Graphic sad History of Architecture #*eoeeée#eeteeceoeseee#e8et#ée. 1onNM MANSORIDGEHGYP | THE ARCHAIC | THE OLD KINGDOM PERIOD Dynasty I II .3200 B.C. 2980 2789 2680 2565 2420 Union of Upper and Lower Kgyp Capital: Heliopolis The Age of the Pyramids Capital: Memphis * =. ¥ ae SEA Sidons Alexandri ren Vy > THE MIDDL i KINGDOM 158 2134 1991 % CASPIAN SEA -=,%.° PERSIA GULINTRODUCTION THE NEW KINGDOM THE LATE PERI XVIII XIX XX XXI = XX 1570 1314 1197 1085 671-663 5 The Egyptian Empire Assyrian in Asia and Nubia inyasion Capital : Thebes Egypt was a narrow strip of highly productive soil, 8 to 12 miles wide, along the banks of the Nile, about one-fifth of the area of England and Wales. From pre-dynastic times sun- dried mud bricks were used for houses, but these have not survived: timber was scarce and hence arches were built without centering. ‘There was however an abundance of limestone, sandstone and granite. The planning of irrigation canals and fields, necessitated by the annual inundations of the Nile, demanded a system of geometry (Gk land measuring). Believing in _alife after death, the Egyptians thought that the body should be preserved in a lasting tomb; this ecole a geometric construction of great solidity and permanence. ‘Temples constructed with columns, beams and massive, battered external wallsEGYPT Pit graves in desert cemetries : Pit graves transformed into Walls of | Beginning sand heap A surrounded by tombs by brick lining and flat’ sun-dried _ off stone circle of stones B over grave C wooden or arched brick roofs brick masonry 6.2200 B.C. Dynasti 3 é \ | Pg Ws uy 473 THE STEP PYRAMID, Saqqara, THE PYRAMID OF MEDUM, Dynasties III-IV Dynasty III: Section looking west Section looking west, reconstructed Built by Imhotep, architect to 1 Centre core. 2 Successive layers added, at about | King Zoser. 75°, each of local stone and cased with limestone. 1 Begun as a mastaba-tomb. 2-5 Then 3 Enlargement of the pyramid. 4 Steps filled in successively enlarged, in limestone.Set —_ with a facing of limestone. 5 The tomb chamber within a complex of buildings (p.18) | Stones on sledges. pulled up long earth ramps The Rocker; pulleys were unknown Suggested methods of hauling and lifting stonesPYRAMIDS Flat stone Step pyramid, The bent pyramid, Dahshur Pyrami of Cephren, tomb Saqqara Giza or mastaba ee ae = MAMIE, a EI v 707 50. Dynasty II] | 2680 Dynasty IV__2565 B.C. entrance section th rough King’s Chamber Os J. 2 Subterranean Chamber / x Area: I 2°I acres 755°88 rayy ‘Temple THE GREAT PYRAMID, GIZA Tomb of King Cheops, Dynasty IV Built of local stone on a core of rock with casing blocks of Tura limestone. Constructed of some 2,300,000 stone blocks; each weighing approximately 24 tons. It 1s probable that for a period of twenty years 100,000 men were levied annually, during the three months’ inundation of the Nile (July to October), for transporting stone. Also about 4,000 permanent skilled masons and attendant labourers were employedTe KGYPT THE OLD KINGDOM THE MIDDLE KINGDOM Dynasties II-VI, 2780-2258 B.c. i Dynasties XI-XII, 2134-1786 The Age of the Pyramids , The Step Pyramid, Saqqara, set within a complex of building: 5 of local stone faced a re with limestone a . DS - NS \ Built by | Soho) f for| King Zoser, ( reconstructed) “4 The great Pyramid of Cheops, Giza, Dynasty IV Funerary Temple f Mentuhotep |, eir-el- Bahari (reconstructed), Dynasty XI Pyramid of Sahura Pyramid o Neferirkara x Pyramid of ANAK Ne-user-raCOMPARATIVE BUILDINGS & PLANS THE NEW KINGDOM THE PTOLEMAIC PERIO“M Dynasties WAMITT- XX, 1570-1085 B.c. 332-20 B.C. The Age of the great ‘1emples Revival of ‘Temples Mortuary Temple of Amon, Deir-el-Bahari (reconstructed), Dynasty XVIII Designed by Senmut and \ af * . *,°, “ built for Queen Flatshepsut 4 Zw e * « . 