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 NATURAL VENTILATION

Main Reasons:
» Difference in densities.
»Difference in temperature
» Difference in humidity
» Difference in pressure

Ways to produce difference in densities

– Presence of fire damp or steam or other gases

– Presence of fire in one of the shaft
– Passage of cold water down one of the shaft
– Movement of cage in the shaft
– Unequal depth of shaft
– Leakage
–Circulation of refrigerated air

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 NATURAL VENTILATION

BC & FD: Two shafts

DC: Joined at bottom by a level roadway
AF: Imaginary plane
Air at A & F: Same temp and pr
At C: Air Col AB + Air Col BC
At D: Air Col FD

At 15 m depth: Constant temp. line

Direction of Natural Ventilation

NVP

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 NVP

Mean Density
PD and PU

Shaft Depth D
(Equal)

BD and BU Mean
Barometric Pressure For Mine Shafts BD = BU = B
Neglecting the effect of moisture
eD and eU Average
Vapour Pressure

TD and TU Mean
Temperatures

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 NVP

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 MOTIVE COLOUMN

• Excess weight of air in DC air col. / m2 Generating NVP

Tu - Td
h = ----------------- X D
273 + Tu
Where: h = height of motive coloumn in m
Tu = Average temp in up cast shaft
Td = Average temp in down cast shaft
D = Depth of col. Between top of the higher level shaft and
bottom of the deeper shaft (in m)

NVP = Motive Coloumn X Density of air in Down cast shaft

Motive Col = D [1 – (273.15+Td/273.15+tu)]

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MOTIVE COLOUMN

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 Causes heating/cooling the air as it descends

• Conduction of heat from the strata

• Compression of air
• burning of lamps
• Oxidation of carbonaceous material
• Heat given out by man
• Heat given out by machinery
• Heat give out by subsiding strata

• Evaporation of moisture from wet shafts and road ways or from the
coal itself
• Expansion of the air as it rises up in the U. C. Shaft or up the rising
roadways to a higher level
• Local cooling effect due to expansion of compressed air at the
exhaust of compressed air motors.

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 OBJECTS OF VENTILATION

• To restore the proper composition of mine atmosphere which should

not contain
» O2 < 19% and CO2 > 0.5%

• To dilute other noxious and inflammable gases like CO, CH4 etc.
CH4 > 1.25% Place is not safe

• To provide good environmental condition and to prevent:

Excessive rise of temperature

Excessive rise of humidity
Wet bulb temp <= 33.5 °C

• To remove or dissipate the coal or rock dust produced in the mine.

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 STANDARDS OF VENTILATION

• Quantity of air in a ventilating district should be

– Minimum 6 m3/min per person employed in the district on the
largest shift.
– Not less than 2.5 m3/min per daily tonne output

• Underground air should not have less than 19% O2

• Underground air should not have more than 0.5% CO2

• Inflammable gas should be below 0.75%

• Wet bulb temp should not exceed 33.5 °C. If it exceeds 30.5 °C at any
place, air current should be faster than 1 m/s.

• Air samples and temperature readings should be taken once in 30

days.

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 STANDARDS OF VENTILATION

• In gassy coal mines of Degree II and Degree III 8 m3/min per person

• The quantity of air mentioned above should reach to the face.

Therefore the quantity of air going down a mine should be
Gassiness Degree Per person Per tonne of
(Coal Mines) in U/G Mine daily output
I 7 m3 3 m3
II & III 8-10 m3 4-5 m3
In metal mines: say up to 300 m deep

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