Limit Fit & Gauge Design

Limits Fits & Gauge Design
Prepared by:
Mr. Hiren Prajapati
Asst. Professor,
Institute of technology,
Nirma university,
hiren.prajapati@nirmauni.ac.in
Prof. Hiren Prajapati, ME, IT, NU
Introduction
o Designer designs the product as per the functional requirement.
o Design gives the shape and size of product.
o Then same is represented in terms of drawings of components.
o Drawings are conveyed to production shop.
o Different components of products are manufactured in different machining shops.
o Features of components are checked in inspection department.
o All components are assemble together to get final product.
o Testing of final product is carried out.

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati
Sources of variation
oVariation in material
oManufacturing process limitations (Process capability)
oTool wear
oAmbient conditions
oPoor maintenance.
oOperator error and operator bias
oInspection process variation and shortcuts
oAssembly process variation

Conclusion of discussion
oIt is not possible to make any part precisely.
oIf by chance the part is made exactly to a given dimension, it is not possible to
measure it accurately enough to prove it.
oIf attempts are made to achieve perfect size the cost of production will increase
tremendously.
oTherefore some permissible variation has to be allowed to account for variability.

Tolerance
o“ Permissible variation from its nominal”
oAmount by which the job is allowed to go away from designed specifications

without causing any functional trouble, when assembled with its mating part and
put into actual service.

Types of Tolerance
oPlus/minus tolerances
• Two types of tolerances are:
 Linear tolerances
 Angular tolerances
• This tolerances can be specified as:

 Title block or General note
 Local Plus/Minus tolerances
• Tolerances are stated in the same units as the dimension
o Geometric tolerances
• GD & T is a symbolic language that precisely defines the allowable variation in form, orientation and location
of features on a part.
• Geometric tolerances are specified in feature control frames.

Feature characteristics & tolerance types
oGeometric characteristics
• Size
 Size can be considered as the magnitude of the straight-line distance between two points.
• Form
 Form can be considered as the shape of a feature.
• Orientation
 Orientation can be considered as the angle between features
• Location
 Location can be considered as where a feature lies relative to another feature

Terms and Definitions
oHole: All internal features
oShaft: All external features

oBasic size
OR 20±1
Nominal size
15
oActual size Ø60
Ø50
Ø60, 20 shaft
Ø50, 15 hole

oZero line
oLimits of size
oMaximum limit of size
Maximum Limit of Size

oMinimum limit of size
Minimum Limit of Size

Zero line
Basic Size
Hole
Maximum Limit of Size
Minimum Limit of Size
Hole Tolerance
Shaft
Tolerance
Min. limit of size

Max. limit of size

40±0,01
40.01
39.99
39.99 minimum limit of size
40.01 maximum limit of size

40.01
39.99
oMaximum Material Limit (MML)
40±0,01
40.01
39.99
oLeast Material Limit (LML) 39.99 Lower Metal Limit (LML)
40.01 Maximum Metal Limit (MML)

Systems of writing tolerances
Tolerancing method Example Dimensional limits

9.00 9.00
Limit dimensions
8.50 8.50
Unilateral system 9.00
Equal bilaterally toleranced dimensions 8.75  0.25
8.50
Bilateral system 9.00
Unequal bilaterally toleranced dimensions 8.8 00..23
8.50
9.00
Unilaterally toleranced dimension (positive) 8.5 00.5
8.50
9.00
Unilaterally toleranced dimension (negative) 9 00.5
8.50

Algebraic difference between actual size and basic size Lower
+ Deviation (EI, ei)
Upper
Deviation size tolerance
Deviation (ES, es)
Upper deviation (ES/es)
Deviations, µm
Lower deviation (EI/ei)
Zero line
0
Upper
Deviation (ES, es)
Lower
Deviation(EI, ei)
-
Basic Size

