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Polish adaptation of Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24)
Conference Paper · June 2016
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 III Conference
of Polish Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
Kraków, 20-22 June 2016

Polish adaptation of Spiritual Intelligence

Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24)

Katarzyna Skrzypińska
Paweł Atroszko
University of Gdańsk
 PLAN OF PRESENTATION

(1) Theoretical frames and empirical arguments of the Spiritual

Intelligence in a context of the Threefold Nature of Spirituality
(TNS) model

(2) Empirical data

(3) Conclusions and limitations

 ASSUMPTIONS

• Spirituality is very complicated phenomenon (Hood, Hill,

Spilka 2009; Oman 2013; Skrzypińska 2014 etc.)

• It is not a synonym for religiousness, but they share

common areas
• Spirituality has a threefold nature (Skrzypińska 2014)

• As a dimension of personality Spirituality uses its

intelligence as a tool for searching for meaning of life.
 Spirituality in relation to Religiousness,
View of the World and Beliefs
(Skrzypińska, 2002, 2013, 2014; Saucier & Skrzypińska, 2006)

Beliefs

● Spiritual
religiousness
Spirituality Religiousness
● Religious
spirituality

Individual
View of
The World
 THE FACES OF SPIRITUALITY
(Skrzypińska, 2012; 2014)

Spirituality has a threefold nature – manifests itself as:

Spirituality

1. Cognitive schema 3. Atitude to life

2. Dimension of personality
 Spirituality as

COGNITIVE SCHEMA
- meta-cognition of reality
- understanding of self and the world
- categorisation of objects
- reduction of cognitive dissonance
- maintaining of self-evaluation
- processes of atribution
 Spirituality as a cognitive schema
• Atkinson & Shiffrin (1971) – Modal Model of Cognition:
Sensory registers → environmental input → working
memory → long-term memory → organizing info
according to existing knowledge structures (categories,
schemas & scripts)

• Andresen (2001), Boyer (2003), Ozorak (2005) are in

accordance:
• Perception, memory, knowledge structures, judgment,
decision making, problem solving etc. are processes
related to religious cognition.
 Spirituality as

DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY
- introspection and processes in an area
of self structure
- looking for meaning of life
- self-realisation thanks fulfilling needs
- self-control
- motivation for acting
Spirituality as a dimension of personality

• Costa & McCrae (1992) - Big Five Model

• Emmons (1999), MacDonald (2000), Piedmont (1999;

2009), Skrzypińska (2005, 2013) are in accordance:
• Spirituality represents the 6th dimension of
personality
 Spirituality as

ATTITUDE
- to comply with norms
- process of evaluation
- attitude to world and people
- to behave in accordance with attitudes
 The faces of spirituality
(answers of respondents: Skrzypińska, 2012a)

Spirituality as

ATTITUDE
has its own components:

COGNITIVE EMOTIONAL- BEHAVIOURAL

(spirituality as -EXPERIENTIAL (acting in accordance
cognitive schema) MOTIVATIONAL with views and beliefs)
(Spirituality as
dimension of personality)
Spirituality as attitude to life - definition
(Skrzypińska, 2012, 2013, 2014)

• spirituality as “self-fulfillment in the pursuit of the

meaning of life, happiness and the search for the
ultimate, using cognitive, emotional-experiential-
motivational and behavioural resources, sometimes
accompanied by peak experiences = attitude to
life/sacrum.”

Above definition contains:

Cognitive schema → dimension of personality → attitude to life
SUMMARY: Spirituality – threefold nature
(vision of a structure and mechanisms, Skrzypińska, 2014)

Spiritual Intelligence

includes

Attitude
includes to life
Dimension
of personality
Cognitive
schemas creates

creates
 SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE

Human intelligence is an indispensable tool for adaptation

and creativity. But not only rational and emotional ones
play such important role. Spiritual intelligence helps us to
find sense of human existence – meaning of life
(Emmons, 1999; Halama & Striženec, 2004; Zohar &
Marshall, 2000 etc.).
 Spiritual Intelligence – definition
(King, 2008)

• a set of mental capacities which contribute to the

awareness, integration, and adaptive application of the
nonmaterial and transcendent aspects of one’s
existence, leading to such outcomes as deep existential
reflection, enhancement of meaning, recognition of a
transcendent self, and mastery of spiritual states.
 Original Scales of SISRI-24
(King, 2008)

I. Critical Existential Thinking (CET)

II. Personal Meaning Production (PMP)
III. Transcendental Awareness (TA)
IV. Conscious State Expansion (CSE)
 Methods/variables

• ASPIRES (The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious

Sentiments) by Piedmont (2010):
- Religious Sentiments (RS) &
- Spiritual Transcendence (ST).
• Religion as a Quest, Bateson & Schoenrade (1991).
• View of the World, Skrzypińska (2002).
• Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C)
Hofstee, de Raad, & Goldberg (1992).
 Continued…

• Basic Emotions, Wojciszke et. al. (1998).

