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Shellstructures PDF
Shellstructures PDF
Shellstructures PDF
INTRODUCTION
LATTICE AND PORTAL FRAME BUILDINGS CONSIST OF A STRUCTURAL FRAME WHICH SUPPORTS SLAB, ROOF AND WALL
COVERING. THIS FRAME SERVES PURELY AS THE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST WEATHER.
THE ROOF AND WALL COVERING ADD NOTHING TO THE STRENGTH THE RIGIDITY OF STRUCTURAL FRAME.
A SHELL STRUCTURE IS A THIN CURVED MEMBRANE OR SLAB USUALLY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE THAT FUNCTIONS
BOTH AS STRUCTURE AND COVERING.
THE TERM “SHELL” IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURES WHICH POSSESS STRENGHT AND RIGIDITY DUE TO ITS THIN,
NATURAL AND CURVED FORM SUCH AS SHELL OF EGG, A NUT, HUMAN SKULL, AND SHELL OF TORTISE.
THE TERMS SINGLE CURVATURE AND DOUBLE CURVATURE DO NOT PROVIDE A PRECISE GEMOETRIC DISTINCTION
BETWEEN THE FORM OF SHELL BECAUSE A BARREL VAULT IS SINGLE CURVATURE BUT SO IS A DOME.
THE TERMS SINGLE AND DOULBE CURVATURE ARE USED TO DISTINGUISH THE COMPARITIVE RIGIDITY OF THE TWO
FORMS AND COMPLEXITY OF CENTRING NECESSARY TO CONSTRUCT THE SHELL FORM.
CONOID
DOME
HYPERBOLOID
BARREL VAULT PARABOLOID
FORMS OF CURVATURE:
SURFACES OF REVOLUTION:
SURFACES OF REVOLUTION ARE GENERATED BY THE
REVOLUTION OF A PLANE CURVE, CALLED THE MERIDIONAL
CURVE,
ABOUT AN AXIS, CALLED THE AXIS OF REVOLUTION.
IN THE SPECIAL CASE OF CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL
SURFACES, THE MERIDIONAL CURVE CONSISTS OF A LINE
SEGMENT.
THE LATTER CURVE, ON WHICH THE ORIGINAL CURVE SLIDES, IS CALLED THE GENERATOR OF THE SURFACE.
IN THE SPECIAL CASE IN WHICH THE GENERATOR IS A STRAIGHT LINE, THE RESULTING SURFACE IS CALLED A
CYLINDRICAL SURFACE.
REVOLUTION.
FORMS OF CURVATURE:
RULED SURFACES :
RULED SURFACES ARE GENERATED BY SLIDING EACH END OF A STRAIGHT LINE ON THEIR OWN GENERATING CURVE.
THESE LINES ARE NOT NECESSARILY AT RIGHT ANGLE TO THE PLANES CONTAINING THE END CURVES.
COOLING TOWER, GENERATED BY STRAIGHT CONOID, GENERATED BY STRAIGHT LINE TRAVELING ALONG ANOTHER
LINES GOULD 1988 STRAIGHT LINE AT ONE END AND CURVED LINE AT OTHER END. JOEDICKE
1963
SHELLS
DEVELOPED NONDEVELOPED
IN OTHER WORDS, SURFACES WITH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE GAUSSIAN CURVATURE (I.E. SYNCLASTIC AND ANTICLASTIC
SURFACES) CANNOT BE DEVELOPED, WHILE THOSE WITH ZERO GAUSSIAN CURVATURE CAN BE DEVELOPED.
IT IS FORMED BY BENDING A FLAT PLANE, THE MOST TYPICAL SHAPE OF A DEVELOPABLE SHELL IS A BARREL, AND A
BARREL SHELL IS CURVED ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION.
BARREL :
SYNCLASTIC SHELLS:
THESE SHELLS ARE DOUBLY CURVED
AND HAVE A SIMILAR CURVATURE IN EACH DIRECTION. E.G. DOMES
A DOME IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF A SYNCLASTIC SHELL, IT IS DOUBLY CURVED AND CAN BE FORMED BY ROTATING A
CURVED LINE AROUND AN AXIS.
A DOME CAN BE SPLIT UP INTO TWO DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS; VERTICAL SECTIONS SEPARATED BY LONGITUDINAL ARCH
LINES (ALSO CALLED MERIDIANS), AND HORIZONTAL SECTIONS SEPARATED BY HOOPS OR PARALLELS.
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR :
SIMILAR TO ARCHES UNDER A UNIFORM LOADING THE DOME IS UNDER COMPRESSION EVERYWHERE, AND THE STRESSES
ACT ALONG THE ARCH AND HOOP LINES.