+
Amount of deviation
above the basic size
Deviations, µm
Zero line
0
Amount of deviation
below the basic size
Hole Hole
Hole of
above below
basic
- basic basic
size
size size

Fundamental
deviation
ES
EI
Zero line
ES
EI
Fundamental
Fundamental deviation deviation
Hole Hole
Standard Fundamental Deviations
Fundamental deviations for holes: Total
A, B, C, CD, D, E, EF, F, FG, G, H,
JS, J, K, M, N,
28
P, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z, ZA, ZB, ZC
Fundamental deviations for shafts:
a, b, c, cd, d, e, ef, f, fg, g, h

js, j, k, m, n 28
p, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z, za, zb, zc
To avoid confusion following letters

are not used:
I, L, O, Q, W 5

Graphical representation of fundamental deviation
A
C
CD
D
+ E
EF
F
FG G
H J
Deviations, µm
EI
JS
ZERO LINE
K M
0
N
P R
S
T
ES
U
V
X
- Y
Z
ZA
HOLES
ZB
ZC

Graphical representation of fundamental deviation
zc
SHAFTS zb
za
+ z
y
x
v
u
Deviations, µm
ei
t ZERO LINE
s
p r
n
0 m
k
es
j
js
h
fg g
f
- ef
e
d
cd
c

Formulae for fundamental deviations for shafts for sizes up to 500 mm
Upper Deviation (es) Lower Deviation (ei)
In microns In microns
Shaft Designation Shaft Designation
(for D in mm) (for D in mm)
 (265  1.3D)
for D  120 and
a j No formula
 3.5D
for D  120
 (140  0.85D)
for D  160 and
b js ITn/2
 1.8D
for D  160
 52D 0.2
for D  40 and
c
 (95  0.8D)
k4 to k7  0.63 D
for D  40
Geometric Mean of k for grade
cd 0
values of c and d  3 and  7
d  16D 0.44 m  ( IT 7  IT 6)
e  11D 0.41 n  5D 0.34
Geometric Mean of
ef p   IT 7  0to5
values of e and f
Geometric mean of
f  5.5D 0.41 r
values of p and s
  IT 8  1to 4 for
Geometric Mean of D  50
fg s
values of f and g   IT 7  0.4D
D  50
g  2.5D 0.34 t   IT 7  0.63D
h 0 u   IT 7  D
v   IT 7  1.25D
x   IT 7  1.6D
y   IT 7  2D
z   IT 7  2.5D
za   IT 8  3.15D
zb   IT 9  4D
zc   IT10  5D
Formulae for fundamental deviations for shafts for sizes greater than
500 mm
Formulae for
Shafts Holes deviation in 
Fundamental Fundamental
Type Sign Type Sign (For D in mm)
deviation deviation
d es - D EI + 16D 0.44
e es - E EI + 11D 0.41
f es - F EI + 5.5D 0.41
g es - G EI + 2.5D 0.34
h es - H EI + 0
js ei + JS ES - 0.5ITn
k ei + K ES - 0
m ei + M ES - 0.024D  12.6
n ei + N ES - 0.04D  21
p ei + P ES - 0.072D  37.8
Geometric
r ei + R ES - mean between p
and s or P or S
s ei + S ES - IT 7  0.4D
t ei + T ES - IT 7  0.63D
u ei + U ES - IT 7  D

System to get desired fits
A TO G H JS J K M N P TO ZC
IT
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
EI
ES
EI
EI
EI
• Basic Hole
EI
EI
M7
N5 to N8
Grade  8 M8
Grade  8 N9 to N16
Others
• Basic Shaft ES = EI + IT
HOLES
a to g h js j k m to zc
grades
k4 to k7
es
es
es
ei
ei
es
ei
ei
ei
ei
IT
other
grades
es = ei + IT SHAFTS

