@ìb`ubd Mkfirio`klb

Yokmlm <: ]lril < ‐ Fuo`kdois y Pu`iskdois

Buks Lbgirtd Frlo`d Bðpiz

@ëmubl: <6.190.;=5

]utdr: Jisús Dhlr Vlrnls

Yokvirskmlm Ol`kdolb Lgkirtl y l Mkstlo`kl

Figrird mib 7171

 Yokmlm <: ]lril < ‐ Fuo`kdois y Pu`iskdois

L `dotkoul`kðo, si prisiotlo bds ijir`k`kds y nrìfk`ls lsknolmds plrl ib mislrrdbbd mi ]lril

<, io isti nrupd mi trlgljd, migi is`dnir uo oúhird mi istumkloti y mislrrdbblr bds

ijir`k`kds prdpuistds plrl isti istumkloti, Ib ijir`k`kd 7 lpbk`l plrl tdmds bds hkihgrds mib

nrupd y migi sir mislrrdbblmd `uhpbkiomd bds plrìhitrds sdbk`ktlmds io ib iouo`klmd.

IJIW@K@KDP

<. Bl sknukioti nrìfk`l riprisiotl uol fuo`kðo io bds rilbis, mi l`uirmd `do ibbl, kmiotkfkqui

ib mdhkokd y rlond mi bl fuo`kðo, lmihìs mi bds puotds mi kotirsi``kðo `do bds ijis sè bds

ely:

Istumkloti 9:

l.   f   ( x )87`ds ( x ) + <

Mdhkokd:  x ∅ W 3 x Ϲ ⟥ ∗∟ , ∟ ⟫ 

Wlond: S-<3 0X

Lolbkzlomd Bl nrìfk`l si puimi mi`kr qui, ib Mdhkokd sirèl tdmds bds oúhirds rilbis,
 pdrqui  x puimi tdhlr `ulbqukir vlbdr. Ib Wlond vl mi hloirl `dostloti mismi -< elstl 0.

Quotds mi Kotirsi``kðo:

( x , y )

(-=.<, 1)

(-7.1;, 1)
(7.1;, 1)
(=.<, 1)

Pi puimi dgsirvlr qui io bds puotds mi kotirsi``kðo,  y 8 1

 <
f   ( x )8 x ∗ 7 x +7
0 7

Mdhkokd: (∗ ∟, ∟)

Wlond: (∗ ∟, ∟ )
Lolbkzlomd bl nrìfk`l si puimi dgsirvlr qui puimi tdhlr `ulbqukir vlbdr miotrd mi bds
oúhirds rilbis, tlotd io ib iji  x `dhd io ib iji  y.
Quotds mi Kotirsi``kðo:

( x , y )

(-1.=, 1)
(1.9, 1)
(<.5, 1)
Io bds puotds mi kotirsi``kðo,  y 8 1

7. L plrtkr mib sknukioti ijihpbd y tiokiomd io `uiotl su `dotixtd prdfiskdolb, prdpdonl y

risuibvl uol sktul`kðo skhkblr lpbk`lgbi l su ìril mi `dod`khkiotd, io bl qui si komkqui bl

ribl`kðo mi mds vlrklgbis (mipiomkioti i komipiomkioti).

Odtl: Okonuol prdpdsk`kðo y sdbu`kðo pdmrì sir skhkblr l bl mi dtrd `dhplüird.

Ijihpbd: Qlrckon PLP `dgrl $=.611 pdr uol edrl mi plrquid mi uo lutdhðvkb, hìs
uo `dstd fjd mi $511 pdr uo sinurd `dotrl rdgd. @lb`ublr:
l. Kmiotif`lr vlrklgbi mipiomkioi i komipiomkioi.
g. Mifokr bl uo`kðo qui ribl`kdol bls vlrklgbis kmiotif`lmls.
]lgublr y nrlf`lr (io Ix`ib) bds 9 prkhirds vlbdris mi bl uo`kðo mifokml. Qrisiolr bl
lgbl i khlnio mi bl nrìf`l dgiokml.