4 * é “>.* c . The Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-212 B.C. Begun by Ptolemy II] ‘The Great Temple of Amon, Karnak, Dynasties XVITI-XAXI (Foundations Dynasty XJ) The ‘Temple - of Amon, Luxor, Dynasties X VITI-XITX Begun by Amenhotep III and added to by Rameses II The Temple of Hathor, Dendera, Ist cent. B.C. Temple of Seti I, Abydos, Dynasty x LA reat Temple, Abu Simbel, Nubia, St Paul's, London ynasty ATX. Built tor Rameses II Plans and buildings in black drawn to the same scale i a ae 500HGYP | THE TEMPLE OF KHONSU, KARNAK Dynasties XX - XXI 1 Avenue of sphinxes 2 Pylons (Gk: a gateway) Open courtyard with colonnade 4 Hypostyle hall (Gk: resting on pillars), beyond which only the king and priests might enter 5 Ihe sanctuary 6 Hall and store rooms Ss, 2 2 en a oe = \ ee mm ‘4 ny AB: Te ‘ * wT) S . nie meine | i ntiaiesianaie’ a} LU} EIT F a im ) = ss DS a BL ais A garden shrine from a painting emple of Amenhotep III, Island of Elephantine, in a tomb, Thebes, Dynasty XIX Dynasty XVIII (Destroyed a.p. 1822)TEMPLES 4 ee ae ee ee | Tinea 5O GREAT TEMPLE OF AMON, KARNAK Built of sandstone Begun Dynasty XII 1-4 Dynasty XVIII 5 Dynasty SAX HHH 6 Ptolemaic — bal SEeeeitl a a- Hed “@ eeraces ae Hypostyle hall, a-a 7 Temple of Rameses HI, Dyy / 7 8 Temple of Khonsu, Dynastig XX-XXI ra fl hall filled with sand and roof-slabs lowered into position eae __\_ ff E ma ff en ee fDeir-el-Bahari Valley ‘Temple built of granite: Rock-hewn tomb, Pyramid of Cephren, Giza. , - Beni- Hasan, Dynasty IV Dynasty VII Dynasty XIX COLUMN & BEAM PROTO-DORIC COLUMNS S 5 » cc , a VN — : 2 ¥ a Ke | awa lo Temple, = } 2a 4J * = m 2 | Pyramid me & of Sahura, ‘i Abusir | eo, | | Temple of Isis, EF ~ Philae Dynasty V . Ptolemaic PALM COLUMNS 4 wa : Dynasty Vs Dynasty XIX LOTUS COLUMNS _ Brick arch, Vault of damp mud bricks laid in bundle el ‘Asaseef, Thebes slanted courses without centeringCOLUMN BEAM & ARCH sb benicar oar necage closed a buds in aisles | ( ih The ¢ | Co con caer f Amon, | oraek. Hype Hall, Mortuary Chapel of Ne-user-ra, Abusir pyrex = oe Dynasty ALA ot ee ‘COLUMNS Temple of Hathor, Denderah, | Ten Fle of sic oe _ Philae Pislsugie. Prolemaic HA'THOR - HEADED COLUMNS - ee “COMPOSITE. - Corbelled-stone ee Co tomb, Aa Ri is Temple -tomb DeiselBehar Tenn» of Seti I; A ee i - Dynasty | AL 2WESTERN ASIA D. Second PERSIAN Sumerian city kingdoms Greek Roman __ Sassanid Babylon eleucid Period Empire oe Period | | — mn ¢. 4000 B.C. 2900 2050 1750 T2975 FeO Gr2-548 330 64 A.D.226 641 SUMERIAN CITY KINGDOMS Civilization in Western Asia began with city kingdoms in the rich alluvial plain between the lower Tigris and the Euphrates, an area about that of Wales (Map p. 14). ‘Tower- temples or ziggurats were the centre of city life. “There was no stone and little timber but clay was moulded into sun-dried brick. Buildings were faced with kiln-baked bricks, sparingly owing to lack of fuel. ASSY RIA Assyria was set on a high tableland of lime-stone, harder rock & alabaster, but the Assyrians continued to use sun-dried and kiln-baked bricks. Palaces of warrior-kings were built on large platforms of brick 30-50 feet high. Lower courses of walls were faced with slabs of alabaster g-12 feet high and carved with bas-reliefs or covered with plaster and painted with bright colour. ‘The