Tolerance
Value Value for
Tolerance
Calculations Upto 500 mm Class of work
Grade
500 mm size to 3150 mm size
IT01  0.3  0.008D - - Gauge blocks
IT0  0.5  0.012D - - Gauge blocks
IT1  0.8  0.020D - 2I Gauge blocks
Geometric mean of
IT1 and IT3 High quality gauges. Plug
IT2 - 2.7I
gauges
• Tolerance Zone = IT1  IT 3
Geometric mean of
Good quality gauges. Gap
• Standard Tolerance IT3 IT1 and IT5 - 3.7I
gauges
IT1 IT 5
(IT) Geometric mean of
IT3 and IT5 Gauges. Precise fit produced
IT4 - 5I
by lapping.
IT 3  IT 5
Ball bearings. Machine
IT5  0.7  IT 6 7i 7I lapping. Fine boring and
grinding.

Value Value for
Tolerance
Calculations Upto 500 mm Class of work
Grade
500 mm size to 3150 mm size
IT6  10i  1.6 0 10i 10I Grinding. Fine boring.
High quality turning,
IT7  10i  1.61 16i 16I
broaching, boring
Centre-lathe turning and
IT8  10i  1.6 2 25i 25I boring. Reaming. Capstan
lathes in good condition.
Worn capstan or automatic
IT9  10i  1.6 3 40i 40I
lathes. Boring machines.
Milling, slotting, planning
IT10  10i  1.6 4 64i 64I
rolling, extrusion.
Drilling, rough turning and
IT11  10i  1.6 5 100i 100I
boring. Precision tube drawing.
Light press work. Tube
IT12  10i  1.6 6 160i 160I
drawing.
IT13  10i  1.6 7 250i 250I Press work. Tube rolling.
Die casting or moulding.
IT14  10i 1.68 400i 400I
Rubber moulding.
Stamping, Drop forging
IT15  10i  1.6 9 640i 640I
hammer
IT16  10i  1.610 1000i 1000I Sand casting. Flame cutting.
IT17  10i  1.611 1600i 1600I -
IT18  10i  1.612 2500i 2500i -

oStandard tolerance factor (i,I)
i - basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm.
I - basic sizes greater than 500 mm to 3150
i  0.453 D  0.001D
IS2101 I  0.004 D  2.1
D  D1  D2

Fits
oFit:
oDegree of tightness and looseness between two matting components to perform a
definite function when they are assembled together.
oIt will define the type of joint or motion between two component. Either movable
or fixed.
oMovable: maximum shaft dimension always slightly less than the minimum hole
dimension.
oFixed: maximum shaft dimension always slightly greater than the minimum hole
dimension.

Allowance
oIt is prescribed difference between the dimensions of two matting parts for any
type of fit.
oIt is international difference between the lower limit of hole and upper limit of
shaft
oThe allowance can be positive or negative
o+ve = Clearance
o-ve = Interference / Transition

Terms and Definitions (contd.)
Clearance
Clearance
Shaft
Hole
32
Minimum Clearance or
Allowance
• Clearance Fit Maximum Clearance
• Minimum Clearance
• Maximum Clearance
Shaft
Hole
33
Hole Hole
Deviations, µm
0
Shaft
Shaft
Graphical representation of clearance fit

34
Interference
Interference
Shaft
Hole
35
Maximum Interference or Allowance

Minimum Interference
Minimum Interference
Maximum Interference
Shaft
Hole
36
Shaft
Shaft
Deviations, µm
0
Hole
Hole
Graphical representation of Interference Fit

37
Maximum
Clearance
Transition Fit
Variation of Fit
52H 7 / g 6
Designation of Fit
H7
52
g6
Maximum
Interference
38
Hole base system (H fundamental deviation)
Deviations, µm
Hole Shaft
0
Shaft
Shaft
Graphical representation of Transition Fit