Istumkloti 9:

Io uo eltd bi`eird mi bl rinkðo si tkioio vlrkds drmiülmdris. @lml dpirlrkd drmiülmdr mi

vl`ls ri`kgi uo slblrkd mklrkd mi $07111 hìs uol gdokfk`l`kðo lmk`kdolb mi $<711 mklrkds

 pdr `lml vl`l qui drmiül.

l. Vlrklgbis:

[  : slblrkd mklrkd tdtlb (vlrklgbi mipiomkioti)

 U:  @lotkmlm mi vl`ls qui drmiül lb mèl (vlrklgbi komipiomkioti)

Plblrkd mklrkd fkjd: 07111

Gdokfk`l`kðo lmk`kdolb: <711

g. Fuo`kðo:
Ib slblrkd mklrkd mi `lml dpirlrkd mipiomi od sðbd mi su suibmd fkjd skod tlhgkëo mi bl

 gdokfk`l`kðo lmk`kdolb. Qdr bd tlotd, bl fuo`kðo plrl `lb`ublr ib slblrkd mklrkd mi `lml

dpirlrkd sirèl:

<711 07111
 y8  x
+
x y
<1 ==111
<9 91111
71 96111
79 67111
01 65111

y
51111

>1111

61111

91111

=1111

01111

71111

<1111 9 <1 <9 71 79 01 09

0. Mi l`uirmd `do bl khlnio, elbblr bl i`ul`kðo mi bl ri`tl qui plsl pdr ib puotd @ y is

 pirpiomk`ublr l bl ri`tl qui plsl pdr bds puotds L y G. Nrlfk`lr bls mds ri`tls io NidNigrl

io`dotrlomd su puotd mi kotirsi``kðo y virkfk`lomd ib ìonubd iotri ibbls.

Istumkloti L 8 (-0, =)G 8 (<,7)@ 8 (-5,-=)

9
Qrkhird si elbbl bl i`ul`kðo mi bl ri`tl qui plsl pdr bds puotds L y G. Qlrl istd, elbblhds

 prkhird bl piomkioti, lsè:

 y 7∗ y <
h8
 x 7∗ x <

  L8 (-0, =) G8 (<,7)

 L 8( x < , y < ) G 8( x 7 , y 7 )

∗ 7 ∗< ∗<
 78∗= 8   Bl piomkioti mi bl prkhirl ri`tl is
h8
<∗(∗0) = 7 7

Ledrl, `do tdmds bds mltds elbblhds bl prkhirl i`ul`kðo:

( y ∗ y )8h ( x ∗ x )
< <

∗<
( y ∗ = )8 S x ∗(∗0 ) X
7

∗<
( y ∗ = )8 ( x + 0 )
7

∗<
( y ∗ = )8  x ∗ 0
7 7

< 0
 y 8∗  x ∗ +=
7 7
 ∗< ∗0+ 5
  y8 7   x 7

∗<
  y8  x + 9

7 7
∗
  x ∗  y + 81  Istl is bl i`ul`kðo mi bl prkhirl ri`tl qui plsl pdr bds puotds
< 9

7 7

L8 (-0, =) G8 (<,7) Fdrhl nioirlb

Ledrl si elbbl bl i`ul`kðo mi bl sinuoml ri`tl qui plsl pdr ib puotd @ 8 (-5,-=) y is

 pirpiomk`ublr l bl lotirkdr:

( y ∗ y )8h ( x ∗ x )

< <

@ 8 (-5,-=)
@ 8 ( x < , y <)

@dhd sdo ri`tls pirpiomk`ublris, ib prdmu`td mi bls piomkiotis mi bls mds ri`tls migi sir

knulb l -<.

h .h8∗<
∗
<
[l slgihds qui bl piomkioti mi bl prkhirl ri`tl is , iotdo`is si gus`l uo oúhird
7

`dotrlrkd plrl qui ods më `dhd risubtlmd -<, lsè:

∗<  7 ∗7
7 Þ< 8 7 8∗<

h8 7

Iotdo`is, bl piomkioti mi bl sinuoml ri`tl is 7

Ledrl, plrl elbblr bl i`ul`kðo mi bl sinuoml ri`tl uslhds:

( y ∗ y )8h ( x ∗ x )
< <

]iokiomd io `uiotl ib puotd @8 (-5, -=)

(  y ∗(∗= ) )87
(  x ∗(∗5 ) ) ( y += )87
( x + 5 )

 y +=87 x +<6

 y87 x +<6∗=

7 x ∗ y + <781  Istl is bl i`ul`kðo mi bl sinuoml ri`tl. Fdrhl nioirlb

Nrìfk`l mismi Nidnigrl

eps://www.nidnigrl.drn/`blssk`/mlsgv;cs

Pinúo ib nrìf`d, bl kotirsi``kðo mi bls mds bèoils si ml io ib puotd M8 (-0.5, =.=) y ib

ìonubd qui si drhl mi istl is mi ;1±
=. Mlmls bls sknukiotis prdnriskdois ( l o ) , `lb`ublr ib ioëskhd tërhkod y `lb`ublr bl suhl mi
bds <1 prkhirds tërhkods io `lml prdnriskðo.

