Issues by Body System: Circulatory

Issues By Body System
Circulatory: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Actinobacillus
suis, Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera), Erysipelas, Leptospirosis, Porcine
Stress Syndrome(Malignant Hyperthermia, Transport Myopathy), Mulberry Heart
Disease
Gastrointestinal: Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae (APP), Aflatoxicosis, Anthrax, Classical Swine Fever (Hog
Cholera), Coccidiosis, Gastric Ulcers, Hepatosis Dietetica, Worms (Nodular
Worms, Large Roundworm, Threadworm, Thorny-Headed Worm, Whipworms)
Immune: Aflatoxicosis
Musculoskeletal: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Actinobacillus
suis, Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Septic Arthritis), Brucellosis (Swine
Brucellosis), Erysipelas, Foot Infections (Bush Foot), Frostbite, Hernias, Hoof
Cracks, MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus), Obesity, Osteomyelitis, Porcine Stress Syndrome(Malignant
Hyperthermia, Transport Myopathy), White Muscle Disease
Neurological: Actinobacillus suis, Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Classical Swine

Fever (Hog Cholera), Dippity Pig Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme), Ear
Infections, Heat Stress And Heat Related Illness, Pseudorabies (Aujeszky
Disease), Salt Poisoning
Reproductive: Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Leptospirosis, Porcine Respiratory

And Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS), Reproductive Tract Cancers
Respiratory: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Actinobacillus
suis, Anthrax, Atrophic Rhinitis, Influenza (Swine Flu), Large
Roundworm, Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp), Pneumonia, Porcine Respiratory
And Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS), Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease)
Skin And Hair: Actinobacillus suis, Aflatoxicosis, Classical Swine Fever (Hog

Cholera), Dippity Pig Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme), Dry
Skin, Erysipelas, External Abscesses, Frostbite, Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative
Epidermitis), Lice, Mange, MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus), Ringworm, Skin Cancer, Sunburn, Swine Pox
Urinary: Chronic Kidney Failure, Kidney worms (Stephanurus

dentatus), Leptospirosis, Urinary Tract Issues (Urinary Calculi, Cystitis, and UTIs)
Ears, Nose, And/Or Eyes: Atrophic Rhinitis, Classical Swine Fever (Hog

Cholera), Ear Hematoma, Ear Infections, Frostbite, Lice, Mange, Mechanical
Blindness (Fat Blindness)
Teeth: Dental Disease
Weight and Diet: Aflatoxicosis, Anthrax, Coccidiosis, Obesity, Salt

Poisoning, Worms
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
This bacterium causes pleuropneumonia, a severe respiratory disease that is

highly contagious and can be fatal. Though APP can affect pigs of all ages, it
most commonly affects younger pigs between the ages of 6 weeks and 20
weeks old. Transmission of this disease is typically through nasal secretions and
direct contact with infected individuals. Aerosol transmission may be possible,
but only over short distances. APP can also be spread via fomites, but these
remain infectious for only a short period of time. The severity of the disease
depends on the strain, but common symptoms include a sudden onset of severe
respiratory distress, sometimes with open mouth breathing, oral and nasal
discharge that is foamy and blood-tinged, and a high fever. Affected individuals
may be reluctant to move, appear stiff, and may have vomiting or diarrhea.
Individuals with APP often have a cough that is shallow and non-productive. They
may develop cyanosis in their extremities that becomes more generalized as the
disease progresses. Those with chronic disease may have a chronic cough.
Tentative diagnosis of acute cases is usually based on the sudden onset of
disease and other clinical signs. There are diagnostic tests available that your
veterinarian may recommend to confirm the diagnosis. Actinobacillus suis can
cause similar symptoms, but is not as contagious as APP. Immediate antibiotic
treatment is necessary. Consult with your veterinarian immediately if one of your
pig residents is showing signs of respiratory illness. Pigs who recover from this
disease often remain carriers of APP. There are vaccines available, and while
older vaccines focused on specific serotypes, newer vaccines offer wider
protection for all serotypes. Be sure to discuss all vaccine protocols with your
veterinarian.
Sources:
o Pleuropneumonia in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) | Iowa State University (Non-
Compassionate Source)
Actinobacillus suis
This bacterium is normally found in a pig’s oral cavity. However,