39
Example 1:
oFor each of following hole and shaft assembly, find
oLimits for both ( Also max. and least material limits)
oShaft & Hole tolerance
oAllowance
oType of fit ( Clearance, transition or interference)
oMax. & Min. clearance For Clearance Fit
oMax. & Min. interference For interference fit, Give Graphical Representation.
0.25 0.05
oHole : 50  0.00
Shaft : 50  0.005
0.05 0.02
oHole : 30  0.00
Shaft : 30  0.05
0.04 0.06
oHole : 25  0.00 Shaft : 25  0.04
Hole
Hole-based system of fits Zero line

Reference Temperature (20 C)
Basic
size
41
Zero line
Shaft-based system of fits
Shaft
Basic
size
42
Commonly used Standard Hole grades
Hole Type Producing method
H5 Precision boring, fine internal grinding or honing
H6 Precision boring, hand reaming or honing
H7 Grinding or broaching
H8 Boring or machine reaming
H9 For non circular fits, by boring and reaming
H10 For non diametric fits, milled widths.
H11 Never used because coarse grade, only for course drilling and punching.

Types of fits
oClearance fit
• Slide fit (Very small Clearance, when matting parts are required to move slowly, tailstock spindle of
lathe, sliding change gears in quick change gear box of lathe center.)
• Easy slide fit (Ensure alignment, for slow and non regular motion, spindle of lathe, spigots etc.)
• Running fit (Appreciable clearance, moderate speed, lubrication film, gearbox bearing, crankshaft.)
• Slack running fit (Considerable clearance, compensation for mounting error, cent. Pump shaft)
• Loos running fit (High speed, quick return mech. Of planner)
oTransition fit
• Push fit (Zero interference, parts can be replaced without difficulty)
• Wringing fit (Small Clearance, parts can be disassembled during operation of machine)
oInterference fit
• Force fit (Appreciable interference, parts are not allowed to disassemble during their service, gears
on shaft of concrete mixture, forging machine etc)
• Tight fit ( Less then force fit. When overhauling is required, stepped pulley on drive shaft.)
• Shrink fit (Max. interference, fitting of frame on rim etc.)
Most commonly used clearance fit
Types Class
With holes Remarks
of fit of fit
H6 H7 H8 H11
Shaft a - - - a11 Loose clearance fit – not widely used
Shaft b - - - - Loose clearance fit – not widely used
Shaft c - c8 c9 c11 Slack running fit
Clearance
Shaft d - d8 d9-d10 d11 Loose running fit

Shaft e e7 e8 e8-e9 - Easy running fit
Shaft f f6 f7 f8 - Normal running fit
Close running fit or sliding fit. Also
Shaft g g5 g7 g7 -
spigot and location fit.
Precision sliding fit. Also fine spigot
Shaft h h5 h6 h7-h8 h11
and location fit.
45
Selected clearance fit
+
H11
Deviations, µm
H9 H9
H8
H7 H7
0
g6 h6
f7
Close slide
e9 Close run
Average Run
d10
Easy run
- Loose run
c11 Extra slack
46
Most commonly used transition fit
Types Class
With holes Remarks
of fit of fit
H6 H7 H8 H11
Push fit for very accurate location
Shaft j j5 j6 j7 -
with easy assembly and dismantling.
Transition
Light keying fit (true transition fit)

Shaft k k5 k6 k7 - for keyed shaft, non-running locked
pins. etc.
Shaft m m5 m6 m7 Medium keying fit.
Heavy keying fit (for tight assembly
Shaft n n5 n6 n7 -
of mating surfaces.)
47
Selected transition fit
Push or Drive
Easy key
Deviations, µm
n6
H7 k6 H7
48
Most commonly used interference fit
Types Class
With holes Remarks
of fit of fit
H6 H7 H8 H11
Light press fit with easy dismantling
for non-ferrous parts. Standard press
Shaft p p5 p6 - -
fit with easy dismantling for ferrous
and non-ferrous parts assembly.
Medium drive fit with easy
dismantling for ferrous parts
Shaft r r5 r6 - - assembly.
Light drive fit with easy dismantling
Interference
for non-ferrous parts.

