) To encourage research activities.
& French President Francois Hollande on
b) To develop interaction between society
November 30, 2015 – for solar resources.
& educational institutions.
 Most common pollutants of air are:-
c) To sensitive the citizens so that the
 Particulate matter
norms and values of human rights are
 Ozone
realized.
 Nitrogen oxide
 The University grant commission was
 Carbon monoxide
formally inaugurated on 28th December,
 Sulphur dioxide
1953 by Sh. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.
 In green house gas, carbon dioxide is the
 In 1964 education commission under the
most important one followed by methane
Chairmanship of Dr. D.S. Kothari was set
and then nitrogen oxide.
up in 1964.
 Ozone is harmful in troposphere and
 Rashtriya Uchchtar Shiksha Abhiyan was
beneficial in stratosphere.
launched in 2013 with the purpose to
 Most important element in acid rain is
provide strategic funding to eligible state
sulphur dioxide.
higher educational institutions.
 Causes of desertification are overgrazing
 The National Knowledge Commission
and industrialization.
(NKC) was established in 2005.
 India is 2nd populated country in world.

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 Gyanvani is an educational FM Radio  ICSSR, New Delhi coordinates, promotes &

Network (Launched by IGNOU). funds research activities of all social
 Report on standards of the educational sciences disciplines.
system 1965 is one of the report  UGC (1965) focus on the problems of
addressed the academic, technical and examination system of India formed a part
administrative problems of the of report.
examination system.  UGC Grant Commission came into
 The constitution of India provides right to existence by UGC Act 1956.
establish educational institutions of their  AIU is the present form of inter university
choice by all minorities as per (1) is Article board that was previously established for
30(1). promoting cooperation & coordination
 In 1857 the present system of affiliation of among universities.
colleges to the Universities was introduced  The education commission of India that
in India. first took serious note of the problem of
 GIAN (Global Initiative of Academic Brain Drain
Network) has been launched by  Mughal era was a higher education in
Government of India in order to India got a set back.
encourage Global Scholar engage with is  SANKALP: Skills Acquisition & Knowledge
counter parts in India. Awareness for Livelihood Promotion.
 Association of Indian Universities was  Kothari Commission is the Education
established as a consequence to the Commissions carries the sub title
closure of Inter-University Board Brought education far national development.
in for promotion of cooperation among  National curriculum frame work was
the universities in the field of education & developed by NCERT.
allied areas.  Research promotion schemes (RPS) aims
 ‘Gyan Darshan’ is a satellite based to create research ambience in the
educational TV channel launched by Institutes by promoting research in
IGNOU. engineering sciences.
 Physical Interaction is the instructional  Sanskrit is the medium of instruction in
designs is not a part of Swayam launched the Vedic System of Education.
by Government of India.  NPTEL:- National Programme on
 The present form of Inter University Board Technology Enhanced Learning.
that was previously established for  RUSA:- Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha
promoting cooperation and coordination Abhiyan was initiated in 2013.
among universities is AIU.
DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
 Calcutta, Bombay & Madras Universities
was the first three that was established  SWAYAM: Study web of active learning for
during 1857. young aspiring minds.

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 SWAYAM PRABHA.  NAAC: National Assessment &

 NDL: National Digital Library. Accreditation Council (autonomous
 NAD: National Academic Depository. institution of UGC).
 E-Shodh Sindhu.  VALUE EDUCATION: The aim of value
 Virtual Labs. education is linked with fundamental
 E-Yantra. question of what education is itself meant
 Campus Connectivity. for.
 Talk to a Teacher.
 Ask a Question. Higher Education Important Points
 E-Acharya. National Skill Qualification Framework
 E-Kalpa. (NSQF)
 FOSSEE: The free & open source software National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF)
for education. was introduced in 2013 through a Cabinet
 E-Vidvan. notification, as a single unified framework for
all qualifications.
UNIVERSITIES The key elements of the NSQF provide:
 State Universities = 400  national principles for recognizing skill
 Deemed to be Universities = 126 proficiency and competencies at different
 Central Universities = 48 levels leading to international equivalency.
 Private Universities = 337  multiple entry and exit between vocational
 Total = 911 education, skill training, general
 NIRF: National Institutional Ranking education, technical education and job
Framework. markets
 GIAN: Global Initiative of Academic  progression pathways defined within skill
Network. qualification framework
 UAY: Uchatar Avishkar Yojna.  opportunities to promote lifelong learning
 IMPRINT: Impacting Research Innovation and skill development.
& Technology.  partnership with industry/employers.
 TEQIP: Technical Education Quality  a transparent, accountable and credible
Improvement Programme of India. mechanism for skill development across
 RUSA: Rashtriya Uchatar Shisksha Abhiyan. various sectors
 PMMMNMTT: Pandit Madan Mohan  increased potential for recognition for
Malviay National Mission on Teacher & prior learning
Teaching. Ancient Institutions of Higher Learning
Both Nalanda and Taxila Universities were
ACCREDITATION BASED BODIES
renowned ancient institutions of higher
 NBA: National Board of Accreditation learning. However, while Nalanda was a
(established by AICTE). formal university in the modern sense of the

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word, Taxila functioned under more need of time and society.

information conditions. Traditionally the objectives of value-
Taxila University did not have any lecture education were based on religion and
halls nor did it provide residential quarters for philosophy. There was no secular value-
its teachers or students. There was no education, but in today’s modern world, this
centralized system of schooling or syllabus in has been taken as very much essential.
Taxila. Higher Education Commissions
Taxila followed no system of examinations, Radha Krishnan Commission (1948-49)
and did not award degrees to it students. The University education commission
education system there was flexible, and was recommended integration of secondary
modified according to a student’s capabilities. education and higher education by
As far as the objective of imparting establishing UGC and setting up of rural
knowledge is concerned, both Taxila and universities.
Nalanda Universities were very effective Mudaliar Commission (1952-53) Secondary
institutions, but their manner of functioning education commission recommended 3 year
different drastically, with Nalanda University secondary and 4 year high education and,
being more structured than Taxila. setting multipurpose schools and vocation
Ceremonies in Ancient India training institutes.
Upanayana is one of the traditional samskaras Kothari Commission (1964-1966)
that marked the acceptance of a student by a recommended establishment of Indian
guru (teacher or tutor) and an individual’s Education Services to improve quality of
entrance to a school in Hinduism. higher education by distance learning mode &
Upkamara ritual was performed by the spending 6% national income on education.
teacher and the student at the beginning of Gnanam Committee (1993) emphasized for
the academic session on the onset of the national commission on higher education and
monsoon. research to regulate quality of education and
Utsarjana ceremony is also called dispersal to encourage research in university system.
ceremony. This was performed at the end of Kothari Commission
the academic session in the full-moon day of Indian Education Commission (1964-1966),
the month of Pausha (Jan-Feb). popularly known as Kothari Commission, was
Samavartana generally means graduation. It an ad hoc commission set up by the
is a very simple ceremony and was performed Government of India to examine all aspects of
by the student (Brahmachari) at the end of his the educational sector in India.
studentship (Brahmacharya period). It was formed on 14 July 1964 under the
Value Education chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, then
In the context of value education, the chairman of the University Grants
objectives are time-based. They have their Commission.
own age, and live and die according to the The terms of reference of the commission

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was to formulate the general principles and The salient objectives of RUSA are to:
guidelines for the development of education  Improve the overall quality of state
from primary level to the highest. institutions by ensuring conformity to
However, the medical and legal studies were prescribed norms and standards and adopt
excluded from the purview of the accreditation as a mandatory quality
commission. assurance framework.
Saddler Commission  Usher transformative reforms in the state
Lord Ripon appointed the first Indian higher education system by creating a
Education Commission on 3rd February 1882. facilitating institutional structure for
Sir Willium Hunter (a member of viceroy’s planning and monitoring at the state level,
Executive Council) was appointed as the promoting autonomy in State Universities
Chairman of the commission. and improving governance in institutions.
Indian Universities Commission / Raleigh  Ensure reforms in the affiliation, academic
Commission was appointed in 1902 to and examination systems.
recommend the reforms in university  Ensure adequate availability of quality
education system of India and on its basis faculty in all higher educational
Indian Universities Act of 1904 was institutions and ensure capacity building at
promulgated. all levels of employment.
In 1917 the government appointed the Sadler  Create an enabling atmosphere in the
Commission to inquire into the conditions higher educational institutions to devote
and prospects of the University of Calcutta. themselves to research and innovations.
RUSA  Expand the institutional base by creating
Rasthriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) additional capacity in existing institutions
is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), and establishing new institutions, in order
launched in 2013 aims at providing strategic to achieve enrolment targets.
funding to eligible state higher educational  Correct regional imbalances in access to
institutions. higher education by setting up institutions
The funding would flow from the central in unserved & underserved areas.
ministry through the state  Improve equity in higher education by
governments/union territories to the State providing adequate opportunities of
Higher Education Councils before reaching higher education to SC/STs and socially
the identified institutions. and educationally backward classes;
The funding to states would be made on the promote inclusion of women, minorities,
basis of critical appraisal of State Higher and differently abled persons.
Education Plans, which would describe each Non-conventional courses by Indian
state’s strategy to address issues of equity, Universities
access and excellence in higher education.  Tea Tasting/ Tea Sommelier
Objectives of RUSA
 Pet Groomers