immunosuppression, damage to mucous membranes in the oral cavity, or the
presence of other diseases can make pigs susceptible to disease
from Actinobacillus suis. Signs of actinobacillosis caused by this bacterium
include fever, elevated respiratory rate, and cyanotic extremities. Affected pigs
may also develop tremors or skin lesions that look similar to those caused
by erysipelas. This infection can cause septicemia, especially in younger pigs,
and can cause pneumonia, arthritis, and pericarditis in older pigs. Immediate
antibiotic treatment is imperative. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you
suspect one of your residents has actinobacillosis.
Sources:
o Overview of Actinobacillosis | Merck Manual

o Actinobacillus suis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Actinobacillosis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Aflatoxicosis
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus,
or Penicillium puberulum. Pigs rarely suffer from acute aflatoxicosis, but can
develop subacute or chronic toxicosis through prolonged daily consumption of
food contaminated with smaller amounts of aflatoxins. Peanuts, corn, and wheat,
as well as some other cereal grains can be contaminated with fungi that produce
aflatoxins. Younger pigs are more susceptible to aflatoxicosis than mature pigs.
Affected pigs may develop secondary diseases due to aflatoxins being
immunosuppressive and will have a decrease in appetite. Aflatoxicosis affects
the liver, and in some cases pigs may develop jaundice. Aflatoxin levels as low as
300 ppb can result in chronic toxicosis. Levels typically need to be above 1000
ppb in order to cause acute toxicosis in pigs. If you suspect aflatoxicosis, be sure
to consult with your veterinarian and immediately remove the suspected cause
(such as contaminated pig pellets or even certain types of bedding). Food
samples can be tested for the presence of mycotoxins.
Sources:
o Aflatoxicosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Mycotoxicosis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Anthrax
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis spores, which can lie dormant in the soil
for many years. This bacterium is more common in temperate climates and can
come to the surface after heavy rains, especially after periods of drought.
Animals who graze are susceptible to the disease after eating contaminated
grass, but pigs very rarely get anthrax in this way. Anthrax in pigs is rare, but they
can contract the disease if they ingest a large number of the bacterium- typically
by coming into contact with an infected carcass or if their feed contains
contaminated animal by-products. Symptoms include depression, inappetence,
fever, bleeding, and depending on where the lesions have formed, the individual
may vomit, show signs of respiratory distress, have swelling in their neck, or have
bloody diarrhea. In some cases, anthrax can cause sudden death. If you suspect
a pig has anthrax, you must contact your veterinarian immediately. The infected
pig can quickly spread the disease to other animals, including humans.
Confirmations of anthrax must be reported to government officials. If treated
very early on with antibiotics, it is possible for the pig to survive, and in some
cases incidents of anthrax in pigs have resolved on their own (but it is still
important to work closely with your veterinarian). There is also
a vaccine available for anthrax, but because pigs tend to be more resistant to the
disease than other mammals, there is limited information available about its
efficacy. Preventing exposure to Bacillus anthracis by regularly checking
pastures for deceased wildlife and removing them from the pasture, as well as
feeding a vegetarian diet will greatly reduce your residents’ risk.
Sources:
o Anthrax Facts | American Veterinary Medical Association

o Anthrax | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Septic Arthritis)
There are many types of arthritis with different causes, but osteoarthritis (also
called degenerative arthritis) and septic arthritis (also called infectious arthritis)
are especially common in pigs.
Osteoarthritis- Due to their large size, osteoarthritis tends to be a common issue

in pigs as they age. Symptoms of arthritis will vary depending on the affected
area and cause, but typically includes abnormal gait, shifting of weight,
lameness, and reduced activity. Pigs with osteoarthritis may spend more time
laying down. Ensuring pigs remain at a healthy weight can help prevent, or delay,
osteoarthritis.
Septic Arthritis- This type of arthritis can affect pigs of all ages and typically has
a bacterial cause. Possible causes include Actinobacillus parasuis, Haemophilus
parasuis, E. coli., Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp. Early diagnosis and
treatment is important to prevent chronic mobility issues.
Pigs with mobility issues should be evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the