Heavy drive for ferrous parts,
permanent of semi permanent
Shaft s s5 s6 s7 -
assembled press fit and for non-
ferrous parts.
Force fit on ferrous parts for
Shaft t t5 t6 t7 -
permanent assembly.
Shaft u u5 u6 u7 - Heavy force fit or shrink fit.
Shaft Very large interference fit. Not
v, x, y - - - - recommended for use.
and z.
49
Selected interference fit
Light Medium
Press s6
Press
Deviations, µm
p6
H7 H7
0
50
Indication of linear tolerances
23-Mar-18 8:45 AM 51
Indication of linear tolerances (contd.)
23-Mar-18 8:45 AM 52
Indication of angular tolerances
23-Mar-18 8:45 AM 53
Example: Clearance Fit
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
54
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
55
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
56
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
57
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
58
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
59
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
60
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
61
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
62
Camshaft in
bearing
 75H 9 / e9
63
Example: Transition Fit (contd.) [6]
Table 1
64
Example: Transition Fit
Basic size 27 mm
Fundamental deviations of Hole H
Clutch member keyed to shaft Standard Tolerance Grade of Hole IT7
Fundamental deviations of Shaft k
 27 H 7 / k 6 Standard Tolerance Grade of Shaft IT6
IT7
IT6
H
k
Lower deviation of hole (EI)
Upper deviation of hole (ES)
Lower deviation of shaft (ei)
Upper deviation of shaft (es)
65
Table 1
66
Table 2
67
Example: Transition Fit (contd.)
Table 3
68
Basic size 27 mm
Standard Tolerance Grade of Hole IT7
Fundamental deviations of Shaft k
Standard Tolerance Grade of Shaft IT6
IT7 = 21 microns from table 1
= 0.021 mm
= 0.013 mm
H = 0 from table 2
k = +2 from table 3
= 0.002 mm
Lower deviation of hole (EI) =0
Upper deviation of hole (ES) = EI + IT
= 0 + 0.021
= 0.021 mm
Lower deviation of shaft (ei) = 0.002 mm
Upper deviation of shaft (es) = ei + IT
= 0.002 + 0.013
= 0.015 mm
Hole
Shaft
Lower limit of hole
Upper limit of hole
Upper limit of shaft
Lower limit of shaft
Maximum clearance
Maximum interference
70
Hole  27 00.021
Shaft  27 00..015
002
Lower limit of hole = 27 + 0

= 27 mm
Upper limit of hole = 27 + 0.021
= 27.021 mm
Upper limit of shaft = 27 + 0.015
= 27.015 mm
Lower limit of shaft = 27 + 0.002
= 27.002 mm
Maximum clearance = 27.021 – 27.002
= 0.019 mm
Maximum interference = 27.015 – 27.000
= 0.015 mm
71
Example: Interference Fit
Basic size 100 mm
Cylinder liner in block Fundamental deviations of Hole H
100H 7 / s6 Fundamental deviations of Shaft s
IT7
IT6
H
s
Lower deviation of hole (EI)
Upper deviation of hole (ES)
Lower deviation of shaft (ei)
Upper deviation of shaft (es)
72
Example: Interference Fit (contd.)
[6]
Table 4
73
Basic size 100 mm
Fundamental deviations of Shaft s
= 0.021 mm
= 0.013 mm
H = 0 from table 2
s = +71 from table 4
= 0.071 mm
= 0 + 0.021
= 0.021 mm
Lower deviation of shaft (ei) = 0.071 mm
Upper deviation of shaft (es) = ei + IT
= 0.071 + 0.013
= 0.084 mm
Hole
Shaft
Lower limit of hole
Upper limit of hole
Lower limit of shaft
Upper limit of shaft
Minimum interference
Maximum interference
75
Hole  100 00.021