arch was constructed for gateways, vaults and drains. SECOND BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.c.) rebuilt Babylon to a regular plan described in Le FHastortes by Herodotus (484-406 B.c.). Buildings were of kiln-baked brick and bitumen. | PERSIAN EMPIRE Palaces were built at the capital city of Susa, at Pasargadae and Persepolis, being constructed of stone which was abundant in Persia; whilst raised platforms and glazed coloured bricks were adapted from the Assyrians; also influences from Babylon, Syria and Egypt. SECOND PERSIAN—SASSANID—EMPIRE The capital city at Ctesiphon. Buildings were erected of kiln- baked brick, vaults and the earliest domes being built over square compartments, developed by the Byzantines. Cho PT PTT th) Stilus, scale and plan of King Gudea of Lagash, ¢.2350 B.C. The Ziggurat, Ur (restored), ¢.2350 B.C.INTRODUCTION - ASSYRIA TOO eer nnn | fo rtoLte top sie ; oI CLO Ch OO 0 0 O) ay PALACE OF SAGON II KHORSABAD (restored) 772-705 B.C. Both the platform, | about 50 ft high and 25 acres in extent, and pt the palace built of sun- SS , dried brick and faced’ Brick drain under palace with kiln-baked brick = built without centering 25aya es ieee me, , 2 e- i 5 =) ae ae ‘ an oy = eek ee a2 ys $n Perse E ee neta: ae be te aie cae aie — i" eS oe * cae * ee ae ae f ee = an Gee en , ite = = a a i = ae ee £ - A Pei r . A i Rg ar ass = ah ae —! AY Peal ab Higtt i 3 c 4 iv A Ma oi jae oF €& a ap ME s 2 = nm ih Ge ee Porrs : 2 2 oe = ul z 7 . . 7 745 : ‘ ene —— aS a rT = Jess Fis , aa : ee p ie = a 7 +1 a of . a“) _ Fe cc ; - - ; ‘ i 2 sepa eat Siig arnt 4 ir, ‘ 2 i= FCoE. ie es é .. Ald re irk Suk Pee ati een yey Me : * * ‘ tS ie a pu a vs : F a r —— — a a * Se a . = _ 3 J ‘ iad AANA MENT TNA LAS fee VAN oe lye bbe: | ie has ee ie & saat — jot, . . SE_vses Vee re eee manne Se a FHE CITY OF BABYLON (reconstructed), as rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar, 604-561 B.c., during the Second ee i Babylonian Empire. ae Palace Rich Described in The Histories of Herodotus “Hanging Gardens’ Ay iN rr Af We ey ° 45 : ww Temple NV ‘Tower Marduk House with roof-gardenPERSIA Palace of ae. iy dverxes =. = ai af iF e - a Ae PALACES OF PERSEPOLIS~ — (reconstructed ), Built by Darius (521-485 B.c.) and Xerxes fase 465 B.c.) Built on a platform 1500 ft by 1000 ft in area, and 40 ft above the plain, part solid rock, part large blocks of stone, without mortar, held by metal cramps. Buildings constructed of sun-dried brick and faced with glazed bricks Columns of stone and flat roofs of cedar wood ih ee ) Ce as Assyrian pavilion motits adopted by the PersiansWESTERN ASIA VAULTS & Brick vaulting Bricks were laid to form a base A; against an end wall B_ wedge-shaped bricks were fixed with mortar C. To ensure adherence these were often laid in sloping courses D. An arch was constructed with little or no centering to complete the vault E. To facilitate work and to reduce pressure, vaults (and domes) had a high oval profile F. When completed vaults were often re-inforced by a second or more courses of brick G. Sassanid Persian buildings, yaults and domes were constructed of kiln-baked bricks laid with a mortar of lime and sand The Persians built domes with little or no centering. A dome is an arched construction both vertically & | The Persians were the first to erect horizontally : each ring of brick or stone once closed _ circular domes on square plans wit in cannot fall if it rests adequately on the ring below _ four angular corbelled semi-domes ee ee ie The Palace, Serbistan (exterior restored), ¢. A.D.350Mes SECOND PERSIAN EMPIRE The Palace, Firouzabad (exterior restored), ¢. A.D.450GREEK AEGEAN HELLENIC , First Minoan—Crete Olympiad Archaic period 1500 1184 Establishment of Greek city-states along the Mediterranean and Black Sea €. 