underlying cause and to rule out any infection. They will be able to recommend a
treatment plan based on the specific cause, which should include some sort of
pain management. Your veterinarian may recommend a non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as Carprofen, buffered Aspirin, Meloxicam, or
Banamine and may suggest a Chondroprotective agent such as Adequan to help
repair joint cartilage and soothe inflammation. If septic arthritis is suspected,
antimicrobial treatment will be necessary as well. Because pigs are prone
to gastric ulcers, individuals who are on an NSAID should also be on an ulcer-
prevention treatment such as sucralfate, famotidine, or omeprazole. For more
information on managing arthritis in older pigs, check out our resource here.
Sources:
o Diseases of Potbellied Pigs | Merck Manual

o Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP
o Arthritis and Associated Etiologic Agents | Iowa State University (Non-
o Arthritis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Atrophic Rhinitis
This complex infectious disease causes sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge,

and inflammation of the tear ducts which may result in tear staining. In severe
cases, pigs may develop nose bleeds. Affected individuals may develop twisted
or shortened noses due to atrophy which may cause individuals to have trouble
eating. While Bordetella bronchiseptica can cause atrophic rhinitis, this form is
considered “nonprogressive” or “regressive” and is not as severe as the
progressive form which is caused by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida (typically
type D) and the lesions can heal over time. Toxigenic P. multocida is less
widespread than B. bronchiseptica, and while it typically affects piglets, mature
pigs who have not been exposed previously could be affected. Atrophic rhinitis is
associated with production settings that have large populations crammed
together with poor sanitation and is probably not likely to occur in a sanctuary
setting with proper care practices. However, you may find yourself welcoming in
a pig with an active infection or with permanent damage to their nose from a
previous infection.
Sources:
o Atrophic Rhinitis in Pigs | Merck Manual

o Atrophic Rhinitis (Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis) | Iowa State
University (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Atrophic Rhinitis (AR) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Atrophic Rhinitis | Polymicrobial Diseases (Non-Compassionate Source)
Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis)
This infectious disease is rare in domesticated pigs in the U.S. due to nation-wide
control programs, but wild pig populations continue to be affected which can
result in spread to domestic pig herds living in close contact with wild
populations. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Brucella
suis. Affected pigs develop a bacteremia (presence of bacteria in the blood) that
can last for 90 days and can result in bacteria localizing in certain tissues, bones,
or joints. The site of this localization will determine the types of symptoms.
Mobility issues such as lameness, paralysis of the back legs, and spondylitis are
possible signs, as are various reproductive issues that may not be apparent in a
sanctuary setting since residents are not bred. Brucellosis is transmitted from
pig-to-pig by ingestion of infected tissues or fluids (such as ingestion of an
aborted fetus), and can also be spread via semen during mating. It’s also
possible for the disease to be transmitted via the conjunctiva, nasal mucus
membranes, or through abrasions on the skin. Brucellosis is a notifiable disease
in the U.S. and testing is often a requirement for interstate travel. There are no
vaccines available to prevent this disease.
Sources:
o Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis) | Iowa State University (Non-