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 Gerontology (study includes the social, years for ranking institutions of higher
emotional and life aspects of ageing that education in different categories and
aims to help the elderly) domains of knowledge.
 Gandhian Thoughts o NIRF was launched on 29th September
 Ethical Hacking 2015.
 Spa Management  Objective: To encourage institutes to
 Carpet Technology compete against each other and
 Museology simultaneously work towards their
What is NIRF? growth. In addition, these rankings also
National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) attract foreign students, providing a solid
was started in 2015. It is used for ranking base for the 'Study in India' programme
institution of higher education in different for the growth of higher education in
categories and domains of knowledge. India.
Parameters used for ranking institutions:  NIRF is one of the criterias for private
1. Teaching, Learning and Resources. institutions assessment for the Institutions
2. Research and Professional Practices. of Eminence (IoE) Scheme.
3. Graduation Outcomes. o IoE Scheme is a government's scheme
4. Outreach and Inclusivity. to provide the regulatory architecture
5. Peer Perception. for setting up or upgrading of 20
Why is NIRF used? Institutions (10 from public sector and
1. It encourages institutes to compete 10 from the private sector) as world-
against each other and simultaneously class teaching and research institutions.
work towards their growth.  NIRF outlines a methodology to rank
2. These rankings also attract foreign institutions across the country. The
students, providing a solid base for the methodology draws from the overall
'Study in India' programme for the growth recommendations and broad
of higher education in India. understanding arrived at by a Core
It is also one of the criteria for private Committee set up by MHRD.
institutions assessment for the Institutions of  Broad Parameters:
Eminence (IoE) Scheme. o Teaching, Learning and Resources.
NIRF 2020 o Research and Professional Practices.
Recently, 'India Rankings 2020' of Institutions o Graduation Outcomes.
of Higher Education was released. o Outreach and Inclusivity.
 The Ministry of Human Resources o Peer Perception.
Development (MHRD) has taken this  90% of the parameters in NIRF are
important initiative of creating a National completely objective and fact-based,
Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), while only 10% is based on the subjective
which has been used for the past five

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parameter of perception by academic 8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,

peers and employers. Delhi (68.76)
o In international rankings, Indian 9. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
institutions' low ranking is due to the Roorkee, Uttarakhand (68.48)
high weightage given to perception 10.Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar
which is a subjective parameter. Pradesh (62.03).
 It is acknowledged that Indian Institutions 11.Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal
struggle on the "internationalisation" (61.01).
parameter in global rankings and the NIRF 12.Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal
rankings are believed to reach a point (60.77)
where international institutions will want 13.Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
to be included in the Indian ranking Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (60.74).
system rather than vice versa. 14.Manipal Academy of Higher Education,
 Overall, 3,3771 institutions registered in Manipal, Karnataka (59.96).
the ranking framework this year which is a 15.University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad,
20% increase in comparison to 2019. Telangana (59.92)
 This is the fifth consecutive edition of 16.Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi
these rankings. This year 'Dental' category (59.85).
has been introduced for the first time 17.Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,
bringing the total tally to 10 Hyderabad, Telangana (59.59).
categories/subject domains. 18.University of Delhi, Delhi (58.97).
Below is the list of the top 20 overall 19.Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,
educational institutions in India ranked Maharashtra (58.77).
according to MHRD’s NIRF 2020: 20.Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
1. Indian Institute of Technology Madras, (58.1).
Channai, Tamil Nadu (85.31) Overall Category College Category
2. Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru,  IIT Madras,  Miranda House
Karantaka (84.18).  IISc Banglore, DU,
3. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New  IIT Delhi  LSR for Women
Delhi, Delhi (81.33). DU,
4. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,  Hindu College DU
Mumbai, Maharashtra (80.75). University Medical Discipline
5. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Category  AIIMS, New
Kharagpur, West Bengal (75.85).  IISc Bangalore, Delhi,
6. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,  JNU New Delhi,  PGIMER
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (74.99).  BHU Varanasi. Chandigarh,
7. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,  Christian Medical
Guwahati, Assam (68.81). College,

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Bangalore
Engineering Law Discipline
Category  National Law
 IIT Madras, School of India
 IIT Delhi, University,
 IIT Bomaby Bengaluru,
 NLU New Delhi,
 Nalsar University
of Law,
Hyderabad
Management Architecture
Category Discipline
 IIM  IIT Kharagpur,
Ahmedabad,  IIT Roorkee,
 IIM Bangalore,  NIT Calicut
 IIM Calcutta
Pharmacy Dental College
Discipline  Maulana Azad
 Jamia Institute of
Hamdard Dental Science,
University,  Manipal College
 Punjab of Dental
University, Science,
 National  Dr DY Patil
Institute of Vidyapith Pune.
Pharmaceutical
Education and
Research
Mohali

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7. Under Descriptive survey method data

collection tool is Questionnaire
8. Under Historical method data collection
tool is Using primary and secondary
sources
9. In Doctoral level thesis, reporting format is
formally prescribed.
10.Introduction, Survey of related studies,
Design of study, Data-presentation;
QUICK REVISION PART-2 analysis & Interpretation, Formulation of
1. The term research comprises of two generalization & Conclusions, Suggestions
words, namely 're' and 'search'. Generally, for further research, References &
're' means again and 'search' means to Appendix, is the correct sequence for
find out. Research (1) is a process of showing scheme of Chapterisation.
enquiry and investigation, (2) is systematic 11. A detailed description of methodology of
and methodical, and (3) increases the research is required in Thesis/ Dissertation
knowledge. 12.Interventions to ameliorate a given
2. In doing action research Plan, act, observe, situation is a Procedural Characteristics of
reflect is the usual sequence of steps. Action research.
3. Problem formulation, Hypothesis making, 13.Research ethics has a direct connection
Development of a Research design, more often with Problem formulation and
Collection of data, Data analysis and reporting of research findings stages of
formulation of generalizations and research.
conclusions is the logical sequence of 14.Explaining patterns of behaviour in terms
research steps. of meanings and their representations
4. The issue of 'research ethics' may be which people share is a Procedural
considered pertinent at the stage of data Characteristics of Symbolic interactionism.
collection and interpretation in research. 15.Manipulating an independent variable in
5. Under Experimental method data controlled conditions and measuring its
collection tool is Standardized tests effect on dependent variable is a
6. Under Ex post-facto method data Procedural Characteristics of Experimental
collection tool is Typical characteristic method.
tests 16.Obtaining information concerning the

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current status of phenomena is a studies is Critical features of Ex-post facto

Procedural Characteristics of Descriptive method.
method 29.In-depth study of a unit specified for the
17.Observing the effect on dependent purpose is Critical features of Case study
variable and making probes into factors/ method.
variables which explain it is a Procedural 30.Finding out the extent of perceived impact
Characteristics of Ex-post facto method. of an intervention is characteristics of
18.In finalizing a thesis writing format Evaluative research.
Bibliography and Appendices form part of 31.Developing an effective explanation
supplementary pages. through theory building is characteristics
19.A researcher attempts to evaluate the of Fundamental research.
effect of method of feeding on anxiety – 32.A researcher uses parametric test in lieu of
proneness children Ex-post-facto method non-parametric test for analysis and
of research would be appropriate for this. interpretation of results. This may be
20.Reporting of research findings is described as a case of Technical lapse in
susceptible to the issue of research ethics. handling data.
21. A wider spectrum of ideas and issues may 33.Presentation of a conference paper
be made possible in Conference provides more latitude to the researcher
22.Research is a method of improving our for creative expression.
common sense. 34.Improving an existing situation through
23.Deductive and inductive methods get use of interventions is characteristics of
integrated in a research process. Action research.
24.Research is the use of scientific method to 35.Exploring the possibility of a theory for use
provide answers to meaningful questions. in various situations is characteristics of
25.The answers provided by research can be Applied research.
empirically verified. 36.Perceiving the problem situation, Locating
26.Finding out the status based on a study of the actual problem and its definition,
a large sample is Critical features of Hypothesizing, Deducing the
Descriptive survey method consequences of the suggested solution
27.Interpretation of thoughts of a great and Testing the hypothesis in action is a
thinker is Critical features of Philosophical sequence of research steps is nearer to
method. scientific method.
28.Causal comparison and correlational 37.The problem of ‘research ethics’ is

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concerned with Evidence based research  Research conducted in controlled and

reporting. structured manner.
38.Potential for nurturing creative and critica 44.Post positivistic:
thinking is relatively greater by  Methodological
 Subjectivity of reality
Participation in research conference.
45.Variables in research:
39.5W’s And 1 H of Research Problem 1. Dependent
 Who 2. Independent
 What 3. Extraneous
 When 4. Confounding
 Where 5. Intervening
 Why 46.Types of hypothesis
 How 1. Declarative (skin problem- makeup)
40.Objectives of research can be categorized 2. Directional (difference or association) (
as: a is effective than b)
1. Theoretical: formulation of new theories 3. Non directional ( there is difference
by exploring the association of different between a and b )
variables.( fundamental research) 47.Bibliography format:
2. Factual: finding new facts. (historical or 1. American psychological association
explanatory research) (apa)
3. Application: use of existing theories to 2. Modern language association (mla)
newer situations.(applied research) 3. Chicago manual of styles (cms)
48.Government initiatives for integrating ict
with research:
41.Process of deductive research: 1. Shodhganga
1. Theory 2. E shodhsindhu
2. Hypothesis 3. Impacting research, innovation and
3. Observation technology (imprints)
4. Confirmation 4. Global initiative of academic networks
42.Process of inductive research: (gian)
1. Observation 49.Type1error: when we reject the true null
2. Pattern hypothesis it is also known as producer
3. Hypothesis error, and alpha
4. Theory 50.Type 2 error: when we accept the wrong
43.Positivism: null hypothesis it is also known as
 Philosophical consumer error, ;β-1), power function test
 Scientifically verified
or power curve beta.
 Objective reality