2000 O Ww oO 8 Mycenaean c¢.82e Homer .582 Pythagoras ¢.c10 e3 Syracuse | 1! 100 milesINTRODUCTION HELLENISTIC 492-479 444-429 334-323 146 31 B.C. War Ascendancy Alexander the Great Greece with of Athens King of Macedon a Roman Persia 431 — 404 province Peloponnesian War 323 Euclid 283 429/8 Plato 347 384 Aristotle 3 32 Macedonia 33.4 | s a *Maracanda ~~ V : ~. Arbela 331 | tT}. <> Saas po oe Baby ne Cee ey ih es usa, : route of —— ree : a ~ a3 ersepois 33 330 Alexander Egypt miles $7 bp 250 The Empire of Alexander the Great The Aegean Period. 1 No records survive of the Minoan sea-kings of Crete except remains of palaces, e.g. Cnossus. 2 The Mycenaeans built massive citadels with Cyclopean masonry and domed tholos tombs on the mainland. The Aegean civilization tell before the Homeric Greeks. The Hellenic Period. “The Greeks called themselves Hellenes (Hellas was called Graecia by the Romans).’They formed numerous small city states in which primitive houses surrounded a citadel and later a temple built on an acropolis or upper city. National unity was achieved by pan-Hellenic festivals held at Olympia, Delphi, Argos and Corinth every few years. The Hellenistic Period began with the Empire created by Alexander the Great when many new cities were founded with monumental buildings. The Greek temple developed from the Mycenaean megaron built of sun-dried brick, stone and timber to house a deity and to be looked at from senda not to contain a congregation within. The arch was known to the Grecks, but they based their temples on the colin & beam. hese developed from the 6th-4th centuries B.c., each with its own ratios of proport- ions established by experience. Columns were often placed closer than necessary to support the entablature in orderto create a repetitive rhythm of solids and voids. Optical refinements displaying an appearance of vitality and strength have been measured in a number of them. Many architects wrote treatises about their buildings, cited by Vitruvius (1st cent. B.c.) who classified their plans and proportions.CNOSSUS, CRETE ¢.1800-1600 B.C. The Palace’ of King Minos (restored), c.1800-1600 B.C, 1 The King and Queen’s apartments 2 Great staircase 3 Hall of the Colonnade 4 Hall of the Double Axes 5 Queen’s Megaron or Hall 6 Construction: A timber framework B sun-dried brick or rubble masonry C gypsum slabs or D plaster painted with frescoes E plinth and floor of gypsum or limestone F ceiling beams 7 Cypress columns fof the Great Hall’ : + (Homer) estored) ¢.1400-1 200 B.C. lestone ridge above the pe Wall from 24 to 274t WA \ Swide ascribed to the ie palace built of timber framework, sun-dried é bricks and columns of wood mteway 2 Greater propylaeum 3 Lesser propylaeum amems Megaron or Great Hall 5 The women’s Hall 32MYCENAE (restored), ¢.1350 B.C. The citadel palace of Agamemnon, Cyclopean walls of boulders weighing 5 to 6 tons were eased into alignment on pebbles ve 2 Lion Gate, Mycenae, ¢.1200 B.C. MYCENAE, The Treasury of Atreus, 1330-1300 B.C. One of some 4o beehive or tholos tombs on the Greek mainland. Built of corbelling without centering. ‘The door-way eee. flanked by 2 green sandstone half-columns with a relieving triangle aboveStone beams of great span are liable to fracture, therefore columns were placed