o What is Swine Brucellosis | USDA (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Brucellosis in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Chronic Kidney Failure
Chronic kidney failure is a common cause of death in older potbellied pigs and
can also affect large breed pigs. Individuals with chronic kidney failure may be
lethargic, have a low body temperature, and their breath may smell like ammonia.
They may be reluctant to eat and show signs of dehydration. Bloodwork and
urinalysis can be used to diagnose this condition. If one of your residents is in
chronic kidney failure, talk to your veterinarian about the best course of action.
While the disease cannot be cured, there may be certain measures that can help
improve or maintain the individual’s quality of life. This may include changing any
current medications that could be hard on the kidneys, starting an antibiotic
treatment, and implementing regular fluid therapy.
Source:
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease that can affect
pigs of all ages. CSF is caused by a Pestivirus that is closely related to Bovine
Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Border Disease Virus (BDV). The most virulent
form can result in morbidity and mortality rates that near 100%. Less virulent
forms have varying degrees of severity. CSF is notifiable to the World
Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The disease has been eradicated in some
countries, including the U.S., but is endemic in certain countries in Central and
South America, the Carribean, and Asia. CSF is endemic in wild boar populations
in Europe which can then result in infection in domestic pigs. The virus is most
often spread through direct contact and is shed in saliva, nasal secretions, urine,
and feces. Chronic carriers may shed the virus without showing clinical signs of
disease. Mechanical transmission via vehicles, equipment, humans, and other
fomites coming into contact with infected individuals is also possible. Though it
should not be an issue in a sanctuary setting, feeding pigs food that contains
contaminated pig flesh is another source of infection. Symptoms of acute
infections vary but include fever, ataxia, hemorrhages, and discoloration of the
skin- typically the ears, lower abdomen, and extremities. Sick individuals may
huddle together, become dull, weak, and less interested in food, and may
have conjunctivitis. Individuals may first become constipated and then develop
diarrhea. Acute infection caused by virulent strains typically results in death
within 10 days of infection. Diagnostic testing is required to confirm a CSF
diagnosis. There is no treatment for CSF, and control measures are usually
strictly regulated by local laws. In countries considered free of CSF, outbreaks
will likely result in the killing of both infected and exposed individuals in an
attempt to prevent further spread. Prophylactic vaccination is used in countries
in which CSF is endemic, but is often prohibited in countries that are considered
free of the disease.
Sources:
o Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) | Iowa State University (Non-

o Classical Swine Fever (CSF) | World Organisation For Animal Health (Non-
o Classical Swine Fever | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a parasitic infection. There are multiple strains of Eimeria that can

affect pigs, but this rarely results in clinical disease. Isospora suis more
commonly causes coccidiosis in pigs, typically affecting 1-3 week-old piglets.
Affected piglets will develop foul-smelling diarrhea that is watery or greasy, and
may become weak and dehydrated, struggle to gain weight, and have a rough-
looking coat. In more severe cases piglets can die from the disease. Fecal
testing can sometimes confirm coccidiosis, but if taken too early or too late in
the disease process may not reveal many oocysts. Collecting fecal samples two
to three days after an individual is showing signs of illness may be best. Parasitic
worms, as well as viral or bacterial infections can also cause diarrhea in young
piglets. Be sure to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause and
appropriate treatment. Piglets can be infected with other diseases concurrently,
so it will be important to address all causes of illness. Proper sanitation should
prevent issues with coccidiosis at your sanctuary, but piglets rescued from
unsanitary conditions may arrive with the disease. Clinical illness is rare in
mature pigs.
Sources:
o Coccidiosis of Pigs | Merck Manual

o Coccidiosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Dental Disease
Just like many other animals, pigs can develop dental issues, especially as they
age. This may include tartar build-up, gingivitis, abscessed teeth, and periodontal
disease. Male pigs are especially prone to tusk abscesses. Signs of dental issues
may include difficulty eating or bad breath. Dental issues can cause other health
challenges, so be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you suspect one of your
residents has dental issues. Veterinary university hospitals typically have animal
dentistry services, so in the event that an individual needs to have a dental work-
up, your regular veterinarian should be able to refer you to a dentist.
Sources:
o Management of Potbellied Pigs | Merck Manual

o Mini Pig Dental Information | Mini Pig Info
Dippity Pig Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme)
This disease, which is sometimes called Bleeding Back Syndrome, affects