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51.Conference arrangements a wider occur together but that does not mean
spectrum of ideas and issues may be made that one has caused the other to occur.
possible. 59.Explanatory research attempts to answer
52.Reporting of research findings is how and why between two aspects of a
susceptible to the issue of research ethics. situation or a phenomenon. For example,
53.The research that applies the laws at the why examination related stress leads to
time of field study to draw more and more rote learning? Why and how stress leads
clear ideas about the problem is: to a heart disease?
Experimental research 60.Experimental Research or Casual Studies is
54.When a research problem is related to cause-and-effect finding research; it seeks
heterogeneous population, the most to uncover cause-and-effect relationships.
suitable sampling method is Stratified 61.Fundamental (Basic or Pure) Research to
sampling add to the existing stock of knowledge
55.Descriptive research can answer questions and, thus, can be intellectually challenging.
such as 'what is' or 'what was'. Here, the The knowledge produced through pure
information is collected without changing research is sought in order to add to the
the environment (i.e., nothing is existing body of research methods.
manipulated). Sometimes these are 62.Applied Research is done to solve specific,
referred to as 'correctional' or practical questions facing the society. It
'observational' studies. It is 'any study that can be used for policy formulation,
is not truly experimental'. It includes administration, and understanding of a
surveys and fact-finding enquiries with phenomenon.
adequate interpretation. 63.A satisfactory statistical quantitative
56.Objectives are to be stated in Chapter I of method should not possess one of the
the Thesis following qualities: Flexibility
57.Descriptive research is closely linked with 64.Books and records are the primary sources
ex post facto, historical, exploratory, and of data in: historical research
analytical research, and sometimes, these 65.The important pre-requisites of a
terms can be used interchangeably. researcher in sciences, social sciences and
58.Co relational studies undertaken to humanities are: Supervisor, topic, critical
discover or establish relationship or analysis, patience
independence between two aspects of a 66.What do you consider as the main aim of
situation. Two or more variables may inter disciplinary research? To bring out

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holistic approach to research linear path:

67.One of the aims of the scientific method in  Stating with testable hypothesis
research is to: eliminate spurious relations  Collection of data
68.Metaphysics is branch of philosophy that  Analyzing the data
deals with abstract concepts such as being,  Accepting or rejecting the hypothesis
knowing, identity, time, and space. 78.Qualitative Research is basically an
69.Epistemology is the study of knowledge. It approach and not just a method to
deals with origin, nature, scope, and conduct research. Qualitative research is
methods to acquire knowledge. basically inductive or spiral in nature and
70.Rationalism tends to believe that logic and has a very different structure.
reason as the means of acquiring 79.Probability or Random Samples: Each
knowledge. person in the population has equal,
71.Empiricists claim that sense experience is independent and known chances of being
the ultimate starting point for all our selected.
knowledge. 80.To test null hypothesis, a researcher uses:
72.The depth of any research can be judged ANOVA
by: objectives of the research 81.Bibliography given in a research report:
73.Deductive Approach is also termed as top- shows vast knowledge of the researcher
down or general-to-specific approach. In 82.Fundamental research reflects the ability
deduction, we start from a theory and try to: Expound new principles
to prove it right with the help of available 83.The study in which the investigators
information. attempt to trace an effect is known as :
74.Inductive Approach is also termed as 'Ex-post Facto' Research
bottom-up approach. In inductive 84.Generalized conclusion on the basis of a
research, we move from specific to sample is technically known as: Statistical
general. inference
75.Structured Approach to inquiry is usually 85.The experimental study is based on: the
classified as quantitative research. manipulation of variables
76.The Unstructured Approach to inquiry is 86.Authenticity of a research finding is its:
usually classified as qualitative research. objectivity
77.Quantitative Research is similar to 87.Research problem is selected from the
deductive research. It is also termed as stand point of: Researcher's interest
linear research as it typically follows a 88.Formulation of hypothesis may not be

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required in: Historical studies in a journal. It is either a result of research

89.Field-work based research is classified as: effort or an intellectual exercise. A
Experimental research paper may entail all the steps of
90.Non-Probability Sampling is a sampling research such as literature survey, data
technique where the samples are gathered collection and so on.
in a process that does not give all the 96.The articles are usually informative in
individuals in the population equal nature, which typically address the topic in
chances of being selected. a general scope as a means of instruction.
91.A research proposal is a document of They may appear in newspaper, magazine,
usually three to seven pages that informs consumer or industry publication.
others of a proposed piece of research. 97.Symposium is usually a formal meeting at
This proposed research is usually a which specialist deliver short addresses on
Masters or Doctorate by thesis, but it can a topic or on related topics and then
also be a work for a corporate purpose. answer the questions relating to these
92.The American Psychological Association topics. It is especially one in which the
(APA) guidelines specify using sentence- participants form an audience and make
style capitalization for the titles of books presentations.
or articles, so we should capitalize only the 98.Colloquium is usually an academic meeting
first word of a title and subtitle. The at which specialists deliver addresses on a
exceptions to this rule would be periodical topic or on related topics and then answer
titles and proper names in a title that the questions relating to these topics.
should be capitalized. 99.Conference is a meeting of people who
93.Ethics are the principles and guidelines confer about a topic. It is a meeting where
that help us to uphold the things we value. people come for discussion.
Ethics and law are different aspects, 100. The word seminar is derived from the
although laws of the land are intended to Latin word seminarium, meaning seed
be based on certain ethics. plot. It is a formal presentation by one or
94.There are three stakeholders in the more experts to a small group of audience.
research process, namely participants or It can be conducted on recurring or regular
subjects, researcher, and the funding basis, monthly or even weekly ; there is an
organization. invited speaker, and audience is much
95.A paper is defined as an essay or more technically versed or specific in
dissertation read at a seminar or published nature.

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101. A statistical measure based upon the 2. When students fail in a test, it is the
entire population is called parameter teacher who fails.
while measure based upon a sample is 3. Every teaching must aim at ensuring
learning.
known as: Statistics
4. There can be teaching without learning
102. The importance of the correlation co- taking place.
efficient lies in the fact that: it allows one 5. A teacher teaches but learns also.
to determine the degree or strength of the 6. Learning is a lifelong process.
association between two variables 7. Teaching is related to learning.
103. The F-test: can be one tailed as well as 8. Teaching is a ‘task’ word while learning is
two tailed depending on the hypothesis an ‘achievement’ world.
9. One may teach without learning taking
104. The research is always – verifying the
place.
old knowledge, exploring new knowledge, 10.Factors affect teaching are:
filling the gap between knowledge (i) Teacher’s internal locus of control.
105. The process not needed in (ii) Learner-motivation.
experimental research is: Reference (iii) Teacher’s internal locus of control.
collection (iv) Learner-motivation.
106. A research problem is not feasible only (v) Teacher’s self efficacy.
(vi) Teacher’s skill in managing and
when: it consists of independent and
monitoring.
dependent variables (vii) Teacher’s knowledge of the subject
107. Logical reasoning is based on: Valid including general knowledge.
relation among the involved propositions 11.Interactive lecture sessions followed by
108. Two propositions with the same buzz sessions, brainstorming and projects
subject and predicate terms but different are combinations of methods of teaching
is likely to optimize learning.
in quality are: Subaltern
12.Teaching aids have to be considered as
109. Research has shown that the most supplements to instruction.
frequent symptom of nervous instability 13.Positive factors contributing to effect of
among teacher is: Explosive behavior teaching:
110. Action research means: A research (a) Teacher’s knowledge of the subject.
initiated to solve an immediate problem (b) Communication skill of the teacher.
(c) Teacher’s competence in managing and
Teaching Aptitude monitoring the classroom
transactions.
1. Formative evaluation tends to accelerate

the pace of learning.
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11.The use of teaching aids is justified on the 21. Concern of all teaching is to ensure
grounds of effective engagement of some kind of transformation in
students in learning tasks. students.
12.Giving opportunity for discriminating 22. Teaching is a social act whereas
examples and non-examples of a point is a learning is a personal act.
Basic requirements for promoting 23. Prior experience of the learner is highly
cognitive interchange of Understanding related to effectiveness of teaching
level 24. During interaction with students in the
13.Recording the important points made classroom, the teacher provides
during the presentations is a Basic corrective feedback is formative
requirements for promoting cognitive evaluation.
interchange of Memory level 25. The overall performance of a students’
14.Critically analyzing the points to be made is reported to parents at every three
and discussed is a Basic requirements for months interval is form of summative
promoting cognitive interchange of evaluation.
Reflective level 26. Teaching is an interaction and is triadic
15.The set of learner characteristics may be in nature whereas learning is an active
considered helpful in designing effective engagement in a subject domain.
teaching-learning systems 27. The interaction between a teacher and
(i) Prior experience of learners in students creates a zone of
respect of the subject. development.
(ii) Ability of the learners in respect 28. Discussion method can be used when the
of the subject. topic is difficult
(iii) Motivational – orientation of the 29. The main aim of teaching is: To develop
students.
only reasoning, To develop only thinking
16.Teaching should be influenced by the
individual differences (on the basis of IQ 30. The quality of teaching is reflected: By
level) among the learners. the quality of questions asked by
17.A teacher should not discriminate students students
on the basis of their colour, caste, 31. The present annual examination system:
creed, or religion. promotes rote learning, does not
18.In choice-based credit system, the burden promote good study habits, does not
on teachers and students decreases
encourage students to be regular in class
19.There is a condition of scoring minimum
passing marks in choice-based credit 32. Educationists should build the
system capabilities of the spirit of inquiry,
20. Teaching and learning are integrally creativity, entrepreneurial and moral
related leadership among students and become

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their role model. progressively – memory level of

- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam teaching, understanding level of
33. Teaching is the purposeful direction and teaching, and reflective level of teaching.
management of the learning process. 41. Teaching is basically causing to learn.
34. Teaching is a process of providing Nothing is assumed to be taught unless it
opportunities for students to produce is learnt by the students.
relatively permanent change through 42. A college wants to give training in use of
engagement in experiences provided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences
the teachers. (SPSS) to researchers. For this the college
35. Teaching is skillful application of should organize: Workshop
knowledge, experience, and sufficient 43. Team teaching has the potential to
principles with an objective to set up an develop: The habit of supplementing the
environment to facilitate learning. teaching of each other
36. Teaching is a process in which the 44. Open Book Examination system compels
learner, teacher, and other variables are students to think.
organized in a systematic way to attain 45. An effective teacher is one who can:
some predetermined goals. motivate students to learn
37. Teaching is an activity that causes the 46. The science of the study of feedback
child to learn and acquire the desired systems in humans, animals and
knowledge and skills and also the desired machines is known as: cybernetics
ways of living in the society. 47. Syllabus is a part of curriculum.
38. Instructor-centred teaching is a 48. Microteaching is a teaching training
conventional approach. In this method, technique for learning teaching skills. It
the instructor, more or less, controls the employs real teaching situation for
material to be learned and the pace of developing teaching skills and helps to
learning while presenting the course get deeper knowledge regarding the art
content to the students. of teaching.
39. In this method, the instructors facilitate 49. Cognitive domain is related to
the learning of participants and help development of intellectual capability
them by offering opportunities to learn (i.e., thinking or knowledge); it is the
themselves and acquire new knowledge core learning domain.
and develop new skills. 50. Affective domain deals with attitude,
40. Teaching takes place at three levels motivation, willingness to participate,

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valuing what is being learned, and except where the students are to select
ultimately incorporating the values of the contents.
discipline into a way of life. 58. The science of the study of feedback
51. Psychomotor domain is mainly systems in humans, animals and
concerned with the acquisition of machines is known as: cybernetics
technical skills. 59. Parliament can legislate on matters listed
52. Team teaching is an innovative approach in the State list: At the request of two or
in teaching large groups in which two or more states.
more teachers are involved in planning, 60. Teacher uses visual-aids to make
executing, and evaluating the learning learning: interesting
experiences of a group of students. 61. The teacher's role at the higher
53. Group discussion is one of the basic educational level is to: promote self-
methods of teaching smaller groups. It learning in students
can be described as communication and 62. Micro teaching is most effective for the
interaction within a group around a student-teacher: during the practice-
topic, skill, issue, or problem presented teaching
to the group by the trainer or moderator 63. Which is the least important factor in
for discussion. teaching? punishing the students
54. Brainstorming is a creative group work in 64. Verbal guidance is least effective in the
which group members produce a large learning of: skills
number of ideas quickly on a given topic 65. The most appropriate purpose of
or problem for subsequent evaluation. learning is: modification of behavior
55. Simulation means creating conditions 66. The students who keep on asking
that are quite similar to actual questions in the class should be: advised
conditions. Then the training is provided to meet the teacher after the class
under those conditions. 67. Maximum participation of students is
56. Assignments are given to students for a possible in teaching through: discussion
number of purposes, such as for method
acquiring additional information, 68. The teacher has been glorified by the
surveying, application of knowledge, and phrase "Friend, philosopher and guide"
solving numerical problems. because: He transmits the high value of
57. Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) humanity to students.
can be used for all subject matters 69. Open Learning a flexible method of

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delivering the instruction, where the 74. The most important cause of failure for
learner has open access to learning teacher lies in the area of: lack of
resources of people, material, command over the knowledge of the
equipment, and accommodation, subject
although regular class attendances are 75. A teacher can establish rapport with his
not necessary. students by: impressing students with
70. A formative evaluation (also referred to knowledge and skill
as internal evaluation) is a method for 76. A teacher's major contribution towards
judging the worth of a programme while the maximum self-realization of the
the programme activities are in progress. student is affected through: Sensitivity to
It focuses on the process. This evaluation students' needs, goals and purposes
provides the student with feedback 77. A teacher's most important challenge is:
regarding his or her success or failure in to make teaching – learning process
attaining the instructional objectives. enjoyable
71. The formative evaluation determines the 78. Value-education stands for: inculcation
extent to which students accomplish the of virtues
learning targets; therefore, it focuses on
the measurement of the intended Communication
outcomes.
72. Summative evaluation is a method of 1. Using the central point of the classroom
judging the worth of a programme at the communication as the beginning of a
end of the programme activities dynamic pattern of ideas is referred to as
Mind mapping
(summation). The focus is on the
2. Aspects of the voice, other than the
outcome. It determines the extent to
speech are known as Para language
which objectives of instruction have 3. Every type of communication is affected
been achieved and is used for assigning by its Context
course grades. 4. Attitudes, actions and appearances in
73. Mind Mapping as a method of teaching the context of classroom communi-
was developed by Tony Buzan in 1960. A cation are considered as Non-verbal
5. Moralizing, being judgemental and
'mind map' is a diagram for repressing
comments of consolation
tasks, words, concepts, or items linked to 6. As a teacher, Adoption of well-established
and arranged around a central concept posture Is the best option to ensure your
or subject. effective presence in the classroom

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7. Voice modulation is the important 20.Effective teaching in the classroom

element a teacher has to take cognizance demands knowledge of the
of while addressing students in a communication process.
classroom. 21.Classroom communication is a
8. When verbal and non-verbal messages are transactional process.
contradictory, it is said that most people 22.A teacher does operate under the
believe in Non-verbal messages assumption that students’ responses are
9. The typical feature of information-rich purposive.
classroom lecture is in the nature of being 23.Following set of a statements is for
Factual describing the human communication
10.Positive classroom communication leads process
to Persuasion 24.Non-verbal communication can stimulate
11.The interaction between a teacher and ideas
students creates a zone of Proximal 25.Communication is a learnt ability
Development 26.Communication is not a universal
12.The spatial audio reproduction in a panacea.
classroom can reduce the students' 27.Communication cannot break-down
Cognitive load in understanding 28.In classroom communication, analogies
13.The classroom communication should are considered Supporting evidence
essentially be Empathetic 29.Empathy is essential for effective
14.A good communication begins his/her communication between the
presentation with Ice-beaker communicator and the communicate.
15.In a classroom, the probability of 30.Empathy links the teacher and students.
message reception can be enhanced by 31.Social media platforms have created a
Establishing a viewpoint Society of networking
16.Differentiation between acceptance and 32.In verbal communication, words act as
non-acceptance of certain stimuli in Symbols
classroom communication is the basis of 33. Media assume a key role in setting the
Selective attention agenda for the entire political system. As
17.The initial messages to students in the media help in policy making by framing
classroom by a teacher sometimes need public opinion on various issues.
be critical to establish interactions later. 34.Source, message, interference, channel,
18.More control over the communication receiver, feedback and context are
process means more control over what essential components of communication.
the students are learning. 35.A low context culture is one where Most
19.To communicate well in the classroom is of the information is explicitly stated in a
a acquired ( learned) ability. verbal message.

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36.Message, noise and feedback are parts of using a medium/ channel, sends it to the
the human communication process? receiver (decoder) who decodes the
37.Writing in a personal diary or otherwise message, and after processing the
recording one’s thoughts and feelings are
information, the receiver sends back
examples of Mediated intrapersonal
communication. appropriate feedback/ reply using a
38.Disturbances that interfere with the medium/ channel.
transmission, receipt or feedback of a 48.Communication motivates people in an
message are called Noise organization by clarifying the people what
39.Classroom communication is a is to be done, how well they are doing
transactional process. and what can be done to improve
40.Non-verbal communication can stimulate
performance.
ideas.
49.Communication is not a static act, but it is
41.Converging technologies that exemplify a dynamic symmetry refers to similarity
ICT include the merging of audio-visual, and complimentary refers to the
telephone and computer networks differences in characteristics.
through a cabling system. 50.Media that exist in an interconnected
series of communication – points are
42.Audio reproduction in a classroom can
referred to as: Network media
reduce the students is cognitive load in
51.The information function of mass
understanding.
communication is described as:
43.The classroom communication should surveillance
essentially be empathetic. 52.An example of asynchronous medium is:
Newspaper
44.In a classroom, the probability of message
53.In communication, connotative words
reception can be enhanced by
establishing a viewpoint. are: cultural
45.'Communication is transferring or 54.A message beneath a message is labeled
conveying of meaning'. as: sub-text
46.Berlo tried to explain communication as 55.In analog mass communication, stories
S-R Model or sender-receiver model, are: static
where sender stands for stimulus and 56.Public communication tends to occur
Receiver stands for response. within a more: formal structure.
47.In communication process, the sender 57.Communication always takes place with a
(encoder) encodes the message and then context.