Istumkloti 9 l o8{> , <1 , <0 , <6 , <; u o }   lo8{<6, 6=, 796 uo}

l.  l o8{> , <1 , <0 , <6 , <; . u o }

Qrkhird si elbbl bl mkfirio`kl ‒m‘, lsè:
<1 ∗>80  3 m8 0
Ledrl, si elbblo bds tërhkods qui el`io flbtl plrl tioir bds <1 prkhirds, `do bl sknukioti
fðrhubl:
l o8l<+ ( o∗< ) . m

o8 Is ib oúhird d pdsk`kðo qui quirihds elbblr.

[l tioihds bds 9 prkhirds tërhkods, migihds elbblr bds 9 sknukiotis:
l 68> + ( 6 ∗< ) . 0  @do istl elbblhds ib tërhkod oúhird 6.

l 68> + ( 9 ) . 0

l 68> + <9

l 6877  Isti is ib tërhkod oúhird 6. Mi istl hloirl si elbblo bds mihìs:

l >8> + ( > ∗< ) . 08 79

l 58> + ( 5 ∗< ) . 08 75

l ;8> + ( ; ∗< ) . 0 8 0<

l <18> + ( <1∗< ) . 0 8

0=
[l tioihds bds <1 prkhirds tërhkods mi istl prdnriskðo:
l <8 >

l 78<1

l 08<0

l =8<6

l 98<;

l 6877
l >879

l 5875

l ;80<

l <180=

Ledrl, elbblhds bl suhl mi bds <1 prkhirds tërhkods `do bl sknukioti fðrhubl:
so8´ ´´´

Mdomi:
l <8 Qrkhir tërhkod

lo8 Úbtkhd tërhkod

 O8 Oúhird mi tërhkods

so8´ ´´´8

s  ( =< ) .
o8´ <1
  8´´
7

s
o8´  =< 8´´
17

so8´ 719´  Istl is bl suhltdrkl mi bds <1 prkhirds tërhkods.

g. l o8{<6, 6=, 796 ....uo}

Istl is uol prdnriskðo nidhëtrk`l pdrqui `lml oúhird si istì hubtkpbk`lomd pdr = plrl

elbblr ib sknukioti, lsè:

<6 Þ =86=

6= Þ =8796

Io isti `lsd bl rlzðo is r 8=

Ledrl elbblhds bl fðrhubl plrl tërhkod nioirlb mi istl prdnriskðo:

l o8 l <.r
o∗ <

l o8´ <6 . = ∗ ´ o <

Ledrl prd`imihds l elbblr ib tërhkod oúhird <1, lsè:

∗
l <18´ <6. =<1 <´

l <18´ <6 . = ´ ;

l <18´ <6 Þ 767<==

´

l <18´ =<;=01= ´  Isti is ib tërhkod oúhird <1

Ledrl uslhds bl sknukioti fðrhubl plrl elbblr bl suhl mi bds <1 prkhirds tërhkods:
s  l . r ∗l
o
o8´  < ´
r
∗<

s
=<;=01= Þ
<18
´ =∗<6
´
=∗<

s
<18 <6>>>7<6∗<6
´
´ 0

s <6>>>711 ´
<18´
0

s<18´ 99;7=11 ´ Istl is bl suhltdrkl mi bds <1 prkhirds tërhkods.

9. Nrìfk`ls:

Nrlfk`lr io NidNigrl bl sknukioti uo`kðo l trdzds, kmiotif`lomd su rlond y mdhkokd

y puotds mi kotirsi``kðo `do bds ijis sk bds tiioi.

{
f   ( x )8   x ∗< , sk x ≩ 1
7
Istumkloti 9
∗0 x∗< , sk x 2 1
ettps://www.nidnigrl.drn/`blssk`/xcrw7yvf 

Mi l`uirmd `do bl nrìfk`l si puimi dgsirvlr bd sknukioti:

Mdhkokd: (∗∟ , ∟ )

Wlond: (∗< , ∟ )

Io`dotrlhds qui, ib Mdhkod mi bl nrìfk`l is tdmd ib `dojuotd mi bds oúhirds Wilbis, y ib

Wlond vl l plrtkr mi -< elstl kofkoktd.