younger pigs and is most prevalent in the spring, though it can occur any time of
year. Not much is known about the exact cause of this disease, but it appears to
be brought about by stress, with sun exposure and sunburn being possible
triggers. Onset of symptoms is very sudden with pigs who appear to be fine
suddenly falling down on their back legs intermittently (referred to as “dipping”)
and squealing in pain. Another common sign associated with Dippity Pig
Syndrome is a pig taking a few steps backwards before they collapse in their
back legs. In some cases, the individual may tuck their tail and dip their back end
without fully collapsing. These episodes often appear as if the pig is “dipping” in
response to a painful stimulus they are trying to get away from. Affected pigs
may also have skin lesions. There is no definitive treatment for this syndrome.
Symptoms typically disappear within 1-3 days, though some individuals may
have recurring episodes later on. Young pigs who have been affected, even
multiple times, typically do not have episodes as adults. If one of your residents
is showing signs of this syndrome, be sure to consult with your veterinarian
regarding treatment and to rule out other possible causes of their symptoms.
The most common recommendation is moving the individual to a comfortable
space, reducing their stress as much as possible until they are no longer having
episodes, and managing their pain with proper analgesics. If they have open skin
lesions or sunburn, those will need to be treated as well.
Sources:

o Dippity Pig Syndrome | North American Pet Pig Association
o Dippity Pig Syndrome/Bleeding Back Syndrome | Pig Advocates League
Dry Skin
There are a variety of conditions that can cause skin issues in pigs
including mange, lice, ringworm, sunburn, skin cancer, erysipelas, Actinobacillus
suis, greasy pig, dippity pig syndrome, and pox. Pigs can also develop dry, itchy
skin without a more sinister underlying cause. Potbellied pigs seem to be
especially prone to this issue. Be sure to discuss any skin issues with your
veterinarian to make sure it is not a symptom of a more serious issue. You can
talk to your veterinarian about increasing your residents’ fatty acid intake (while
being careful not to cause unhealthy weight gain) to help address skin issues, or
they may be able to recommend topical treatments to help moisturize the skin.
Sources:
o Hoof Cracks & Dry Skin | California Potbellied Pig Association, Inc.
Ear Hematoma
If a pig suffers a trauma to their ear, they may develop an ear hematoma. This
could be the result of being bitten by another pig, another type of injury, or from
trauma caused by forceful headshaking. In the case of headshaking, if it is
forceful enough and constant enough to result in a hematoma, there is likely an
underlying issue causing the pig discomfort. This might be from mange, lice,
an ear infection, or another issue inside the ear. It’s important to address the
underlying issue in addition to the hematoma itself. Whatever the original cause
of the trauma, subcutaneous hemorrhage results in a large, fluid-filled ear pinna
(the visible part of the ear, or ear flap). In most cases, it’s best to leave the ear
alone, but you should consult with your veterinarian for guidance. Attempting to
drain the ear can result in bacteria being introduced into the ear which could then
result in an abscess. Ear hematomas typically resolve on their own, but this could
take many weeks or even months. In most cases, the ear will become hard,
thickened, and misshapen. In severe cases, amputation of the pinna may be
recommended.
Sources:
o Aural (Ear) Hematoma | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate

Source)
o Haematoma | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Ear Infections
Typically the result of a Haemophilus parasuis, streptococci or staphylococci

infection, ear infections can become life-threatening, so early diagnosis and
intervention is imperative. Signs of a middle ear infection include head tilting
toward one side, head shaking, and signs of discomfort. As the infection
progresses, the pig may begin circling or show signs of incoordination, and they
may have jerky eye movements. In advanced cases, the pig may have
convulsions and may tilt their head so severely they cannot remain upright. The
infection can spread to the inner ear and then the brain, resulting in meningitis or
encephalitis. If caught early, ear infections can resolve with appropriate antibiotic
treatment.
Source:
o Middle Ear Infections | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Erysipelas
Erysipelas is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a bacteria that is carried by

