Average Power in the Sinusoidal Steady State

Average Power Absorbed by an Ideal Resistor

The phase-angle difference between the current through and the voltage
across a pure resistor is zero. Thus,
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑅 𝑉𝑚 2
∴ 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = = =
2 2 2 2𝑅

Average Power Absorbed by Purely Reactive Elements

𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
∴ 𝑃𝑋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ±90𝑜 = 0
2
The average power delivered to any network composed entirely of ideal
inductors and capacitors is zero; the instantaneous power is zero only at
specific instants. Thus, power flows into the network for a part of the cycle
and out of the network during another portion of the cycle, with no power
lost.
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 Maximum Power Transfer
We previously considered the maximum power transfer theorem as it
applied to resistive loads and resistive source impedances. For a Thévenin
source 𝑽𝒕𝒉 & impedance 𝒁𝒕𝒉 = 𝑹𝒕𝒉 + 𝒋𝑿𝒕𝒉 connected to a load 𝒁𝑳 =
𝑹𝑳 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 , it may be shown that the average power delivered to the load is
a maximum when 𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝒕𝒉 and 𝑿𝑳 = −𝑿𝒕𝒉 , that is, when:
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝒕𝒉 ∗
This result is often dignified by calling it the maximum power transfer
theorem for the sinusoidal steady state. The maximum average power
absorbed by ZL is then given as:
1 2 1 𝑉𝑡ℎ 2
𝑃𝑍𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐿 = 2
𝑅𝐿
2 2 2 𝑅𝐿
𝑽𝒕𝒉 𝟐 𝑽𝒕𝒉 𝟐
∴ 𝑷𝒁𝑳 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = =
𝟖 𝑹𝑳 𝟖 𝑹𝒕𝒉

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 Maximum Power Transfer
Example:

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 Maximum Power Transfer

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 Average Power for Non-periodic Functions
If the non-periodic function can be expressed as a sum of several periodic
functions operating at different frequencies such as:
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜃1 + 𝐼𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝜃2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑚𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑁 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑁
Then the average power delivered to a resistance R,
1
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚1 2 + 𝐼𝑚2 2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑚𝑁 2 𝑅
2
Similarly for a non-periodic voltage source,
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜃1 + 𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝜃2 … + 𝑉𝑚𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑁 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑁
Then the average power delivered to a resistance R,
1
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝑚1 2 + 𝑉𝑚2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑚𝑁 2
2𝑅
Note: 𝝎𝟏 ≠ 𝝎𝟐 ≠ ⋯ ≠ 𝝎𝑵

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 Average Power for Non-periodic Functions
Example: Find the average power delivered to a 4Ω resistor by:
a) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 [𝑉]
82
𝑃𝑅 = = 8.00 [𝑊]
2×4
b) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 − 6 cos(200𝑡 − 45𝑜 ) [𝑉] (same 𝝎)
ഥ = 8∠ − 90𝑜 − 6∠ − 45𝑜 = 5.667∠ − 138.5𝑜
𝑽
5.6672
𝑃𝑅 = = 4.01 [𝑊]
2×4
c) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝑡 [𝑉] (d𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝝎)
82 +42
𝑃𝑅 = = 10.00 [𝑊]
2×4
d) 𝑣 𝑡 = 8 sin 200𝑡 − 6 cos 200𝑡 − 45𝑜 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝑡 + 4 [𝑉]
𝑣 𝑡 = 5.667 cos 200𝑡 − 138.5𝑜 − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝑡 + 4 [𝑉]
5.6672 52 42 𝟏
𝑃𝑅 = + + = 11.14 [𝑊] (note: no for 4V dc)
2×4 2×4 4 𝟐
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 Effective Values of Current and Voltage
The effective value of any periodic current is equal to the value of the
direct current which, flowing through an R ohm resistor, delivers the same
average power to the resistor as does the periodic current.
1 𝑇2
𝑃 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 ≜ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 𝑅
𝑇 0

1 𝑇2
∴ 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
A similar expression can be obtained for a periodic voltage:
1 𝑇 2
∴ 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
Note: The result is independent of the resistance R.
the effective value is often called the root-mean-square
value, or simply the rms value.
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 Effective Values of Current and Voltage
Example:
Find the average (dc) value and
the effective (rms) value for the
Given periodic current 𝑖(𝑡) ?
1 𝑇
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
= 0 𝐴 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦
1 𝑇2
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0

1 42 4
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4 𝑑𝑡 = 5.33 = 2.31 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑠
4 0 0

Note: Average power delivered to a 1Ω resistor = 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 𝑅 = 5.33 [W]

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 Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform
The most important special case is that of the sinusoidal waveform. For a
2𝜋
sinusoidal current 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 𝐴 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 = 𝜔 . The
effective value of 𝑖(𝑡) is:
2𝜋
𝜔 𝜔
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = න 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 0
2𝜋
𝜔 1 1
= 𝐼𝑚 ‫׬‬ 𝜔 + cos 2(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 0 2 2

2𝜋
𝜔 𝑡 . = 𝐼𝑚 [𝐴 ]
𝜔
= 𝐼𝑚 𝑟𝑚𝑠
2𝜋 2 .0 2

𝑉𝑚
Similarly, for a voltage 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑉 , 𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2
[𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ]

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