Shaft  100 00..084
071
Lower limit of hole = 100 + 0

= 100 mm
Upper limit of hole = 100 + 0.021
= 100.021 mm
Lower limit of shaft = 100 + 0.071
= 100.071 mm
Upper limit of shaft = 100 + 0.084
= 100.084 mm
Minimum interference = 100.071 – 100.021
= 0.050 mm
Maximum interference = 100.084 – 100.000
= 0.084 mm
76
Plain gauges
o According to their type
• Standard gauges
• Limit gauges
o According to their purpose
• Workshop gauge: on process measurement of component
• Inspection gauge: measurement on final component
• Reference gauge: measurement of reference gauge
o According to the form of tested surface
• Plug gauge(Holes)
• Snap and ring gauge(Shaft)
o According to design
• Single limit and double limit
• Single ended and double ended
• Fixed and adjustable
23-Mar-18 8:45 AM 77
Plain gauges
oIt is scaleless inspection tool.
Plug gauge Ring gauge Snap gauge

78
Taylor’s principle of gauge design
 Principle - 1
 GO limit
 This gauge check MML of both the component
 Lower limit of hole
 Upper limit of shaft
 NO-GO limit
 This gauge check LML of both the components.
 Upper limit of hole
 Lower limit of shaft
 Different between GO & NO-GO gauge is the tolerance of component.
79
Plug Gauge
Maximum
Material Least Material Limit
Limit
NO
GO
GO
Gauge
Gauge
Hole
If Both Gauges pass then hole is over sized.
If Both Gauges fails to pass then hole is Under sized.
80
Ring Gauge
Least Material Limit
Maximum Material Limit
Shaft
NO GO Gauge
GO Gauge
If Both Gauges pass then shaft is under sized.
If Both Gauges fails to pass then shaft is over sized. 81

Taylor’s principle of gauge design
 Principle – 2
 GO gauges should check all the possible elements of dimensions at a time
(roundness, size, location etc.) and the NO-GO gauge should check only one element
of the dimension at a time.

Gauge tolerance & wear allowance
oGauge tolerance
• Tolerance on gauge allowed to cater for workmanship of gauge maker is known as
Gauge tolerances.
• Taken as 10% of work tolerance.
oWear allowance
• GO gauge wear due to continuous contact with the workpiece.
• Wear tolerance is generally taken as 10% of gauge tolerance.
83
Types of Gauge
84
Types of gauges
+ NoGo
Gauge
Gauge Tolerance
Hole
Tolerance
Wear Allowance
0 Go Gauge
Go Gauge
Shaft
Tolerance
-
NoGo
Workshop Inspection General Gauge
Grade Grade Grade
Example
oData
oH.L of hole = 50.02 mm
oL.L of hole = 49.98 mm
oWork tolerance = 0.04
oCal.
oGauge Tolerance = 10% of W.T = 0.004mm
0.004
oDimensions of Go plug Gauge = 49.98  0.00
0.000
oDimension of NO-GO plug Gauge = 50.02  0.004

Example: Gauge design
30H7/f8
( Step 18 – 30)

Example: Gauge design
Basic size 30 mm
Fundamental deviations of Shaft f
D  D1  D2  18 30
 23.2379 mm
i  0.453 D  0.001D
 0.453 23.2379  0.001* 23.2379
 1.3075 microns
IT7  16i  16 *1.3075
 20.918 microns
 21 microns
IT8  20i  20 *1.3075
 32.6844 microns
 33 microns
H =0
f  5.5D 0.41  5.5 * 23.2379 0.41
 19.9758 micron  20 micron
= 0 + 0.021 = 0.021 mm
Upper deviation of shaft (es) = -0.020 mm
Lower deviation of shaft (ei) = es - IT
= -0.020 – 0.033 mm = -0.053 mm
88
Example: Gauge design (contd.)
Hole  30 00.021
Shaft  30 00..020
053
Lower limit of hole = 30 + 0 = 30.000 mm