an estimated 50% of pigs raised in intensive production settings. While pigs can
remain healthy carriers and never develop clinical signs of disease, they can
spread the disease in their feces and secretions from their mouth and nose. Pigs
become infected by consuming food or water that has been contaminated with
the bacteria and can also become infected if the bacteria comes into contact
with cuts or open wounds on their body, though ingestion of contaminated food
or water appears to be the most common cause of infection. Empirical evidence
suggests that the disease can also be spread by biting insects such as ticks and
flies. Erysipelas can cause acute and chronic disease in pigs. Acute erysipelas
causes high fever, and red or blue skin, especially on the head, ears, abdomen,
and legs. Affected pigs are often alert but will not eat and are painful on their
legs. They may need assistance standing and will show obvious signs of pain
including shifting of weight, stiff legs, vocalizing, and laying down as much as
possible. They may develop raised diamond-shaped red or purple skin lesions.
Lesions can become necrotic resulting in the skin sloughing off. Affected pigs
can also develop septicemia, and in some cases the disease can cause sudden
death without presenting obvious signs of illness. Chronic erysipelas can cause
enlarged, painful joints, lameness, and endocarditis. In some cases, pigs with
chronic erysipelas will develop purple skin lesions as well. Erysipelas is not the
only disease that can cause these types of skin lesions- other diseases such
as Actinobacillus suis, classical swine fever, and porcine dermatitis and
nephropathy syndrome can cause similar lesions. Diagnoses are typically made
based on the symptoms and the individual’s response to treatment, which is
often high doses of Penicillin, though there are other antibiotics that can be used
to treat erysipelas. Individuals with a high fever can be treated with an NSAID
such as Banamine to help bring the fever down. Be sure to consult with your
veterinarian whenever your residents are showing signs of illness as they will be
able to help diagnose the issue and suggest treatment options that are
appropriate for the individual. There are other diagnostics that can be performed
to help confirm an erysipelas diagnosis, including cultures of the blood and
certain tissues, but negative cultures do not mean that the bacteria is not
present, and therefore these tests should not be used as a means to rule out the
disease. Chronic disease is more difficult to diagnose than the acute form.
Individuals with acute infections who are treated early have a better prognosis
than those with chronic infection. Pigs who recover from erysipelas can remain
carriers. There are vaccines available; however, the live vaccine can cause pigs to
become sick and develop symptoms of chronic disease. Always consult with
your veterinarian about the best vaccination protocols for your residents.
Sources:
o Swine Erysipelas | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Erysipelas | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
External Abscesses
Abscesses are pockets of pus that can develop internally or externally. They can
develop in any area of the body, but some common sites for pigs include their
feet, face, and neck. Abscesses can form for a variety of reasons, including
infections, poor wound management, and benign reactions to vaccinations or
injectable medications. Abscesses can also form as a result of specific diseases.
Internal abscesses require more advanced diagnostics, but in the event of a
suspected external abscess, it should be first evaluated by a veterinarian or
experienced caregiver- they can aspirate the lump to determine if it is an abscess
or not. Depending on the location, size, and whether or not the pig is displaying
other signs of concern, your veterinarian may decide to lance the abscess. In
most cases, a culture will be recommended to determine the best course of
action. Your veterinarian will be able to advise you about any necessary
treatments based on the cause of the abscess. If you have not been trained to
identify and lance an abscess, you must work closely with your veterinarian. Not
all external lumps are abscesses, and cutting into tumors or other masses could
result in serious issues. Also be aware that any abscess on the neck or near
major blood vessels should always be evaluated by a veterinarian. In these
instances, it may be too dangerous to lance the abscess due to the risk of major
bleeding. If an abscess is found on the foot (they are especially common at the
coronary band), you should work with your veterinarian to have radiographs
taken. Unfortunately, often by the time an abscess is found in the foot, there is
typically some sort of bone involvement requiring immediate and aggressive
treatment.
Source:
o Abscesses | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Foot Infections (Bush Foot)
Damage to the hoof, possibly from hoof cracks or trauma to the sole of the foot,
allows bacteria to enter into the foot which can result in the formation of an
abscess. Because of the makeup of the hoof, the abscess will often, but not
always, eventually result in swelling at the coronary band (where the top of the
hoof meets the skin). In some cases, the abscess may burst in this area, resulting
in discharge. Pigs who have been severely lame will often show some sign of
relief after the abscess has burst, because it relieves pressure in the foot. Unlike
in many other mammalian farmed animal species, once signs of a foot infection
are obvious, the infection may have already spread to the bone
(causing osteomyelitis). Also, while some foot infections will result in liquid pus
and drainage, many times the pus is dry, making it impossible to drain out of the
foot. In these instances, surgical debridement will be necessary. The first sign of
a foot infection is typically a change in gait, which may start out rather subtle and
become more severe as the infection progresses. The absence of heat, swelling,
or discharge does not mean there is no infection present. Be sure to work closely
with your veterinarian if one of your pigs develops a limp or has swelling in their
foot. Early and aggressive treatment is imperative, but in some cases surgical
intervention may be necessary. Antibiotic treatment must consider not just the
organism’s susceptibility to the medication, but also the ability of the medication
to penetrate the foot- Clavamox is a common choice, but your veterinarian will be
able to recommend the best treatment options given the specifics of each
individual case. To prevent foot infections, it’s important to address
environmental factors that could result in damage to the hoof. These include
abrasive substrates, which could cause damage to the hoof, and overly wet
conditions. If pigs are constantly standing in wet areas, the hoof will become soft
and will be more vulnerable to damage, so make sure they have plenty of dry
areas available to them. It is also important to ensure hoof health. Pigs should
be checked regularly for signs of hoof cracks, and these should be addressed
immediately. Some sanctuaries supplement their residents with biotin to help
promote hoof health. Lastly, because excessive weight will put additional strain
on a pig’s feet, maintaining residents at a healthy weight is also important.
Sources:
o Pig Care | Farm Sanctuary