close together Se, TIMBER construction, ¢.620 B.C. Doric temple of Apollo, Thermum. MARBLE construction, ¢.477-438 B.C. | Wooden entablature and columns The Parthenon, Athens |ine squared ashlar bedded and jointed without cement Stone left undressed to avoid 4, damage in 4 transport % i oe % i ie a > ; am \) : le < % Ti Sy ie 0 ay, i gee) La IRA %, Hh x en Oe i : % 4 g \ a Y f ’ f Y t % ERECTION OF Eee" OB A COLUMN@®@e@eeeee@neeeatseas@1sdeeesaesea ® eeeeeeeeee@e2@eeneesnsea@~eoeeesese ® —— —— = , A a i cretnineliaimanl - ; | i + oF ' | i. |ca drawn in black to the same scale ay et bh Petty ‘ oe —— De = Tre — a yl = TU LK eT Had rtd mT tL r- Sian on = ne ee aunypios M wen ge ws eae be one eae ea} Se he oe = = oases @ a 3&0 0 Su sal aostn af o | = x = a a xATHENS, Between the Greeks’ defeat of the Persians in 479 B.C. and the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) Athens rose to her zenith; under the leadership of Pericles buildings were erected on the Acropolis: 1 The Parthenon 2 The Propylaea 3 The Erechtheum (restored) 100 A, entrance to the Acropolis, \_ Mnesicles, architect. Built of marble ZPHE PARTHENON, 447-432 B.c. Doric temple 2 © dedicated to Athena. Ictinus and Callicrates, architects; ea Phidias, master sculptor. Optical refinements p. 38BUILDINGS ON THE ACROPOLIS THE ERECHTHEUM, 420-406 B.c. A. Sanctuary of Athena Polias B. Sanctuaries of Erechtheus and Poseidon Possible architect Mnesicles. The caryatids and column capitals may have been designed by Callimachus, inventor of the Corinthian capital. Built on 4 levels, irregular in plan to preserve places sacred to Athens; built of white marble ~~GREEK AEGEAN —_] Section of the g superimposed gi ‘cities’ of TROY “II Prehistoric citadel, ¢.2600-2300 B.C. VI Homeric Troy, 1900 B.c.; sacked ¢.1200 B.C. IX The Roman acropolis, ¢.30 B.c.-A.D. 14. & The Telesterion Il or Hall of the Mysteries, K Ql wg Y eS es 1200 Plan of selected buildings, Troy II Prehistoric citadel WI Homeric Troy (restored),PLANS, BUILDINGS AND HOUSES HELLENISTIC Dynamic planning Upper citadel, PERGAMUM, C.241-159 B.C. eee LO : —_ a Som r Lf (SS ‘tt A y The | Ly y) Bouleuterion ( YY / or Council Hall, Xf Miletus (restored), : ¢.175-164 B.C. Agora or market place, Priene (restored) i AGREEK REFINEMENTS Parthenon, —_— — —_ = Athens | ee ee ee ee 34 3 a a a i i i ie ilies. | | Paestum 28! gil 1 The Parthenon as seen 3 The front with inclined —_— —- axes of columns and with ere SS ee convex stylobate and Porro entablature producing the result seen at I Increase Tens 2@ In 2 Without optical corrections iN Entasis (Gk: distension) designed to counteract the illusion of the outline of 4 column curving inwards / 77 : y " , ® rise of @3. . = 25 in. rise of ie &S an ees 476 In. | | ALS 9 \6 ol = 228’ (fee St ee Exaggerated diagram of _ a | the rising curvature of the stylobate Angle columns look thinner seen dark and inward inclination of the columns against light and are thickened by 1; in. OPTICAL CORRECTIONS, THE PARTHENON, ATHENS Ilo : 8 Modules based on the lower diameter |_4°4 \djameters!_| 2 & 4 +4 Pycnostyle Systyle Diastyle Araeostyle Proportions of height, thickness & distance apart of columns according to Vitruvius (11,3)ORNAMENT ees mi The Tholos, Epidaurus, ¢.360 B.c. by the sculptor-architecS & | Polycleitus the Younger; ~ f ie built of sandstone and marble Wy, : eal Il The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, ¢.33.4 B.C. Podium of limestone, upper part white marble, Corinthian order used externally for the first time The Tower of the Winds, Athens, ¢.50 B.C. Clock-tower built of marbleROMAN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC C753 B.C. 500 The foundation Etruscan of Rome kings peek fae ee agynag § ae thage_ j at Carthaginians - bd 200 miles mae Roman territory ————+ 500 miles Italy at the beginning The Latin conquest of the Roman Republic, of Italy, iene eatics €.500 B.C. 275 B.C. Early Rome, with its Republican magistrates, town-council (senatus) and town-meetings (comitia), by a series of systematic conquests created an Empire round the Mediterranean consisting of different nationalities accepted as allies. The Roman Empire became a fusion of the practical Western idea of one universal society in which all men might live in conformity with Roman law and the Oriental conception of an Emperor-God with a throne-altar demanding a common worship and loyalty. This union between the West and the East was a continual source of weakness and led to the ultimate division of the Empire. The Romans built roads and bridges for swift communication, military camps with a simple set plan (later incorporated in many city-plans) for speed of construction, and government and civic buildings, which were both useful and symbolic of Roman law and order. Greek Hellenic Period 77516 32 4209/8 — Plato —347 384 Aristotle 322 342-Epicurus-270 326 ?-Zeno-264? (Stoicism) Hellenistic 327 TG. — A.D. 324 During the Republic kiln-baked bricks and _ stone blocks with or without mortar were _used in building. The invention of concrete revolutionised construction in the Empire. Concrete was used with a facing for protec- tion and a surface finish, & there is a sharp distinction between the art of the engineer constructing arches, vaults and domes and the applied art of decoration with columns and pilasters, marbles and mosaics. A, 31 D 106 43 Cidero Marcus Jol— Virgil +119 Aurelius 65 —Horace-+ 8 167— 180 59—Livy +17 46? Plutarch 120? THE ROMAN EMPIRE 20 3-Plotinus-26 2 INTRODUCTION 29 ALD. 284 324 394 476 A.D. Julius Augustus Nero Trajan Septimus End Caesar 27 14 59-68 98-117 Severus The capital, Rome, ofthe 106 — 44 Vespasian 192——211 moved to Byzantium Western 69—79 Hadrian by Constantine Empire Iya 8 306 Bay Neco, pce! Movements of barbarians The Division of the Empire 394 A.D. The Romans invented all possible variations in the plans of buildings which were copied by later architects. The Ten Books on Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, a Roman architect and engineer who lived in the 1st century B.c. was widely read in the Renaissance and later. S250; Christianity the official religion of the Empire. 354 St Augustine 430The Forum Romanum (restored), looking towards the Tabularium Forum and basilica, Silchester, England, C.A.D. 50-100 FORUMS, ROME (restored) I Forum Romanum, from ¢.5th century B.c. II Julium, 498.c.-A.D.14. III Augustus, 28 B.c.-a.D. 14. [TV Vespasian, V Nerva, ¢.a.D. 97. WI Trajan, A.D. 100-117. TEMPLES: 1 Saturn, 44 B.c. 2 Concord, 7 B.c. 3 Venus Genetrix, 49 B.C. 4 Mars Ultor, 14-2 B.c. 5 Minerva, 28 B.c.-a.p. 14. 6 Divus Julius, 8 p.c.-a.p. 14. 7 Castor and Pollux, a.p.6. 8 Peace, a.D.67-79. 9 Vespasian, A.b.94. 10 Trajan, A.D.100-117. 11 Venus and Rome, a.p. 123-135. 12 Faustina, A.D. 141. 13 Vesta, A.D. 205. BASILICAS: 14 Aemilia, ¢.179 B.c. 15 Julia, 46 B.c. 16 Trajan, A.D. 100-117. 17 Constantine, A.D, 310-313. BUILDINGS: 18 Tabularium, 78 3.c. 19 Curia (Senate House), 49 B.C.-A.D.14.20 House of the Vestal Virgins, c.A.D.17.21 Colosseum, A.D. 70-82.2 2 Arch of Septimus Severus, a.D.203. A.D. 69-79.