Upper limit of hole = 30 + 0.021 = 30.021 mm
Lower limit of shaft = 30 - 0.053 = 29.947 mm
Upper limit of shaft = 30 - 0.020 = 29.980 mm
Gauge tolerance for hole gauging = 10% of hole tolerance
= 0.1 * 0.021 mm = 0.0021 mm
Wear allowance for hole gauging = 10% of guage tolerance
= 0.1 * 0.0021 mm = 0.00021 mm
Gauge tolerance for shaft gauging = 10% of shaft tolerance
= 0.1 * 0.033 mm = 0.0033 mm
Wear allowance for shaft gauging = 10% of guage tolerance
= 0.1 * 0.0033 mm = 0.00033 mm
89
Example: Gauge design (contd.)
30.0231 30.0231
+ 30.021 30.021
NoGo
30.021 30.021
30.0189
Gauge
Hole
30.00231 30.00231
30.000 30.00021 30.000 30.00021
Go Gauge
0 30.000 30.000
29.9979
29.9833
29.980 29.980
29.980
29.980 Go Gauge
29.97967 29.97967
29.97637 29.97637
Shaft
-
29.9503
29.947 29.947
29.947 29.947
NoGo
29.9437 29.9437
Workshop Inspection General Gauge
Grade Grade Grade
91
References
1. IS919 (Part I):1993, ISO systems of Limits and fits – Bases of tolerances, deviations and fits, Bureau of Indian Standards,
1993
2. IS919 (Part I):1993, ISO systems of Limits and fits – Tables of standard tolerance grades and limit deviations for holes and
shafts, Bureau of Indian Standards, 1993
3. R K Jain , Engineering Metrology, Khanna publishers, New Delhi, 2008
4. I C Gupta , Engineering Metrology, Dhanpat Rai Publications (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1997
5. Bryan R Fischer, Mechanical tolerance stackup and analysis, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA
6. K L Narayana, P Kannaiah & K Venkata Reddy, Machine Drawing, new Age international publishers, New Delhi, 2009
7. P S gill, Machine Drawing, S K Katariya & Sons, New Delhi, 2004
92

Limit Fit & Gauge Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Limit Fit & Gauge Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Limits Fits & Gauge Design

o Design gives the shape and size of product.

o Then same is represented in terms of drawings of components.

o Drawings are conveyed to production shop.

o Different components of products are manufactured in different machining shops.

o Features of components are checked in inspection department.

o All components are assemble together to get final product.

o Testing of final product is carried out.

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

oTherefore some permissible variation has to be allowed to account for variability.

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

oAmount by which the job is allowed to go away from designed specifications

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

• This tolerances can be specified as:

• Geometric tolerances are specified in feature control frames.

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

oShaft: All external features

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Maximum Limit of Size

Minimum Limit of Size

Minimum Limit of Size

Min. limit of size

Max. limit of size

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Tolerancing method Example Dimensional limits

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Upper deviation (ES/es)

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

A, B, C, CD, D, E, EF, F, FG, G, H,

Fundamental deviations for shafts:

a, b, c, cd, d, e, ef, f, fg, g, h

To avoid confusion following letters

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

IS2101 I  0.004 D  2.1

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

oThe allowance can be positive or negative

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

• Clearance Fit Maximum Clearance

Graphical representation of clearance fit

Maximum Interference or Allowance

Graphical representation of Interference Fit

Graphical representation of Transition Fit

Hole-based system of fits Zero line

H5 Precision boring, fine internal grinding or honing

H6 Precision boring, hand reaming or honing

H8 Boring or machine reaming

H9 For non circular fits, by boring and reaming

H10 For non diametric fits, milled widths.

Prof. Hiren M Prajapati

Shaft d - d8 d9-d10 d11 Loose running fit

Light keying fit (true transition fit)