Señales y Sistemas

Señales
y
Sistemas
 Continuous signal (analogue)

Discrete signal

T 4T 5T 7T 9T
(time) 0 2T 3T 8T 10T 11T
6T

1 4 5 7 9
(adimensional)
0 2 3 6 8 10 11
Representation of continuous and discrete signals

Continuous signal:
independent variable with T-dimension


Signal  x(t ) Dimension [T]

Discrete signal:
Independent variable without dimension


Signal 
x[n] Without dimesion
Signal Energy and Power
The signal energy of a CT signal, x(t), is
T 

 x(t )  xt  dt
2 2
Ex  lim dt Ex 
T 
T 
t
1
 x(t )]
2
Px  lim dt Px  E ( t1, t 2 ) /(t 2  t1)
N  2T
T
 Signal Energy and Power
The signal energy of a DT signal, x[n], is
N 

Ex  lim( N  ) x[n]  xn

2 2
Ex 
N n

1 N


2
Px  lim( N  ) x[n] Px  E ( n1, n 2 ) /( n 2  n1  1)
2N 1 N
 Signal Energy and Power
(aperiodic signals)
Some signals have infinite signal energy. In that case
It is more convenient to deal with average signal power.

The average signal power of a CT signal, x(t), is

T
2
1
 xt  dt
2
Px  lim
T T
T

2

The average signal power of a DT signal, x[n], is

1 N 1
 xn 
2
Px  lim
N  2N
n N
 Signal Energy and Power
(periodic signals)
For a periodic CT signal, x(t), the average signal power is
1
Px   xt  dt
2

T T
where T is any period of the signal.

For a periodic DT signal, x[n], the average signal power is

1
Px   xn
2

N n N

where N is any period of the signal.

 Signal Energy and Power

A signal with finite signal energy is

called an energy signal.

A signal with infinite signal energy and

finite average signal power is called a
power signal.
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Continuous signal

Periodic   / x(t )  x(t  T )  x(t  k ·T0 )

T0  fundamental period
Aperiodic   / x(t )  x(t  T )
Discrete signal

Periodic   / x[n]  x[n  N ]  x[n  k · N 0 ]

N 0  fundamental period
Aperiodic   / x[n]  x[n  N ]
 k  k ·0 (harmonics)
Magnitude

Phase

Wo = Angular Frequency (rad/seg)

 Transformations of the
Independent Variable
Shift: x(t)  y(t) = x(t-to)
x(t) y(t)

-t1 0 t1 -t1+t0 t0 t1+t0

t0  0  right  hand

y (t )  x(t  t0 )  
t 0  0  left  hand
 Transformations of the
Independent Variable
Reflection: x(t)  y(t) = x(-t)
x(t) y(t) = x(-t)

-t1 0 t1 -t1 0 t1
 Properties of Symmetry
If the symmetry is met the signal is

x(t) = x(-t) even

x(t) = -x(-t) odd

 Transformations of the
Independent Variable
Scale: x(t)  y(t) = x(a·t)
if |a| > 1 => compresses
if |a| < 1 => expands
y(t) = x(2t)

x(t) -t1/2 t0 t1/2

y(t) = x(t/2)
-t1 0 t1

-2t1 0 2t1
 Basic Signals
Continuous-time:
• (Complex) exponential and sinusoidal
• Unit impulse (Dirac delta)
• Unit step
• Ramp
Discrete-time:
• (Complex) exponential and sinusoidal
• Unit impulse (Kronecker delta)
• Unit step
 The CT Impulse (Dirac delta)
The CT unit impulse is implicitly defined by


g0     t gt dt



Properties: 1) (0), 2) (t)=0 t0, 3) ∫(t)d(t)=1, 4) (t)= (-t)

Graphical representation
 The CT Impulse
The sampling property


 gt  t  t dt  gt 


0 0

The sampling property “extracts” the value of a function at

a point.
The scaling property (homework)
1
 at  t0   t  t 0 
a
This property makes the impulse different from ordinary
functions.
 The CT Impulse
And if we apply a succession of deltas …

...  x( o ) (t   o )  x(2 o ) (t  2 o )  x(3 o ) (t  3 o )  x( o ) (t   o )  ... 

 The CT Impulse
And if we apply a succession of deltas …

...  x( o ) (t   o )  x(2 o ) (t  2 o )  x(3 o ) (t  3 o )  x( o ) (t   o )  ... 


 lim  x( )· (t   )d
 0

 The CT Impulse
And if we apply a succession of deltas …

...  x( o ) (t   o )  x(2 o ) (t  2 o )  x(3 o ) (t  3 o )  x( o ) (t   o )  ... 


 lim  x( )· (t   )d  x(t )
 0

 The CT Impulse
We can develop in an integrative system the different signals ...

…  (t )  u (t )
 r (t ) …

d d
…  (t ) u (t ) r (t ) …
dt dt

…
…   2 (t )  1 (t )  0 (t ) 1 (t )  2 (t ) …
…
 Complex Exponential
jn
x[n]  r ·e
n
  discreet pulsation  rad
Can the signal be periodic?
jn (n N ) j (n N )
x[n]  r ·en
 x[n  N ]  r e
x[n  N ]  r e ·r e n jn N jN
 Complex Exponential
jn
x[n]  r ·e
n
  discreet pulsation  rad
Can the signal be periodic?
jn (n N ) j (n N )
x[n]  r ·en
 x[n  N ]  r e
x[n  N ]  r e ·r e n jn N jN

r  1
N jN 
r e  2
N  2 ·k  N   k
N  fundamental period
  2 N  fundamental pulsation
 Complex Exponential
jn
x[n]  r ·e
n
  discreet pulsation  rad
Can the signal be periodic?
jn (n N ) j (n N )
x[n]  r ·en
 x[n  N ]  r e
x[n  N ]  r e ·r e n jn N jN

N jN
r  1
 
r e  2
N  2 ·k  N   k
N8
N  fundamental period 2
  2 N  fundamental pulsation k  ·k
N
SYSTEM PROPERTIES

Why?
• Important practical/physical implications
• They provide us with insight and structure that we
can exploit both to analyze and to understand
systems more deeply

Properties?
• Linearity
• Time Invariance
• Memory
• Causality
• Invertibility
• Stability (BIBO)