• TEIQue-SF (Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire),
Petrides (2009).
• PIL (Purpose in Life Test), Crumbaugh & Macholick
(1963).
• SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale), Diener et. al. (1985).
 Participants

CFA: 638 participants

• 175 (27.4%) men
• 405 (63.5%) women
• 58 (9.1%) did not report gender

Mean age: 26.63 (SD = 9.29)

Min. 16, Max. = 73
284 did not report age
 Participants - denomination

Religion/denomination:
Catholic: 224 (35.5%)
Christian other: 21 (3.3%)
Atheist, agnostic or no: 84 (13.2%)
Other religion: 19 (3.0%)
No data: 290 (45.5%)
 Adaptation

• The original 4 factor model had a relatively acceptable fit

(minimum value of the discrepancy function divided by
degrees of freedom (CMIN/DF) = 4.14, RMSEA = .071
(90% confidence interval (CI) = .066−.076), CFI = .89,
TLI = .88).
• All standardized regression weights were above .40 and
ranged from .40 to .83.
 Adaptation

• These results were analogous to the results of

confirmatory factor analysis of the original version
• Taking into account the complexity of the model and the
relatively medium-low sample size, the obtained data
supports maintaining 4 factor model of the Polish version
of SISRI
• Further studies with larger sample sizes should be
conducted to provide more data on factorial validity
 Adaptation
Correlations between latent factors were:

CET <--> PMP .367

CET <--> TA .769

CSE <--> CET .597

PMP <--> TA .679

CSE <--> PMP .536

CSE <--> TA .720

CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion
 Adaptation

• These results were analogous to the results of

confirmatory factor analysis of the original version
• Taking into account the complexity of the model and the
relatively medium-low sample size, the obtained data
supports maintaining 4 factor model of the Polish version
of SISRI
• Further studies with larger sample sizes should be
conducted to provide more data on factorial validity
 Reliability
• Cronbach’s Alpha of the total scale = .911
• CET = .79;
CET -Critical Existential Thinking;
• PMP = .82; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;
TA - Transcendental Awareness;
• TA = .85; CSE - Conscious State Expansion
• CSE = .91

• Reliability of the whole scale and subsceles were good

and very similar to the original version of SISRI.
 Concurrent validity - ASPIRES

ASPIRES: SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

STS .468** .323** .308** .437** .424**

Prayer_full .399** .255** .308** .314** .399**

Universality .509** .415** .301** .524** .362**
Conectedness
.094 .060 -.032 .202* .050
REL_
SENTIMENTS -.132 .069 -.306** -.153 -.098

** p < .01, * p <.05

CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;
TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion
 Concurrent validity – Religion as a Quest

QUEST: SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

Readiness .234** .312** .019 .198* .129

Self_Criticism .109 .193* -.018 .148 -.037

Openness .137 .249** .012 .177* -.056

Quest_sum .201* .332** .005 .219** .004

** p < .01, * p <.05
CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Concurrent validity – View of the World

Views: SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

Higher
Power .302** .279** .125 .282** .272**

Human
Power -.028 .049 -.036 .019 -.147

Chance
Power -.015 .080 -.125 -.038 -.016

** p < .01, * p <.05

CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Concurrent validity - Personality

Personality SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

.188* .063 .319** .131 .097
Extraversion
.374** .092 .538** .326** .244**
Agreeableness
.187* -.007 .386** .147 .110
Conscientiousness
.150 -.063 .385** .088 .115
Emotional stability
.359** .295** .303** .303** .196*
Intellect
** p < .01, * p <.05
CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Concurrent validity - Emotions

Emotions SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

LOVE .264** .071 .391** .282** .124

JOY .279** ,029 .458** .212** .237**
SADNESS -.039 .204* -.395** .005 -.027
ANGER .011 .140 -.163* .025 -.013
FEAR -.037 .185* -.291** -.025 -.044
SHAME -.008 .190* -.340** .028 .039
Positive_E .305** .059 .476** .282** .198*
Negative_E -.023 .214** -.355** .008 -.016
** p < .01, * p <.05
CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Concurrent validity – Emotional Intelligence
TEIQ-ue SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

TEIQ-ue
.355** .017 .608** .320** .237**
_sum
.369** .049 .598** .324** .253**
Well_being
.196* -.032 .442** .092 .211**
Self_control

Emotionality .240** .032 .357** .313** .060

Sociability
.208** .042 .316** .173* .138
Motivation
.282** -.001 .472** .255** .157*
** p < .01, * p <.05
CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Concurrent validity – Purpose in Life
PIL SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

PIL_SUM ,334** ,034 ,625** ,245** ,221**

GOALS ,403** ,166* ,596** ,325** ,215**
SENSE ,324** ,028 ,625** ,250** ,200*
AFIRMATION
,307** ,018 ,584** ,242** ,190*
Apprais of_SELF
,315** ,074 ,569** ,243** ,187*
Apprais of_LIFE
,336** ,082 ,591** ,228** ,251**
Responsibility_
Freedom ,179* ,017 ,387** ,144 ,072

Attitude to DEATH ,076 -,119 ,225** ,017 ,167*

** p < .01, * p <.05

CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Concurrent validity – Satisfaction With Life

SISRI CET PMP TA CSE

Satisfaction
with Life .253** .019 .421** .173* .246**

** p < .01, * p <.05

CET -Critical Existential Thinking; PMP - Personal Meaning Production;

TA - Transcendental Awareness; CSE - Conscious State Expansion

 Discussion

• Polish SISRI showed acceptable factorial structure

• Polish SISRI showed good reliability
• Polish SISRI showed good concurrent validity
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Conclusion

Polish SISRI showed good psychometric properties

suggesting that it is useful tool in studying spiritual
intelligence in Polish population.
Further studies are required to provide more data on its
factorial, concurrent, discriminant, convergent, and predicitve
validity as well as temporal stability.

psyks@univ.gda.pl