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Department of Civil Engineering Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia
Department of Civil Engineering Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
CONCEPTUAL INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
AUGUST 2020
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to Allah, the Almighty for the blessings
throughout the time to complete the project successfully. We would like to express our deep
and sincere gratitude to the project supervisors, Prof. Ir. Dr. Maisarah Ali and Ir. Dr. Baderul
Hisham in Ahmad for giving us the chance to do this project and providing us continuous
guidance throughout the process. It was a great privilege and honor for us to learn from them.
We would also extend our gratitude to all lectures involved in providing the most needed
The completion of this project could not be accomplished without having dedicated
and supportive group members. We are truly thankful for the continuous encouragement and
support that is given to each other towards the completion of this project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................. 1
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 10: Guideline to Design Platform Level and Cross Section .......................................... 14
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CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Earthwork is an engineering work which involves the movement of big quantities of soils
or unformed rock. Earthwork is done subjected to the condition stated in the Street, Drainage and
Building Act 1974 (Act 133) by which no one shall carry out or permitted to be carried out any
earthwork without submitting the plans and specifications to the local authority prior to earthwork
process and they should obtain approval of the local authority after the submission of plan and
specification. Generally, earthwork is done before the construction of any building, roads, drain,
sewer and any other construction works to provide a suitable platform level and gradient for
building works.
The components that are involved in the design of earthwork are survey plan, platform
level, cross section of several parts of the development area and the erosion and sediment control
plan or known as ESCP. The survey plan shows the existing area and the surrounding while the
cross section part is useful to know the terrain of the development site.
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Figure 2. 1: Survey Plan
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Four cross sections from the development area are extracted to get a precise earth volume
after considering the size and the condition of the site. Two are done for the x-x cross section and
the other two are for the y-y cross section. The cross section is shown in figure 2.3 and figure 2.4
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Figure 2. 4: Y-Y Cross Section of the Development Area
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2.2 ESCP
Erosion and sediment control plan or known as ESCP is the specification of temporary
measures that must be implemented during the construction phase. It may involve permanent
measures that will still remain in the development area. This plan is done to control environmental
impact from sedimentation and erosion. According to the guideline, there are 8 components to
prepare a good ESCP. The components include minimizing soil erosion, preserving topsoil and
other assets, providing access route and site management, runoff control and management,
earthwork and erosion control, sediment prevention control, slope stabilization and site
maintenance. The main principle of ESCP is it should be part of the design of engineering drawing
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2.2.1 ACCESS ROAD AND WASH TROUGH
Access roads are essential during construction as it is used to provide temporary access
into and through the construction sites and also as permanent and low-traffic access for
maintenance activities. This access road needs to be located where the disturbance to vegetation
can be minimized while taking into consideration the purpose of the road. For the project, the main
access road is located near to the existing roads outside the development area as shown in figure
On the other hand, to reduce the pollution that comes from sediments and dust from the
site area, the usage of wash through is effective. It helps to minimize the tracking of sediment onto
the public roads. Wash through is provided at the exit road as it is used to wash the vehicles before
it exits from the site. The width of wash through should be the same as the width of the exit road.
It consists of a vibration grid which helps to remove the dust from the tires. The figure 2.6 below
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Figure 2. 6: Typical Design of Wash Through
A silt fence or sediment fence is a barrier that is temporarily placed on the site to decrease
the velocity of sheet and overland flows. Silt fence consists of a fabric filter that is stretched across
the soil and attached and entrenched to supporting posts. It is backed by a wire fence for support
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depending on the strength of the fabric. Although it does not filter runoff, it is useful to allow soil
particles to settle by creating upstream ponding reducing the velocity of the flow. Silt fences are
quite simple components to construct and relatively cheap. It can also easily be moved in line with
the progress of the development. In this project, it is implemented in four areas which are mostly
The implementation of silt fence also has several limitations. It cannot be placed on a slope
or across any contour line, cannot be used or not practical at any place where the flow is
concentrated and it will cause temporary flooding as it creates a temporary sediment pond on the
upstream side of the fence. Therefore, a good design criteria of silt fence must be chosen. The table
2.1 below shows the design criteria of silt fence according to the JPS Guideline for Erosion.