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58.Communication is an integral part of any known as: broadband

teaching – learning process, and its 66.An electronic bill board that has a short
effectiveness is one of the factors that text or graphical advertising message is
determine the degree to which the referred to as: banner
intended learning outcomes are achieved. 67.A negative reaction to a mediated
59.All communication is based upon communication is described as: passive
symbols. It is a process that involves response
organizing, selecting, and transmitting 68.The first Indian chronicler of Indian
symbols in an appropriate manner to history was: Kalhan.
ensure that the receiver perceives in 69.Interpersonal communication can be
his/her thought process, the intended further subdivided into formal (meeting
meaning of the communicator. and conference) or informal (private
60.All communication starts with an idea or a discussion with family members or
message that is to be transmitted to the friends).
target audience (individual) with a motive 70.Communication can also be categorized
to get a positive response. on the basis of involvement of parties –
61.Encoding involves converting an idea into intrapersonal (reading a newspaper,
a form that can be transmitted to meditation, introspection), interpersonal
receivers. (conversation with a colleague), and
62.Decoding is interpretation of the message apersonal (use of mass media, publicity,
by the receiver. Actually, the receiver advertisement).
looks for meaning in the message that is 71.In verbal communication, message is
common to both the receiver and the transmitted verbally, that is, by making
communicator. use of words – oral and written.
63.Intrapersonal Communication is within an 72.In oral communication, spoken words are
individual almost all the times, including used. It includes face-to-face
talking to oneself, listening to oneself, conversations, speech, telephonic
and relating one to oneself. conversation, video, radio, television, and
64.Interpersonal Communication is also voice over the Internet.
termed as dyadic communication. 73.In written communication, written signs
65.Communications bandwidth that has the and symbols, both in printed or
highest capacity and is used by handwritten form, can be used. Pictures,
microwave, cable and fibre optics lines is graphs, etc., are used to compliment the

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written text. communication. It is defined as 'the study

74.Mnemonics are memory devices that help of nonlinguistic body movements such as
learners recall larger pieces of facial expressions and gestures'.
information, especially in the form of lists 86.In formal communication, certain rules,
like characteristics, steps, stages, parts, regulations, conventions, and protocols
phases, etc. are followed while formulating and
75.Communication, other than oral and communicating message.
written, such as body gesture, eye 87.Information Communication channels
contact, body language, posture, tone of exist along with formal communication
voice or facial expressions is called non- channels in any organization. It mainly
verbal communication. addresses the social needs of the
76.'SITE' stands for: Satellite Institutional employees. It is interpersonal and mainly
Television Experiment face-to-face and with use of body
77.Community Radio is a type of radio gestures.
service that caters to the interest of: Local 88.Communication with people at same level
audience in hierarchy that are peers and colleagues
78.Orkut is a part of: Interpersonal is termed as lateral communication.
Communication 89.Diagonal communication is effective as
79.In communication, a major barrier to hierarchical bindings are removed, and
reception of messages is: audience there is a free flow of information, cutting
attitude across positions or status.
80.Post-modernism is associated with:
magazines LOGICAL REASONING
81.Didactic communication is: inter-personal
82.In communication, the language is: the 1) Fallacies in the reasoning are the error or
verbal code the tricks.
83.Identify the correct sequence of the 2) Fallacy can appear intentionally or
following: source, message, channel, unintentionally.
receiver 3) Unintentional fallacies are error
84.Transforming thoughts, ideas and intentional fallacies are the tricks.
messages into verbal and non-verbal signs 4) Formal fallacies: Conclusion does not
is referred to as: encoding follow from the given premises or
85.Kinetics is a major form of non-verbal proposition. Formal fallacies can be result

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of poor logic, unsound premises, invalid 16) Fact: Verifiable by research. Involve
arguments, illogical deductions. numbers, dates, testimony etc. It is certain
5) Informal fallacies are the result of wrong to have happened or be true.
information, irrelevant, assumptions, 17) Opinion: Judgmental based on facts. It
misuse of language, lack of evidence, or is debatable. It is believed to have
wrong analogy. happened or be true.
6) Definiendum: Term which is to be defined. 18) Belief: Based on cultural or personal
7) Definien: Words used to define the term. faith, morals and values. Varies from
8) Formal definition: Which we generally see culture to culture
in the dictionary or a book. 19) example: Cat crossing your path.
9) Informal definition: A known word in the 20) Prejudice: It is like a biased opinion
form of antonym or synonym can be used based on unexamined. It is verifiable. It
to explain something. Use of lesser known can express the narrow-minded views.
term with any other well know related 21) Deductive Reasoning: A type of logic in
term. which one goes from a general statement
10) Extended definition: Explaining to a specific instance.
concept. 22) Inductive Reasoning: involves going
11) Lexical definition: (Reportive) relating from a series of specific cases to a general
to the words or vocabulary of a language. statement. The conclusion in an inductive
Difficult to change. Having dictionary argument is never guaranteed.
meaning.
12) Stipulative: New meaning given to an Information and Communication
already existing term or meaning assigned Technology
to a new term.
13) Persuasive: Such definitions favour a
particular view or unfavour any view, but 1. ICT includes both old and new tools. Old
are presented in a neutral form. ICT tools mainly include radio, TV, and
14) Precising: Combination of lexical and telephone. New ICT tools mainly include
stipulative definition which aims at making computers, satellite, wireless technology,
and the Internet. ICTs not only refer to the
the meaning of a term more precise.
latest computer and the Internet-based
15) Analogous: When term is defined using technologies but also refer simple audio-
analogies, then it is called analogous visual aids such as transparencies, slides,
definition. cassette and video recorders, radio,
television, and film.

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2. Target Community of IT in India as far as time even though they are in different
India's demographic profile is concerned, locations. Asynchronous media allows
almost half of India's population is below participants in the learning process to be
25' years of age, 70% people live in rural at different times and at different places.
areas, literacy rate is around 60%, and 6. Line access and avoidance of collision are
people speak 15 major languages. the main functions of: network protocols
3. Objectives of Using ICT in Higher 7. In the hypermedia database, information
Education bits are stored in the form of: nodes
The objectives of using ICT are the following: 8. Networked media exist in inter-
 Improving access to the system through connected: technological environments
online education. 9. The combination of computing,
 Improving the quality of teaching, telecommunications and media in a
especially across remote locations. digital atmosphere is referred to as:
 Increasing transparency and convergence
strengthening systems, processes, and 10. A dialogue between a human-being
compliance norms in higher education and a computer programme that
institutes. occurs simultaneously in various forms
 Measuring the students' learning is described as: interactivity
participation and effectiveness. 11. Using websites to pour out one's
 Analyzing students' behaviour to grievances is called: cyberventing.
maximize students' involvement, 12. E-Leaning or Electronic Learning is also
optimizing retentions, and improving known as online learning and is
placements. commonly associated with the field of
 Analyzing students' performance, advanced learning technology (ALT),
placement, application volume, website which deals with both the technologies
analytics, and social media metrics for and associated methodologies in
brand audit. learning using networked and/ or
4. The potential threat of plagiarism is high multimedia technologies. Distance
as students can copy information rather education provided the base for e-
than learning and developing their own learning's development.
skills. 13. Blended Learning is a combination of
5. Synchronous media requires all multiple approaches to learning. It is
participants to be together at the same usually used to define a situation where

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different delivery methods are combined where students work on their own at
together to deliver a particular course. home or at office and communicate with
These methods may include a mixture of the faculty and other students via e-mail,
face-to-face learning, self-paced learning, electronic forums, video conferencing,
and online classrooms. chat rooms, instant messaging, and other
14. Face-To-Face Learning refers to learning forms of computer-based
that occurs in a traditional classroom communications. It is also known as open
setting where a faculty member delivers learning.
instructions to a group of learners. This 18. National Mission on Education through
could include lectures, workshops, Information and Communication
presentations, tutoring, conferences, and Technology (NMEICT): NMEICT is a
so on. centrally sponsored scheme to realize the
15. Self-Paced Learning provides the potential of ICT in teaching/ learning
flexibility to learn according to the process for benefit of all the learners in
availability of learners' own time and higher education institutions anytime and
pace. It occurs in a variety of ways, such anywhere.
as reading specific chapters from the text 19. In web search, finding a large number
book, studying the course material of documents with very little relevant
presented through web-based or CD- information is termed: poor recall
based courses, attending pre-recorded 20. The concept of connect intelligence is
classes or sessions, reading articles derived from: value added networks
referred by the faculty members, working 21. Use of an ordinary telephone as an
on assignments and projects, and internet appliance is called: voice line
searching and browsing the Internet. 22. Video transmission over the internet
16. Online Collaborative Learning involves that looks like delayed live casting is
interaction between the learners and the called: real-time video
faculty members through the web. This 23. WYSIWYG – describes the display of a
interaction can occur in one of the document on screen as it will actually
following modes (i) synchronous print: what you see is what you get
interaction and (ii) asynchronous 24. UNIX is not a Computer language.
interaction, which have been discussed 25. A key-board has atleast: 101 keys.
earlier. 26. An e-mail address is composed of: two
17. Distance Learning is a type of education, parts.