FORMS OF CURVATURE:
NON-DEVELOPABLE SURFACES (DOUBLY CURVED) :
ANTICLASTIC SHELLS : ARE DOUBLY CURVED BUT EACH OF THE TWO CURVES HAVE
THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE OTHER. E.G. SADDLE POINTS.
ANTICLASTIC
CONOIDS, HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID AND HYPERBOLOIDS ARE ALL CONSIDERED TO
THE ANTICLASTIC SHELL BECAUSE THEY ARE SADDLED SHAPE WITH DIFFERENT
CURVATURE IN EACH DIRECTION AND STRAIGHT LINES CAN BE DRAWN OF THE
SURFACE. CONOID
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID:
FORMED BY SWEEPING A CONVEX PARABOLA ALONG A CONCAVE
PARABOLA OR BY SWEEPING A STRAIGHT LINE OVER A STRAIGHT PATH AT
ONE END AND ANOTHER STRAIGHT PATH NOT PARALLEL TO THE FIRST.
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIORS:
DEPENDING ON THE SHAPE OF THE SHELL RELATIVE TO THE CURVATURE,
THERE WILL BE DIFFERENT STRESSES.
SHELL ROOFS, HAVE COMPRESSION STRESSES FOLLOWING THE CONVEX
CURVATURE AND THE TENSION STRESSES FOLLOW THE CONCAVE
CURVATURE.
FORMS OF CURVATURE:
TENSION TIE :
HOWEVER, IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE TIE WILL BE FUNICULAR FOR ANY
SHAPE OF EITHER THE PLAN OR
ELEVATION.
THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE FOLDED PLATE IS THE EASE IN FORMING PLANE
SURFACES. A FOLDED PLATE MAY BE FORMED FOR ABOUT THE SAME COST AS A
HORIZONTAL SLAB AND HAS MUCH LESS STEEL AND CONCRETE FOR THE SAME SPANS.
Z SHELL
BARREL VAULTS ARE PERHAPS THE MOST USEFUL OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES BECAUSE THEY CAN SPAN UPT O 150 FEET
WITH A MINIMUM OF MATERIAL. THEY ARE VERY EFFICIENT STRUCTURES BECAUSE THE USE THE ARCH FORM TO REDUCE
STRESSES AND THICKNESSES IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION.
MULTIPLE BARRELS -
CORRUGATED CURVES UNSTIFFENED EDGES OUTSIDE STIFFENERS THE LAZY S
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES:
DOMES OF REVOLUTION:
HALF SPHERE
MOST SUITABLE MATERIAL
THE MATERIAL MOST SUITED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SHELL STRUCTURE IS CONCRETE BECAUSE IT IS A HIGHLY PLASTIC
MATERIAL WHEN FIRST MIXED WITH WATER THAT CAN TAKE UP ANY SHAPE ON CENTERING OR INSIDE FORMWORK.
SMALL SECTIONS OF REINFORCING BARS CAN READILY BE BENT TO FOLLOW THE CURVATURE OF SHELLS.
ONCE THE CEMENT HAS SET AND THE CONCERETE HAS HARDENED THE R.C.C MEMBRANE OR SLAB ACTS AS A STRONG,
RIGID SHELL WHICH SERVES AS BOTH STRUCTURE AND COVERING TO THE BUILDING.
CENTERING OF SHELLS
CENTERING IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE NECESSARY
TEMPORARY SUPPORT ON WHICH THE CURVED R.C.C SHELL
STRUCTURE IS CAST.
EDGE BEAMS MAY BE CAST AS DROPPED BEAMS OR UPSTAND BEAMS OR PARTIALLY AS BOTH. IN HOT CLIMATE THE
DROPPED BEAM IS USED WHEREAS IN TEMPERATE CLIMATE UPSTAND BEAM IS USED TO FORM DRAINAGE CHANNEL FOR
RAIN WATER.
IN MULTI-BAY STRUCTURES, SPREADING OF THE VAULTS IS LARGELY TRANSMITTED TO THE ADJACENT SHELLS, SO DOWN
STAND AND FEATHER VALLEY BEAM IS USED.
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C BARREL VAULT:
EXPANSION JOINTS:
THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE CAUSES THE
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES, WHICH CAUSES THE STRUCTURES TO
DEFORM OR COLLAPSE.
ADVANTAGE OF THE SHELL IS THAT ITS CONCAVE SOFFIT REFELECTS AND HELPS TO DISPERSE LIGHT OVER AREA BELOW.
DISADVANTAGE IS THAT TOP LIGHT MAY CAUSE OVER HEATING AND GLARE.
ROOF COVERING:
SHELLS MAY BE COVERED WITH NON-FERROUS SHEET METAL, ASPHALT, BITUMEN FELT, A PLASTIC MEMBRANE OR A
LIQUID RUBBER BASE COATING.
