Modifiable Factor Non Modifiable Factor

-farmer -tropical countries

-exposure to contaminated -gender (men)
water
-parasitic worms

Cercariae penetrate human skin within a few minutes

after exposure

Penetrate the skin, they lose their forked tail an

d transform into schistosomula

Which travel through the bloodstream to the liver,

where they mature into adults

The adults then migrate to their ultimate home in the intestinal veins or
the venous plexus of the genitourinary tract.

Adult schistosoma worms live and copulate within venules

of the mesentery or bladder

 eggs penetrate the intestinal or bladder mucosa and

are passed in stool or urine

Signs and Symptoms

fever, malaise, cough, rash, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, nausea, lymphadenopathy,
hypersensitivity , transient pruritic, papular skin rash
gross hematuria, secondary urinary tract infections, and
nonspecific pelvic pain.

SCHISTOSOMIASIS
 Modifiable Factor Non Modifiable Factor
-poor environmental sanitation -tropical countries
- polluted water -gender (men)
-open drainage canal
-occupation-dependent exposure
to mosquitoes 

Microfilaria enter the lymphatic vessels of mammary gland and

develop into adult worms, disrupting lymphatic drainage

Intact adult worms produce minimal tissue reaction but can cause
obstruction leading to lymphedema

Degenerating / dying worms provoke an inflammatory reaction forming a

mass with eosinophilic and granulomatous inflammation

Some of the inflammation is in response to antigens of the endosymbiotic

bacteria Wolbachia, which the filarial worms contain

lymphangitis and fibrosis may result

Chronic inflammation leads to nonpitting edema,
hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis and
chronic lymphoedema or elephantiasis.
limbs and hydrocele (scrotal swelling).
Involvement of breasts and genital organs

FILARIASIS
 Modifiable Factor Non Modifiable Factor
- associated with freshwater -tropical regions
or animal exposure -Gender (Male)
-Work related (Sewage workers, farmers,
veterinarians, or hunters)
- leisure activities (kayaking, tramping, and
other outdoor sports)

gains entry via open wound

penetrate the mucosal lining of the skin

multiplies in blood and nearby tissue

produce endotoxin

attached to endothelial cells

spread to any part of the body particularly affects

the liver and kidney

Signs and Symptoms

Hypovolemia, from dehydration
altered capillary permeability
fever , chills and muscle pain
diarrhea, vomiting, headache, pain in the chest
jaundice and fatigue

LEPTOSPIROSIS