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27. Corel Draw is a popular: Illustration and electronic media on government

programme. policies, programme initiatives, and
28. Firewalls are used to protect a achievements. It has its headquarters in
communication network system New Delhi and has eight regional offices.
against: Unauthorized attacks 34. The accounting software 'Tally' was
29. Under the N-list program of INFLIBNET developed by : TCS
(under NMEICT), lakhs of e-books and 35. Errors in computer programmes are
thousands of high-quality paid e-journals called: Bugs
have been made available to colleges and 36. HTML is basically used to design: Web-
universities with a view to inculcate page
research culture in teachers and students. 37. 'Micro Processing' is made for:
30. Frequency Modulation (FM) is a form of Computer
modulation that conveys information 38. Information, a combination of graphics,
over a carrier wave by varying its text, sound, video and animation is
frequency (contrast this with amplitude called: Multimedia
modulation, in which the amplitude of 39. Where does a computer add and
the carrier is varied while its frequency compare its data?: CPU
remains contestant). 40. Computers on an internet are identified
31. The Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is by: IP address
a digital TV (and not PC) that is delivered 41. Infotech India Ltd. Is not an Internet
through high-speed Internet (broadband) Service Provider (ISP)?:
connection. In this service, channels are 42. The hexadecimal number system
encoded in IP format and delivered to the consists of the symbols: 0 – 9, A – F
TV through a set-top box that is required 43. The binary equivalent of ( - 15)10 is (2's
at the customer's location. complement system is used): 11110001
32. Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI) 44. 1 GB is equal to : 230 bytes
came into being in 1956. It is mandatory 45. NAM News Network (NNN) is the
for all newspapers and magazines to get Internet-based news and photograph-
them registered with RNI. Its head office exchange arrangement of news agencies
is in New Delhi. of non-aligned movement countries.
33. Press Information Bureau (PIB) is the 46. Basic Computer Terms is a programmable
nodal agency of the Government of India machine. It allows the users to store all
to disseminate information to the print sorts of information and then process

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that information, or data, or carry out workstations simultaneously.

actions with the information, such as 51. Mini Computers have lesser speed and
calculating numbers or organizing words. storage capacity in comparison to
47. Analogue Computers are that in which mainframe computers. Hence, their
data varies continuously, that is, the performance also is less than that of
movement of data is continuous. It is mainframes. They are mid-sized
generally meant to measure physical multiprocessing computers. They can
variables such as voltage, pressure, perform several actions at the same time
temperature, speed, and so on. It is and can support 4 to 200 users
mainly used for communication and simultaneously. Some of the features of
broadcast transmission. mainframes are not available in
48. Digital Computers are those computers in minicomputers.
which data flow in discrete form. These 52. A microcomputer is also called a personal
are high-speed programmable electronic computer (PC). It is a small and relatively
devices that perform mathematical inexpensive computer, commonly
calculations, compare values, and store consisting of a display screen, a keyboard,
the results. a CPU (central processing unit), one or
49. A hybrid computer combines the more disk drives, and a printer, with
desirable features of analogue and digital limited storage, based upon a
computers. They combine the speed of microprocessor. It is designed for an
analogue computers and accuracy of individual user.
digital computes. Now, analogue- to- 53. A peripheral device is any device that can
digital and digital-to-analogue converters be connected to a computer. This term
are used for transforming data into includes monitors, keyboards, mouse,
suitable form for either type of webcams, drawing pads, joysticks,
computation. modems, printers, scanners, interactive
50. Mainframe Computers can also process whiteboards, drive wheel and so on.
data at very high speed (million 54. Input devices any device that is capable of
instructions per second – MIPS). inputting information into a computer
Mainframe computers are large sized, system, for example, keyboard,
powerful, multi-user computers that can microphone, mouse, scanner, webcam
support concurrent programs. They can and so on.
accommodate more than 1000 55. Output devices are basically meant for

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anything that comes out of a computer procedures, algorithms, and associated

after being processed. These include documents that provide instructions for
monitor, headphone, printers, speakers, telling a computer what to do, when to
plotters, and VDUs (visual display units). do, and how to do. It can also be defined
56. Random Access Memory (RAM) is also as computerized instructions that operate
termed as the main memory. It is the a computer, manipulate the data, and
temporary memory (volatile) that allows execute particular functions or tasks.
information to be stored randomly and 62. System software provides the basic
accessed quickly and directly (without the functions for computer usage and helps
need to go through intervening data). to run the computer hardware and
57. Read-only Memory (ROM) is the system. It includes a combination of
permanent memory of a computer; a set devices, drivers, operating systems,
of instructions that has been built into the serves, utilities, and Windows systems. It
computer by the manufacturer and manages hardware devices. It is also
cannot be accessed or changed by the responsible for resource allocation. The
user. operating system and utility software are
58. Primary storage consists of RAM and the two major categories of system
ROM. In primary memory, data are not software.
stored permanently, but temporarily. 63. Topology: The physical topology of
After getting off data are erased from the network refers to the configuration of
memory of computer. cables, computers, and other peripherals
59. Secondary storage termed as auxiliary or simply as arrangement of computers.
storage. Secondary memory/ storage is Here, workstation or node refers to
the slowest and the cheapest form of computer systems which are in the
memory. It cannot be processed directly network.
by the CPU. It must first be copied into 64. The Internet is a global system of
primary storage (RAM). interconnected computer networks that
60. Secondary memory devices include use the standard Internet Protocol Suite
magnetic disks like hard drives and floppy (TCP/IP) to serve millions of users
disks; optical disks such as CDs and CD- worldwide. It is probably the largest WAN
ROMs; and magnetic tapes, which were in the world.
the first forms of secondary memory. 65. A web browser is a software that permits
61. Software is a set of programs, a user, with the click of a mouse, to

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locate, display, and download text, video, 5. NAPCC is being implemented in various
audio and graphics stored in a host stages and parts by means of 8 missions
computer on the web. under it.
6. Montreal Protocol on substances that
66. The set of computer programs that
deplete the Ozone Layer was signed on
manage the hardware/ software of a 16th September 1987 to protect the thin
computer is called: Operating System layer of ozone in the stratosphere.
67. S/MIME in internal technology stands for: 7. The Protocol has now been signed by over
Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail 180 countries and is recognized as a great
Extension success in the field of environmental
68. The octal number system consists of the protection.
8. India has been active in the
following symbols: 0 -7
implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
69. The binary equivalent of (-19)10 in signed After becoming a signatory to the
magnitude system is: 10010011 Montreal Protocol in September, 1992.
70. DNS in internet technology stands for: 9. The Ozone Cell, set-up under the Ministry
Domain Name System. of Environment and Forests - managing
implementation of Montreal Protocol
Man & Environment activities.
10.The Kyoto Protocol the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
1. The Environmental Protection Act was was adopted in 1997 by the third
enacted under Art.253 of the Constitution Conference of the Parties in Kyoto (Japan)
of India. and came into force February 16, 2005 .
2. The purpose of the Act is to implement 11.The Kyoto Protocol is a agreement under
the decisions made at the United Nations which industrialized countries will reduce
Conference on Human Environment held their collective emissions of greenhouse
at Stockholm in June 1972, in which India gases by 5.2%.
had actively participated. 12.India, the world’s fourth-largest carbon
3. The E.P. Act deals with prevention and emitter with its population of 1.3 billion
control of all sorts of pollution. Besides people , ratified the Paris agreement on
prevention and control, the Act aims at climate change on October 2, 2016 to
protection and improvement of the become the 62nd nation to join the deal.
Environment. 13.The International Solar Alliance is an
4. National Action Plan on Climate Change or alliance of more than 120 countries, most
NAPCC is an action plan prepared by Prime of them being sunshine countries, which
Minister’s council on 30th June 2008 to come either completely or partly between
tackle climate change.

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the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of the following frequency ranges: 1-2KHz
Capricorn. 25. Tamil Nadu coastal belt has drinking
14.In Sept. 2000, leaders of 189 countries water shortage due to: seepage of sea
gathered at the United Nations
water
Headquarters and signed the historic
millennium declaration, in which they 26. A species is a set of organisms that
committed to achieving a set of resemble each other in certain features.
measurable goals that provide a The members of a species living together
framework for development planning for and interacting with each other are
countries around the world by the target called a population. The members of a
date of 2015. population live within a given area.
15.The Millennium Development Goals
27. Critical Link Species are species that play
(MDGs) are commonly described as a
“Roadmap for World Development by an important role in supporting network
2015” species as pollinators, dispersal agents,
16. Global warming during winter becomes absorption or circulation of nutrients,
more pronounced at the : Tropic of etc. Mycorrhizal fungi help the vascular
Capricorn plants in obtaining inorganic nutrients
17. In the study of man-environment from soil and organic residues.
interaction, the statement of Miss 28. A community is an assemblage of all the
Semple that "the humans are solely the interacting populations of different
product of their environment": A fact species in a geographical area. It is a
18. In analysis of man-environment complex interacting network of plants,
relationship Pragmatic Possibilism animals, and microorganisms. Each
implies that: The man has to watch and population has a defined role in the
assess the situation and men go ahead community.
with resource utilization 29. The term ecosystem was defined by
19. The maximum loss of forest lands in Arthur Tansley in 1935. Ecosystem is a
India is caused by: River valley projects self-regulating community of living
20. Bitumen is obtained from: Crude oil organisms (populations of species),
21. Malaria is caused by: parasitic infection interacting with each other and their
22. Largest soil group of India is: Sandy soil non-living, physical environment, for
23. Main pollutant of the Indian coastal example, forest ecosystem and ocean
water is: industrial effluents ecosystem.
24. Human ear is most sensitive to noise in 30. Living components in an ecosystem are

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either the producers or the consumers. organisms of different species live

They are also called the biotic together, it is called as cohabitat.
components. Producers produce organic 35. While all rivers of Peninsular India flow
components, for example, plants into the Bay of Bengal, Narmada and
produce starch, carbohydrates, and Tapti flow into the Arabian Sea because
cellulose by a process called these two rivers: Follow the slope of
photosynthesis. these rift valleys
31. In ecology, abiotic components are non- 36. Soils in the Mahanadi delta are less
living chemical and physical factors in the fertile than those in the Godavari delta
environment that affect the ecosystems. because of: erosion of top soils by annual
Examples are water, light, wind, soil, floods
humidity, minerals, and gases. They 37. Human ear is most sensitive to noise in
affect the ability of organisms to survive which of the following ranges: 2-5 KHz
and reproduce. 38. If the population growth follows a
32. There are different types of ecosystems logistic curve, the maximum sustainable
around us, which involve living yield: is equal to half the carrying
organisms and non-living things. If we capacity
combine all the ecosystems present one 39. Chemical weathering of rocks is largely
earth, it is called biosphere. dependent upon: high temperature
33. The terrestrial portion of biosphere is 40. Fresh water achieves its greatest density
divided into biomes. They usually have at: 4C
distinct climates and life forms adapted 41. The tallest trees in the world are found in
to that climate. Deserts, grasslands, the region: Equatorial region
tropical forests, and rain forests are the 42. Hydrological (natural hazards) cause
main examples of biomes. maximum damage to property and lives
34. The area or natural environment in 43. Pollution is a negative/undesirable
which an organism or population change in the environment, usually the
normally lives is called habitat. A habitat addition of something hazardous or
is made up of physical factors such as detrimental. Generally, degradable or
soil, moisture, range of temperature, and non-persistent pollutants such as
availability of light as well as biotic domestic sewage, discarded vegetables
factors such as availability of food and are broken down by natural processes.
the presence of predators. When Some persistent or non-biodegradable