ROOF INSULATION:
THE THIN SHELL OFFERS POOR RESISTANCE TO TRANSFER OF HEAT. THE NEED TO ADD SOME FORM OF INSULATING
LINING ADDS CONSIDERABLY TO COST OF SHELL.
THE MOST SATISFACTORY METHOD OF INSULATION IS TO SPREAD A LIGHT WEIGHT SCREED OVER THE SHELL.
DIFFICULTIES OF PROVIDING INSULATION AND MAINTING THE ELEGANCE OF CURVED SHAPE MAKES THESE STRUCTURES
LARGELY UNSUITED TO HEATED BUILDINGS IN TEMPERATE CLIMATE.
CONSTRUCTION OF R.C.C BARREL VAULT:
ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SHELLS:
ADVANTAGES:
1. VERY LIGHT FORM OF CONSTRUCTION. TO SPAN 30.0 M SHELL THICKNESS REQUIRED IS 60MM
2. DEAD LOAD CAN BE REDUCED ECONOMIZING FOUNDATION AND SUPPORTING SYSTEM
3. THEY FURTHER TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT THAT ARCH SHAPES CAN SPAN LONGER
4. FLAT SHAPES BY CHOOSING CERTAIN ARCHED SHAPES
5. ESTHETICALLY IT LOOKS GOOD OVER OTHER FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION
DIS-ADVANTAGES:
1. SHUTTERING PROBLEM
2. GREATER ACCURACY IN FORMWORK IS REQUIRED
3. GOOD LABOUR AND SUPERVISION NECESSARY
4. RISE OF ROOF MAY BE A DISADVANTAGE
CASE STUDY- SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
CASE STUDY- SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
SYSTEM SPANS AND EFFECTIVE SPANS:
THE SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE SPANS UP TO 164 FEET.
THIS INVOLVED LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS AND BUILDING A PODIUM 82 FEET (25 M) ABOVE SEA LEVEL. MORE THAN
39,239 CUBIC FEET (30,000 M3) OF ROCK AND SOIL WERE REMOVED BY EXCAVATORS.
THE FOUNDATION WAS BUILT ATOP A LARGE ROCK THAT SAT IN SYDNEY HARBOUR. THE SECOND STAGE SAW THE BUILDING
OF THE SHELLS, THE PODIUM STRUCTURE, THE STAGE TOWER, AND THE NECESSARY MACHINERY.
CABLE BEAMS WERE BUILT AND REINFORCED BY STEEL CABLES TO RELEASE THE STRESS OF THE WEIGHT. THE STRENGTH OF
THE CABLES WAS TESTED BY LOADING ADDITIONAL WEIGHTS. WHEN THE BUILDERS WERE SATISFIED THAT THE CABLES
WOULD SUPPORT, THE BEAMS WERE MADE EXTENDABLE BY OTHER BEAMS.
CASE STUDY- SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
SYSTEM SPANS AND EFFECTIVE SPANS:
THE "SHELLS" WERE PERCEIVED AS A SERIES OFPARABOLAS SUPPORTED BY PRECAST CONCRETE RIBS. THE FORMWORK FOR
USING IN-SITU CONCRETE WOULD HAVE BEEN PROHIBITIVELY EXPENSIVE, BUT, BECAUSE THERE WAS NO REPETITION IN ANY
OF THE ROOF FORMS, THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL SECTION WOULD POSSIBLY HAVE
BEEN EVEN MORE EXPENSIVE.
THE DESIGN TEAM WENT THROUGH AT LEAST 12 ITERATIONS OF THE FORM OF THE SHELLS TRYING TO FIND AN
ECONOMICALLY ACCEPTABLE FORM (INCLUDING SCHEMES WITH PARABOLAS, CIRCULAR RIBS AND ELLIPSOIDS) BEFORE A
WORKABLE SOLUTION WAS COMPLETED. IN MID-1961, THE DESIGN TEAM FOUND A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM: THE SHELLS
ALL BEING CREATED AS SECTIONS FROM A SPHERE. THIS SOLUTION ALLOWS ARCHES OF VARYING LENGTH TO BE CAST IN A
COMMON MOULD, AND A NUMBER OF ARCH SEGMENTS OF COMMON LENGTH TO BE PLACED ADJACENT TO ONE ANOTHER,
TO FORM A SPHERICAL SECTION.
CASE STUDY- SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
CONSTRUCTION:
CASE STUDY- SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
1. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE STEEL REINFORCING 2. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE ON COMPLETION OF PODIUM 1
3. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE ON COMPLETION OF PODIUM 2 4. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE SHELL RIBS
CASE STUDY- SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
FINISHES: