AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION MIKE TOOLEY AND DAVID WYATTAppendix Electrical quantities, symbols 4 and units Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviated units Angle ¢ radian or degree Rad or Capacitance c farad F Charge Q coulomb c Conductance G siemen s Current I ampere A Energy w joule J Flux 6 weber Wb Flux density B tesla T Frequency f hertz Hz Impedance Zz ohm, 2 Inductance L henry H Power P watt w Reactance x ohm 9 Resistance R ohm a Time t second 5 v volt v Voltage‘This page intentionally left blankAppendix Electrical formulae 5 Charge, current and voltage Q=1Ixt Ohm's law V =I Rand] = ViRand R = VIL Similarly if resistance is replaced by reactance ot impedance: V =I XandJ = VIX and X = Vil 1x Zandt Zand Z = VIE Power and energy P=1XVandP=V/RandP =1R J=PXtandsincee P= 1XVsoJ = Vt Resistors in series RaRtR Resistors in parallel but where there are only two resistors, _ RXR BRR Capacitance where ¢ is the permittivity of the dielectric and ¢ = ey ¢;. Capacitance, charge and voltage o-cv Inductance where ju is the permeability of the magnetic medium and jt = Ho Hp Energy stored in a capacitor w= Energy stored in an inductor We ¥LP Inductors in series Ly = hth+h Inductors in parallel but where there are only two inductors LXL LL, L Capacitors in series 1 c a,4414 1 GG G386 but where there are only two capacitors =~ ox, q+, Capacitors in parallel CaGQt CG Induced e.m.f. in an inductor a dt di where 7 is the rate of change of current with time, i Current in a capacitor v Where [> is the rate of change of voltage with time Sine wave voltage V = Vag, Sitt(wt) OF V = Vga, Sin (2a ft) because w = 2nf fur where T's the periodic time For a sine wave, to convert: RMS to peak multiply by 1.414 Peak to RMS multiply by 0.707 Peak to average multiply by 0.636 Peak to peak-peak multiply by 2 Capacitive reactance Aircraft electrical and electronic systems Resistance and reactance in series Z= f@ +X?) ands = snaan( 4] Resonance 1 2a fC X, = Xe thus wl = Seu anh = Power factor Power factor = true power/apparent power watts/volt-amperes = W/VA True power = V X (I X cos) = FIcosd Power factor = cos = R/Z Reactive power = VX (I X sing) = VIsing Motors and generators F = Bil f = pni6o where p is the number of pole pairs and n is the speed inrp.m, Three phase Star connection V, = 1.732 XV, and I, = J, Note that 1.732 = V3 Delta connection Vp and 1, = 1.732 X fy Power in a three-phase load P = 3X V,fcosd = 1.732 X ViI,coseAppendix Decibels 6 Decibels (dB) are a convenient means of comparing, power, voltage and current in electrical and electronic circuits. They are also commonly used for express- ing gain (amplification) and loss (attenuation) in electronic circuits. They are used as a relative meas- ute (.e. comparing one voltage with another, one current with another, or one power with another). In conjunction with other units, decibels are sometimes also used as an absolute measure, Hence dB V are decibels relative to 1V; dB m are decibels relative to Decibels (AB) _ Power ratio 0 1 1 1.26 2 158 3 2 4 251 5 3.16 6 3.98 7 5.01 8 631 9 7.94 10 10 13 19.98 16 39.81 20 100 30 1,000 40 10,000 50 100,000 60 1,000,000 70 10,000,000 1 mlW, ete. The decibel is one-tenth of a bel which, in turn, is defined as the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio, of power, P, to reference power, Pp. Provided that the resistances/impedances are identical, voltage and cur- rent ratios may be similarly defined, i.e. one-twentieth, of the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of voltage, V, to the reference voltage, Va, or one-twentieth of the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of current, J, to the reference current, J Voltage ratio Current ratio 1 1 1.12 112 1.26 1.26 141 141 1.58 1.58 1.78 1.78 2 2 2.24 2.24 2.51 251 2.82 2.82 3.16 3.16 3.98 3.98 631 631 10 10 31.62 31.62 100 100 316.23 316,23, 1,000 1,000 3,162.3 3,162.3‘This page intentionally left blankAppendix Wire and cable sizes 7 The sizing of most, if not all, aircraft wiring instal- lations is based on the American wire gauge (AWG). The size of wire (or gauge) is a function of its diam- eter and cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for determining, its current-carrying capacity. Increasing gauge num- bers give decreasing wire diameters. Measurement of wire gauge is based on a linear ‘measurement of one thousandth of an inch (one mil) A square mil is a unit of area equal to the area of a square with sides of one thousandth of an inch. This unit of area is usually used in specifying the area of the cross-section of rectangular conductors, e.g. bus bars or terminal strips. The circular mil is a unit of arca, equal to the area of a citcle with a diameter of one mil. Note that a cir- cular mil is not the true cross sectional area of wire (given by 1). One circular mil is equal to the cross sectional area of a 0.001 in. diameter wire. (Although, the term ‘mil’ is used, there is no relationship to any metric units.) Circular mils are a convenient unit for comparing wires and cables, without the need to reference -. Circular mils were introduced into the aircraft indus- try from the USA and should be used with caution since potential error will result from the lack of = in its definition! This is particularly relevant when work- ing with the resistivity of metals; these figures are based on the true cross-sectional area, When the wire is contained within a bundle (or loom) the current-carrying capacity reduces since heat dissipation is reduced. The voltage drop along a given length of wire will also be a limiting factor Table A7.1_ Copper wire, American Wire Gauge (AWG) Wire size Diameter Cross-section Maximum (AWG) — (mils) (Circular current (A) mils) in free air 20 32.0 1,024 ul 18 40.3 1,624 16 16 50.8 2,581 22 14 64.1 4,109 32 12 81.0 6,561 41 10 102.0 10,404 58 8 128.5 16,512 B 6 162.0 26,244 101 4 204.0 41,616 135 2 258.0 66,564 181 for the current-carrying capacity; tables are published that allow the circuit designer to calculate the wire gatige for a given power supply voltage, wire length and whether the current is intermittent or continuous. Key maintenance point The maximum current (A) in Table A7.1 is for train- ing purposes and guidance only; always consult the approved data.‘This page intentionally left blankAppendix ATA chapter/subsystem list 8 For larger aircraft, a standardized manual format was developed by the Airline Transport Association (ATA) of America called ATA Spec. 100. This specification contains format and content guidelines for technical ‘manuals written by aircraft manufacturers and sup- pliers. Note that in 2000, ATA Spec 100 (documenta- tion) and ATA Spec 2100 (for inventory management) were incorporated into ATA iSpec 2200. Many aircraft documents that were written via the ATA Spec. 100 will be in service for many years to come. The following gives a list of ATA chapters and sub- sections within the chapter, Chapter 21 Air Conditioning 21-00-00 General 21-10-00 Compression 21-20-00 Distribution 21-30-00 Pressurization control 21-40-00 Heating 21-80-00 Cooling 21-60-00 Temperature control 21-70-00 Moisture/air contamination Chapter 22 Autoflight 22-00-00 General 22-10-00 Autopilot 22-20-00 Speed-attitude correction 22-30-00 Autothrottle 22-40-00 System monitor 50-00 Aerodynamic load alleviating Chapter 23 Communications 23-00-00 General 23-10-00 Speech communication 23-20-00 Data transmission, auto. calling 23-30-00 Passenger address and entertainment 23-40-00 Interphone 23-50-00 Audio integrating 23-60-00 Static discharging 23-70-00 Audio & video monitoring 23-80-00 Integrated automatic tuning Chapter 24 Electrical Power 24-00-00 General 24-10-00 Generator drive 24-20-00 AC generation 24-30-00 DC generation 24-40-00 External power 24-50-00 AC electrical load distribution 24-60-00 DC electrical load distribution Chapter 25 Equipment & Furnishings 25-00-00 General 25-10-00 Flight compartment 25-20-00 Passenger compartment 25-30-00 Buflet/galley 25-40-00 Lavatories 25-50-00 Cargo compartments 25-60-00 Emergency 25-70-00 Accessory compartments 25-80-00 Insulation Chapter 26 Fire Protection 26-00-00 General 26-10-00 Detection 26-20-00 Extinguishing 26-30-00 Explosion suppression Chapter 27 Flight Controls 27-00-00 General 27-10-00 Aileron & tab 27-20-00 Rudder & tab 27-30-00 Elevator & tab392 27-40-00 Horizontal stabilizer 27-50-00 Flaps 27-60-00 Spoiler, drag devices, fairings 27-70-00 Gust lock & damper 27-80-00 Lift augmenting Chapter 28 Fuel 28-00-00 General 28-10-00 Storage 28-20-00 Distribution 28-30-00 Dump 28-40-00 Indicating Chapter 29 Hydraulic Power 29-00-00 General 29-10-00 Main 29-20-00 Auxiliary 29-30-00 Indicating Chapter 30 Ice & Rain Protection 30-00-00 General 30-10-00 Airfoil 30-20-00 Air intakes 30-30-00 Pitot and static 30-40-00 Windows, windshields & doors 30-50-00 Antennas & radomes 30-60-00 Propellers & rotors 30-70-00 Water lines 30-80-00 Detection Chapter 31 Indicating & Recording Systems 31-00-00 General 31-10-00 Instrument & control panels 31-20-00 Independent instruments 31-30-00 Recorders 31-40-00 Central computers 31-50-00 Central warning systems 31-60-00 Central display systems 31-70-00 Automatic data reporting systems Chapter 32 Landing Gear 32-00-00 General 32-10-00 Main gear & doors 32-20-00 Nose gear & doors Aircraft electrical and electronic systems 32-21-01 Actuators 32-30-00 Extension & retraction 32-40-00 Wheels & brakes 32-50-00 Steering 32-60-00 Position and warning 32-70-00 Supplementary gear Chapter 33 Lights 33-00-00 General 33-10-00 General compartment 33-20-00 Passenger compartments 33-30-00 Cargo and service compartments 33-40-00 Exterior 33-50-00 Emergency lighting Chapter 34 Navigation 34-00-00 General 34-10-00 Flight environment data 34-20-00 Attitude & direction 34-30-00 Landing & taxiing aids 34-40-00 Independent position determining 34-50-00 Dependent position determining 34-60-00 Flight management computing 34-70-00 ATC Transponder Chapter 35 Oxygen 35-00-00 General 35-10-00 Crew 35-20-00 Passenger 35-30-00 Portable Chapter 38 Water/waste 38-00-00 General 38-10-00 Potable 38-20-00 Wash 38-30-00 Waste disposal 38-40-00 Air supply Chapter 51 Structure 51-00-00 General Chapter 52 Doors 52-00-00 General 52-10-00 Passenger/crewATA chapter/subsystem list 52-20-00 Emergency exit 52-30-00 Cargo 52-40-00 Service 52-80-00 Fixed interior 52-60-00 Entrance stairs 52-70-00 Door warning 52-80-00 Landing gear Chapter 53 Fuselage 53-00-00 General Chapter 54 Nacelles/pylons 54-00-00 General 54-10-00 Nacelle section 54-50-00 Pylon section Chapter 55 Horizontal & vertical stabilizers 55-00-00 General 55-10-00 Horizontal stabilizer or canard 55-20-00 Elevator 55-30-00 Vertical stabilizer 55-40-00 Rudder Chapter 56 Windows 56-00-00 General 56-10-00 Flight compartment 56-20-00 Passenger compartment 56-30-00 Door 56-40-00 Inspection & observation Chapter 57 Wings 57-00-00 General 57-10-00 Centre wing 57-20-00 Outer wing 57-30-00 Wing tip 57-40-00 Leading edge and leading edge 57-50-00 Trailing edge and trailing edge 57-60-00 Ailerons and elevons 57-10-00 Spoilers Chapter 61 Propellers 61-00-00 General 61-10-00 Propeller assembly 61-20-00 Controlling 393 61-25-01 Governor, propeller 61-30-00 Braking 61-40-00 Indicating 61-50-00 Propulsor duct Chapter 71 Power plant 71-00-00 General 71-10-00 Cowling 71-20-00 Mounts, 71-30-00 Fireseals 71-40-00 Attach fittings 71-50-00 Electrical harness 71-60-00 Air intakes 71-70-00 Engine drains Chapter 72 Engine — turbine 72-00-00 General Chapter 73 Engine fuel and control 73-00-00 General 73-10-00 Distribution 73-15-00 Divider flow 73-20-00 Controlling 73-25-00 Unit fel control 73-30-00 Indicating Chapter 74 Ignition 74-00-00 General 74-10-00 Electrical power supply 74-15-01 Box, ignition exciter 74-20-00 Distribution Chapter 75 Air 75-00-00 General 75-10-00 Engine anti-icing 75-20-00 Cooling 75-30-00 Compressor control 75-35-01 Valve HP & LP bleed 75-40-00 Indicating Chapter 76 Engine controls 76-00-00 General 76-10-00 Power control 76-20-00 Emergency shutdown394 Chapter 77 Engine indicating 77-00-00 General 77-10-00 Power 77-20-00 Temperature 77-30-00 Analysers 77-40-00 Integrated engine instrument systems Chapter 78 Exhaust 78-00-00 General 78-10-00 Collector/nozzle 78-20-00 Noise suppressor 78-30-00 Thrust reverser 78-40-00 Supplementary air Aircraft electrical and electronic systems Chapter 79 Oil 79-00-00 General 79-10-00 Storage 79-20-00 Distribution 79-30-00 Indicating Chapter 80 Starting 80-00-00 General 80-10-00 CrankingAppendix Electrical and electronic symbols 9 Batteries Y= singie-cot 41 | muti.celt (eatery) Audible devices 3 Busbar 7 Crossing conductor Test jack Slip ring Connector test point Y ‘Single pin connector — Rosistors Fixed ; Tapped sg Vari & I Heater i p- —i__p- ot of—_}0 Ballast @ Fuse Gearbox Grounds internal externa Eons Warning lights tect Meters Amps Volts_—_-Frequency Shunt adg abs cD Complete connector Receptacle plug Wires —Q— coal Single a TI Shielded —A— Grounded 1 shield — Twisted396 Aircraft electrical and electronic systems Semiconductors Anode op Cathode Diode NPN transistor a c : Light emitting diode a s Thyristor A K Photo sensitive diode Transformers + Phase shift SIE je" "SIE )- — oR NAND ry NOR. v Exclusive OR Y‘This page intentionally left blankAppendix Wire numbering/coding 10 Wires and cables should be identified to facilitate installation, trouble-shooting and potential modifica. tions, There are various specifications that provide details of how wiring identification is implemented, including those adopted by the aircraft manufacturers, The simplest form of identifying cables is to mark the ends of the wires with the source and destination of the individual wire or cable. The wire/cable insulation is marked with indelible ink or laser printing. Wires are sometimes identified by the system type, wire number and gauge. Some manufacturers mark the cables at intervals along the cable. On more complex, installations, where cables are bundled into looms, the entire loom may be given an identification code; this, ‘would be marked on a sleeve of band, The ATA speci- fication is illustrated here to describe the principles of wire coding. The code consists of a six-position combination of letters and numbers that is marked on the wire or cable, and is documented in the wiring diagram man- uals. If the number cannot be marked on the wire or cable, e.g. due to its small diameter, it is printed onto sleeves that are fitted to the ends of the wire or cable. The following examples illustrate the principles of coding; the wire code would be marked thus: 2P4B20N Each of the six positions has a specific purpose 2,P, 4, B, 20, N, Position 1 indicates the system number, e.g. in a ‘twin-engine aircraft; this would be the wiring associ- ated with the number two engine Position 2 indicates the function of the circuit or system, e.g. P = electrical power. Other examples of circuit functions/system codes are given below. Position 3 indicates the sequential number of wires in the same circuit; three wires used by the stator wind- ings of synchro system would be numbered 1, 2 and 3. Position 4 indicates the segment of wiring in a circuit, ie. that portion of wire between two com nections. This normally starts with A and builds up sequentially through the circuit. Position 5 indicates the AWG size of the wire or cable; on certain cable types, ¢g. coaxial and thermo- couples, this number is not used, and is replaced by a (-). Position 6 indicates whether the wire is being used as either: a connection to a ground/neutral point, an AC supply or a thermocouple, Codes used for posi- tion 6 are as follows: d ground/neutral v single-phase AC supply A,B,C three-phase AC supply AL alumel thermocouple cH chromel thermocouple cu aluminium thermocouple CN constantan thermocouple Examples of circuit functions/system codes: ° Flight control D__De-icing/anti-icing E Engine instruments F Flight instruments H_ Heating/ventilation Ignition Engine control Lighting Miscellaneous Power Fuel/oil Radio navigation/communication Inverter Warning devices AC power KES ROT EORS‘This page intentionally left blank