STRUCTURAL FRAMES

Frames structures can be differentiated into: 2. Braced frame structure

Which is further subdivided into:

1. Rigid frame structure Gabled frames

The word rigid means ability to resist the Gabeled Structural Frame:
deformation. Rigid frame structures can be
Gabled frame structures usually have the peak
defined as the structures in which beams &
at their top. These frames systems are in use
columns are made monolithically and act
where there are possibilities of heavy rain and
collectively to resist the moments which are
snow.
generating due to applied load.

Rigid Frame: When a rigid frame structure is

subjected to a vertical load, it is also picked up
by the beams and eventually transferred
through the columns to the ground. However,
the joints are strongly connected, preventing
any free rotation from occurring at the beams
ends. This slight difference changes everything
about the behavior of the beams, which is now
the same as a fix-ended beam.

Rigid frame structures provide more stability.

Portal structural frames usually look like a door.
This type of frame structures resists the shear,
This frame system is very much in use for
moment and torsion more effectively than any
construction of industrial and commercial
other type of frame structures. That's why this
buildings
frame system is used in world's most
astonishing building Burj Al-Arab. Load path in Frame Structure:

It is a path through which the load of a frame

structure is transmitted to the foundations. In
Which are further subdivided into:
frame structures, usually the load path is:
A pinned ended rigid frame system usually has
Load first transfers from slab to beams then to
pins as their support conditions. This frame
from beam to columns, then from columns it
system is considered to be non rigid if its
transfers to the foundation.
support conditions are removed.

fix Ended Rigid Frame Structure:

In this type of rigid frame systems end

conditions are usually fixed.

SHEAR WALL
Shear wall is a structural member used to resist
lateral forces i.e parallel to the plane of the
wall. For slender walls where the bending
deformation is more Shear wall resists the loads
due to Cantilever Action and for short walls
where the shear deformation is more it resists
the loads due to Truss Action.
Strength of Shear Walls
The strength of a wall system depends on many
factors including the strength of the sheathing;
the type, size, and spacing of the fasteners; the
panel aspect ratio (ratio of long to short
dimension of shear panel); and the strength of
the studs. Because of these variables, the
design strength of shear walls is usually based
on tests of full height specimens.
Shear walls that are perforated with openings
are called coupled walls. These walls act as
isolated cantilevered walls connected by
coupling beams (also called spandrel beams or
lintels) designed for bending and shear effects.
MOMENT FRAMES
A moment frame is a special type of frame that
uses rigid connections between each of its
constituent members. This configuration is able
to resist lateral and overturning forces because
of the bending moment and shear strength that
is inherent in its members and the connecting
joints. Therefore, the stiffness and strength of
the moment frame in seismic design depends
on the stiffness and strength of its members.
A fundamental structure in engineering – the
frame – is a two-dimensional series of
interconnected members joined together. The
members are not necessarily straight and may
be free jointed anywhere along their length. In
real structures, moment frames in two
orthogonal directions are often connected
together to form a three-dimensional frame of
columns and beams. Moment frames are
designed to carry vertical and horizontal loads
in the same plane but may also be drawn on to
provide resistance to horizontal loads out of the
plane of the frame. They can be found in many
different materials and building applications.
 load, the risk of structural and non-structural
damage can be minimized. For high-rise
buildings, particularly in seismic active zone or
wind load dominant, this system can be chosen
as an appropriate structure.

TRUSS/BELT/OUTRIGGER

The outrigger and belt truss system is

commonly used as one of the structural system
to effectively control the excessive drift due to
lateral load, so that, during small or medium
lateral load due to either wind or earthquake