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Table 2. 1: Design Criteria of Silt Fence for Sediment Control
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2.2.3 SILT TRAP
Silt trap is defined as a small temporary ponding area formed by soil excavation or
construction of earthen embankment. Usually, it comes with a gravel outlet. The main purpose of
silt trap is to hold runoff that comes from disturbed areas for a long enough period to allow for the
sediments to settle out. It is to be used on smaller catchment areas where there are no complex
drainage components and where construction takes a reasonably short period of time to complete.
The trap is located where the sediment can easily be removed and the outlet must be stabilized
with rocks, vegetation or any other suitable materials. On the other hand, it must be inspected
weekly and also after each rainfall. The sediment must be removed when the storage level is less
The limitation of using silt trap is it requires a large area to allow the settling and infiltration
of sediments. Moreover, it can only be used for drainage areas up to 2 hectares. Therefore, design
criteria of this component must be followed as described by JPS as shown in table 2.2 below.
Design
Design
● First 40mm rainfall for site <2 year construction period
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Overspill All flow up to 10 year ARI shall safely bypass the trap.
Runoff Retention All flow up to runoff quality design flow shall be retained within the
necessary.
Maximum 2 hectares
Contributing Area
● Minimum depth of 1m
Erosion Protection Outlet protection shall be provided for the emergency spillway.
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Figure 2. 8: Silt Trap
The earth drain is constructed within the site area for the project to ensure the water will
only flow within the site area and not beyond the construction area. For this project, the water
flows to the silt trap before it is discharged to the nearest river. Sungai Tiram is the nearest river
There are several temporary facilities and accommodation provided for the staff and workers in
the construction site. It includes the site office, workers basecamp and temporary toilet. The
employer is responsible to ensure safe means of access are provided and maintained from and to
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Figure 2. 9: Example of Accommodation and Facilities on the Construction Site
The proposed platform level is determined by referring to the topography of the site area
and based on the scheme of development requirements. For instance, the highest flood level or
nearest existing access road and discharge point should be considered. The process is done by
following the flow guideline as stated in the figure 2.10 below. The proposed platform level as in
table 2.3 is also integrated with the existing development or existing level in order to achieve an
almost balanced percentage of cut and fill volume within the development area. The slope
formation from the proposed platform level is also taken into consideration that it must be kept
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Figure 2. 10: Guideline to Design Platform Level and Cross Section
Housing
Commercial
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Medium-Low cost Convenient Store (RM150,000) 66
20’x60’
Open Area 64 - 67
Primary School 65 - 67
Religious School 65 - 67
Kindergarten 65
Multipurpose Hall 65
Surau 65
Burial reserves 67
Electrical Substation 64 - 68
Drain reserves 58
Detention Pond 60
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Road and Lane reserves 64.25 - 69.75
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2.4 CUT AND FILL
Cut and fill the process which involves the modification of the surface level by adding or
removing the material from the surface. It is an essential component for any development project.
There are several methods for cut and fill calculation whether by using manual calculation or
software. For this project, the method that is implemented is the manual calculation or specifically
1. On the layout plan of the area, a set of equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines is drawn
2. The existing and proposed level at each intersection of the horizontal and vertical line is
determined.
3. The existing elevation is then subtracted from the proposed elevation for each intersection.
The negative number indicates fill and positive number means cut.
4. In each cell, four cut and fill numbers are added together and divided by four to get the
5. The average cut or fill depth is then multiplied by the area of one grid to get the cut or fill
7. The difference between total cut and fill is calculated and the percentage difference is
obtained.
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8. The positive percentage difference indicates the need to import dirt onto the building site
while negative difference means that there are more cuts than fill and the material needs to
The result obtained from the calculation is the total cut volume, total fill volume and the
percentage difference between total cut and total fill. The percentage difference indicates the
volume of soil that is needed to be imported or exported from the development area. The
calculation of cut and fill by using grid method is made by using Microsoft Office Excel and the
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EARTHWORK COMPUTATION
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