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pollutants do not get destroyed and are where they mix and react with water,
our source of worry. oxygen, and other chemicals to form
44. Clean, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen more acidic pollutants known as acid
by volume and 20.94% oxygen. The rain.
remaining 0.97% is made of gaseous 48. Aerosols – They are stable suspensions
mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, of solid or liquid particles in air. Aerosols
krypton, argon, xenon, nitrous oxide, and affect the weather conditions by blocking
very small amounts of other organic and solar radiations. Deposition of aerosols
inorganic gases. on leaves affects the process of
45. Primary pollutants enter the atmosphere photosynthesis.
directly from the source. some important  Mist – Aerosols constricting of liquid
primary pollutants are as follows: droplets
1. Suspended particulate matter (SPM)  Dust – Arosols consisting of solid
2. Oxides of carbon particles
3. Hydrocarbons (e.g., methane)  Fume – Aerosols consisting of hot
4. Sulphur oxides (SOx) vapours of metals
5. Nitrogen oxides (NOx)  Smoke is also an aerosol – mixtures of
6. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) liquid and solid particles as a result of
7. Lead burning
46. Secondary pollutants are not directly  Plume – geometrical form of smoke
emitted from sources; they are formed smog is the mixture of smoke and fog
as a result of chemical reactions between (discussed separately)
the primary pollutants and certain 49. Pollution situation became so alarming in
atmospheric constituents, in the Delhi that it was declared as a 'gas
presence of sunlight. Sulphates, nitrates, chamber' by the Delhi High Court in
and organic particles can be transported 2015. Delhi Government started a pilot
over large distances, such as hundreds project 'Odd Even Formula' on January 1,
and even thousands of kilometers. 2016 to bring down the air pollution
47. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction levels amidst reports that Delhi is the
that begins when compounds like most polluted city in the world.
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are 50. The major reasons for indoor air
released into the air. These substances pollution are inefficient burning of
can rise very high into the atmosphere, inferior fuels during cooking or heating

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such as cow dung, agricultural residue, physiological or psychological damage if

and coal and fuel wood, along with poor the volume is high or exposure is
ventilation systems inside the house. prolonged. Noise is also defined as
51. Water covers about 70% of earth's unwanted sound; it is an irritant and a
surface. Water is an important resource source of stress.
for the people and the environment. 57. Sound is measured in decibel (dB). The
Water is the basis of life; it makes up to unit was chosen in honour of Alexander
60-95% of the total weight of any Graham Bell, who invented the
functioning living cell. telephone. It is not a linear scale, but a
52. The discharge of harmful substances by logarithmic scale. For example, a change
specific sources into a water body leads from 40 dB to 80 dB represents a 10,000
to point source pollution. fold increase in loudness. A modified
53. The accumulation of a toxic chemical in scale called as decibel-A takes into
the bodies of organisms as we move account the pitch as well. The permitted
from producers, to primary consumers, noise level is 125 dB as per the
to secondary consumers etc. is called Environment Protection Rules, 1999.
biomagnifications. 58. Radiation is defined as transmission of
54. The inorganic nutrients in the run-off energy in the form of waves through
from agricultural fields reaching a water space or a material medium. Radiation is
body increase the nutrient content of the of two kinds – ionising and non-ionising.
water body. These nutrients cause the Ionizing radiation or high energy
profuse growth of algae (algal bloom) in radiation like X-rays or gamma rays can
it. This growth eventually causes the alter DNA and can be harmful.
death of small fish and organism in them. 59. Natural hazards are hazards that are
55. A good quality soil can support caused by natural phenomena (hazards
vegetation; without which life on earth of meterorological, geological, or even
cannot be sustained. It may take upto biological origin). Examples of natural
1,000 years to form an inch of soil, and hazards are cyclones, tsunamis,
building-up of organic matter can also earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions,
take a very long time. Even soil makes a which are exclusively of natural origin.
dynamic ecosystem to sustain itself. 60. Earthquake is the sudden shaking of
56. Noise pollution may be defined as earth's crust. The impact of an
environmental noise that causes earthquake is sudden and there is hardly

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any warning, making it impossible to to small slope) as quickly as it falls.

predict. Seismology is the study of 65. A cloudburst is an extreme amount of
earthquakes and seismic waves that precipitation, sometimes with hail and
moves through and around the earth. thunder, which normally lasts no longer
61. A Volcanoes is an opening, or rupture, in than a few minutes but is capable of
the earth's surface or crust, which allows creating flood conditions. Colloquially,
hot magma, volcanic ash, and gases from the term cloudburst may be used to
within the earth to reach the surface. describe any sudden heavy, brief, and
Most volcanoes have a volcanic crater at usually unforecasted rainfall.
the top. 66. Dioxins are produced from: Combustion
62. Cyclone is a region of low atmospheric of plastics
pressure surrounded by high 67. The slogan "a tree for each child" was
atmospheric pressure, resulting in coined for: Social forestry programme
swirling atmospheric disturbances, 68. The main constituents of biogas are:
accompanied by powerful winds blowing Methane and Carbon dioxide
in anticlockwise direction in the northern 69. The concentration of Total Dissolved
hemisphere and in clockwise direction in Solids (TDS) in drinking water should not
the southern hemisphere. They occur exceed: 500 mg/L
mainly in the tropical and temperate 70. The constituents of photochemical smog
regions of the world. responsible for eye irritation are: HCHO
63. Flood is a state of high water level along and PAN
a river channel or on the coast that leads 71. Volcanic eruptions affect: lithosphere,
to inundation of land, which is not hydrosphere and atmosphere
usually submerged. There are different 72. The Ganga Action Plan was initiated
types of floods, namely flash flood, during the year: 1986
riverine flood, and urban flood. 73. Identify the correct sequence of energy
64. Flash floods are rapid inland floods due sources in order of their share in the
to intense rainfall. A flash flood describes power sector in India: Thermal > hydro >
sudden flooding within a short duration. nuclear > wind
In sloped terrains, the water flows 74. Chromium as a contaminant in drinking
rapidly with a high destruction potential. water in excess of permissible levels,
In flat terrains, the rainwater cannot cause: Liver/ Kidney problems
infiltrate into the ground or run-off (due 75. The main precursors of winter smog are:

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SO2 and hydrocarbons sliding and flowing, either slowly or

76. Flash floods are caused when: the quickly from one place to another.
atmosphere is convectively unstable and
there is considerable vertical wind shear Higher Education
77. In mega cities of India, the dominant
source of air pollution is: transport sector 1. Higher education provides people with an
opportunity to reflect on the critical,
78. Drought is either the absence or social, economical, cultural, moral, and
deficiency of rainfall from its normal spiritual issues facing humanity.
pattern in a region for an extended 2. Indian higher education system, which
period of time leading to general includes technical education, is one of the
suffering in the society. It is an interplay largest in the world, just after the United
between the demand that people place States and China.
on natural supply of water and the 3. Values are the guiding principles, ideals or
natural event that provides water in a standards which can be used as reference
given geographical region. point in decision making.
79. A wildfire is any uncontrolled fire in 4. Value education focuses on developing
combustible vegetation that occurs in critical thinking, courage, commitment, so
the countryside or a wilderness area. A that we can differentiate between what is
wildfire differs from other fires by its actually important and what is not aim of
extensive size, the speed at which it can value education is linked with the
spread out from its original source, its fundamental question of what educational
potential to change directions itself is meant for.
unexpectedly, and its ability to jump 5. Values are affected by society, confidence,
gaps such as roads, rivers, and fire knowledge etc.
breaks. 6. Individual Perspective: To enable students
80. The term landslide includes all varieties to achieve personal fulfillment for success.
of mass moment of hill slopes and can be
7. Societal Perspective: Education aims to
defined as the downward and outward prepare the youth to contribute to society.
movement of slope-forming materials
8. Main issues behind the need for importing
composed of rocks, soils, artificial fills, or
value education:
a combination of all these materials
 Tradition vs. Modernity
along surfaces of separation by falling,
 Globalization

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 Diversity Higher Education sector, with equity and

 Mass Media & Society inclusion.
 Explosion of Science & Technology 15. Main objectives of department of
 Environment higher education are:
• To expand the Higher Education sector
9. Oriental learning programmes Involves
in all modes of delivery .
courses based on the study of society,
culture, language, History, people, etc. • To expand institutional base of Higher
10. Conventional Learning Programmes are Education.
also known as traditional learning • To provide opportunities of Higher
programmes. It involves the learning Education to socially-deprived
inside a classroom set-up. It does not communities and remove disparities by
make use of modern technology in promoting the inclusion of women,
learning.
minorities and differently-abled
11. Conventional Learning is a passive
learning. Where the child listens to persons.
teacher and follow directions from the • To create conditions for knowledge
teacher who sets the pace of generation through improved research
instructions. facilities in universities and colleges.
12. Non-conventional learning 16. National Academic Depository (NAD) is
programmes also know as modern a 24X7 online store house of all academic
learning programmes. As the name awards viz. certificates, diplomas, degrees,
suggests, these programmes involve the mark-sheets etc. duly digitised and lodged
use of modern technology. There is limited by academic institutions / boards /
peer contact .General development of eligibility assessment bodies.
student via active learning and mastering 17. SWAYAM is a programme initiated by
of learning modules. Government of India and designed to
LIKE: SWAYAM, SWAYAM-PRABHA, achieve the three cardinal principles of
MOOC’S Education Policy viz., access, equity and
13. The Department of Higher Education, quality. The objective of this effort is to
MHRD, is responsible for the overall take the best teaching learning resources
development of the basic infrastructure of to all, including the most disadvantaged.
Higher Education sector, both in terms of 18. SWAYAM seeks to bridge the digital
policy and planning. divide for students who have hitherto
14. Vision of department of higher remained untouched by the digital
education is to realize India's human revolution and have not been able to join
resource potential to its fullest in the the mainstream of the knowledge
economy.

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19. The SWAYAM PRABHA is a group of 32 astronomy) among others.

DTH channels devoted to telecasting of 26. Mughal education system consisted of
high-quality educational programmes on primary and secondary schools, and even
24X7 basis using the GSAT-15 satellite.
colleges. Colleges were established at
20. The contents are provided by NPTEL,
Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Delhi, and other
IITs, UGC, CEC, IGNOU, NCERT and NIOS.
21. IMPRINT is the first of its kind MHRD places. Education system based on Hindu
supported Pan-IIT + IISc joint initiative to philosophy also existed side by side.
address the major science and engineering 27. In 2006, Singapore, China, India, Japan,
challenges that India must address and and other nations announced a proposed
champion to enable, empower and plan to restore and revive the ancient site
embolden the nation for inclusive growth
as Nalanda International University.
and self-reliance.
22. NIRF (National institutional ranking 28. In 1817, Hindu College was established
framework) outlines a methodology to in Calcutta which later became Presidency
rank institutions across the country. The College in Calcutta which later became
parameters broadly cover “Teaching, Presidency College in 1855 and Presidency
Learning and Resources,” “Research and University in 2010.
Professional Practices,” “Graduation 29. Wood Dispatch the first policy measure
Outcomes,” “Outreach and Inclusivity,”
regarding higher education. It
and “Perception”.
23. Atal Ranking of Institutions on recommended setting up of three
Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) is an universities, namely, at Madras, Calcutta,
initiative of Ministry of Human Resource and Bombay, which were set up in 1857.
Development (MHRD), Govt. of India to 30. Hunter Commission emphasized the
systematically rank all major higher segregation of primary education and
educational institutions and universities in
higher education. It proposed that
India on indicators related to “Innovation
and Entrepreneurship Development” universities would have to manage the
amongst students and faculties. affiliated colleges.
24. Formal education system can be 31. Lord Curzon was the first person to
categorized into three, namely primary, appoint a commission on university
secondary, and tertiary education. education. The Indian Universities Act
25. During the Gupta period, India became of 1904, passed on March 21, was
a centre of higher learning with Nalanda formulated on the basis of the
(all branches of knowledge), Takshila recommendation of the Indian
(study of medicine) and Ujjain (study of University Commission of 1902.

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32. Hartog Committee focused on 37. The word university is derived from the
improving the quality and standards of Latin word Universitas, which means
university-level education. specialized associations between
33. Sapru Committee appointed in 1934 by students and teachers.
the United Province (largely present 38. A central university or a union
Uttar Pradesh) Government to enquire university in India is established by Act
into the causes of unemployment in of Parliament and are under the
U.P. purview of the Department of Higher
34. Radhakrishnan Commission, also Education in the Union Human
known as University Education Resource Development Ministry.
Commission, suggested the integration 39. State universities established or
of secondary education and higher incorporated by a Provincial Act or by a
education by setting up of UGC. State Act is called a state university.
35. Kothari Commission was titled as The state universities are included in
'Education and National Development' the List of 12 (B) of UGC Act, 1956 and
report. It is a very progressive report. It are eligible for central assistance.
proposed a three-year degree course 40. Private universities established through
and a four-year honours degree course. the state or central act by a sponsoring
Establishment of Indian Education body, namely a society registered
Service (IES) to improve the quality of under the Societies Registration Act,
Indian higher education with emphasis 1860 or any other corresponding law
on quality teaching faculties to for the time being in force, in a state or
vocationalise secondary education was a public trust or a company registered
recommended. It recommended that under Section 25 of the Companies Act,
6% of the national income should be 1956 is called a private university.
spent on education. 41. A deemed to be university, commonly
36. Kothari Commission was followed by known as a deemed university, refers
the National Policy on Education (NPE) to a high-performing institution, as
of 1968 and 1986. These emphasized declared by the central government
on improving the quality of higher under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.
education level and also proposed 42. Deemed universities can be approved
imparting higher education by distance only by an executive order after UGC
learning mode. recommendation. Although they enjoy

`
all the powers of a university, they do engagement with the institutes of

not have the right to affiliate colleges. Higher Education in India so as to
43. NAAC is an autonomous body augment the country's existing
established in 1994 by the UGC with its academic resources, accelerate the
headquarters in Bangalore. It was pace of quality reform, and elevate
established after the NPE, 1986. India's scientific and technological
44. Set up in 1994, NBA is an autonomous capacity to global excellence.
body established by AICTE to conduct 50. Skills Assessment Matrix for Vocational
periodical evaluation of technical Advancement of Youth (SAMVAY) is
courses offered in India. now in place which allows vertical and
45. Open learning is a philosophy, whereas lateral mobility within vocational
distance education is the mode used education system and between the
for translating it into reality as the two current education systems.
are complementary to each other. 51. The National Digital Library of India is
46. Distance education (DE) is an umbrella envisaged as a National knowledge
term that describes all the teaching and asset that will provide ubiquitous
learning arrangements in which the digital knowledge source.
learner and the teacher are separated 52. National Assessment and Accreditation
by space and time. Council had submitted a project
47. IGNOU was established in 1985 by an proposal to MHRD under Rashtriya
act of Parliament with dual Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA).
responsibilities of (i) enhancing access 53. Education Sector Skill Council was
and equity to higher education through constituted in Sept., 2014 to consider
distance mode and (ii) promoting, job roles other than academic faculties
coordinating, and determining and teacher qualifications.
standards in open learning and 54. One hundred 'Deen Dayal Upadhyay
distance education systems. Centres for Knowledge Acquisition and
48. The aim of value education is linked Upgradation of Skilled Human Abilities
with the fundamental question of what and Livelihood' (KAUSHAL) will be set
education itself is meant for. up.
49. GIAN aims at tapping the talent pool of 55. PRAGATI – Scholarships for Girl Child
scientists and entrepreneurs, for Technical education: PRAGATI aims
internationally, to encourage their at providing encouragement and

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support to girl child to pursue technical supportive: social environment

education. 64. The first Open University in India was
56. According to Radhakrishnan set up in the State of: Andhra Pradesh
Commission, the aim of Higher 65. AICTE looks after the quality of
Education is: To develop the Technical and Management education
democratic values, peace and harmony, in India.
to develop great personalities who can 66. According to Swami Vivekananda,
give their contributions in politics, teacher's success depends on: His
administration, industry and commerce mastery on the subject and capacity in
57. The National Museum at New Delhi is controlling the students
attached to: Part of Ministry of Tourism
and Culture
58. Election of Rural and Urban local
bodies are conducted and ultimately
supervised by: State Election
Commission
59. As per the NCTE norms, what should be
the staff strength for a unit of 100
students at B.Ed. level?: 1 + 7
60. The Right to Information Act, 2005
makes the provision of: Dissemination
of all types of information by all Public
authorities to any person,
Establishment of Central, State and
District Level Information Commissions
as an appellate body, Transparency and
accountability in Public authorities.
61. India's first Defense University is the
Join panaceatutor.com
State of : Haryana.
62. Most of the Universities in India:
conduct teaching/ research and
examinations
63. Effective communication needs a

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PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 1

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 2

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 3

QUICK REVISION PART-1  Learners level of mental ability, learners

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 Overhead projector is not instructional  Diagnostic evaluation as certain cause

teacher. Student centric.

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 Learning is a goal of teaching. It consider  Individual differences means no two

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 Swayam platform is developed by MHRD 2. Characteristics of Teaching

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 7

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 8

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 9

cooperative them to learn the different of the advanced methods of teaching in

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presentation. 2. Heuristic method : Under this method,

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 12

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It helps the students to correct their small amount of information, held up

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 14

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are extensively used in higher education. 2. Portfolio assessment : This assessment

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3. Assessment as learning: In this Understanding Level of Teaching

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2. Why do we need the Teaching Support called as ‘chalk and talk’

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and the amount of creativity  Modern teaching methods

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technology which reduces the authority RESEARCH APTITUDE

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 In experimental Research, the  Interval scale – categorize, rank and

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instrumentation and experimental  Denoted by  (alpha)

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 22

 Plagrism – copying someone else idea as RESEARCH APTITUDE (IMPORTANT POINTS)

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4. Type of Research: existing

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 24

RESEARCH PROCESS 5. Sampling Techniques

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 Accurate and  Reasonable, easily available C. End Matter

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same topic. This is a way of assuring the  In a workshop, elements of qualitative

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 Who  Feedback in the communication process is

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c) WHAT  Decide what to sequence of activities performed in a

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 It is an effective communication  Non-Verbal Communication:-

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 Informal Communication:- BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 31

 Between universal Kinds of Anumana

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 In Moods and figures,  Deductive reasoning:-

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PANACEA Bharti Institute Pvt. Ltd. 35