o Lameness in Pigs in Grower/Finisher Areas | Merck Manual (Non-
o Septic Laminitis (Bush Foot) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Frostbite
Pigs can develop frostbite during periods of extreme cold, which is why
appropriate shelter is imperative. A draft-free indoor space with proper
ventilation and ample bedding can go a long way in protecting residents from the
cold, but during times of extreme cold, you may need to restrict your pig
residents’ access to the outdoors for their protection. If there is a temperature
advisory regarding the risk of frostbite for humans, then it is too cold for pigs!
Pigs most often develop frostbite on their feet, ears, and tail. Affected skin may
first look pale, but will then turn red and become swollen. In severe cases, the
affected area will die, turning black and becoming hard and cold. Dead tissue will
eventually fall off. Prevention is key. Be sure to keep your residents protected and
keep a close eye on everyone for early signs of frostbite. If you suspect frostbite,
be sure to consult with your veterinarian in addition to making changes to
the living space or your protocols regarding outdoor access during cold weather
in order to keep everyone properly protected. Pain medications and antibiotics
may be necessary and your veterinarian will likely also recommend a topical
treatment.
Source:
o Frostbite | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Gastric Ulcers
Gastric ulcers in pigs are not uncommon, but certain factors can put pigs at an
increased risk. Nutritional and environmental factors, as well as certain diseases
can increase a pig’s risk of developing a gastric ulcer, but in a sanctuary setting,
one of the most common contributing factors is the use of nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Because of the higher risk of gastric ulcers in pigs
being treated with NSAIDs, you should always treat pigs on NSAIDs with a
medication that can help prevent an ulcer. Medications commonly used include
famotidine, sucralfate, and omeprazole. Be sure to consult your veterinarian
about these treatments as different treatments may be preferred over others
based on the individual’s risk factors and the medications they are currently on.
Some of these treatments must be administered separately from all other
medications or they may interfere with other treatments. Always be on the
lookout for signs of gastric ulcers, both in individuals who are on NSAID
treatments as well as those who are not. Signs of a gastric ulcer include teeth
grinding (due to pain), dark tarry stool, vomiting, and possibly a pale appearance.
Individuals may appear excited to eat but will push around their food rather than
eating it. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you suspect a gastric ulcer. If
they are on an NSAID treatment, discontinue this immediately. The use of
omeprazole can help treat a gastric ulcer.
Source:
o Ulceration of the Pars Oesophagea (Gastric Ulcers; Ulcers) | Iowa State

Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis)
Greasy Pig Disease is a bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus hyicus.

This bacterium is commonly found on pigs’ skin without causing disease, but
damage to the skin from injury or another disease (such as mange) can result in
development of Greasy Pig Disease. Pigs of any age can be affected, but the
disease is most commonly seen, and is also most severe, in piglets under 8
weeks of age (and can be fatal, especially in piglets who are just a few days old).
In piglets, the disease typically manifests reddened skin that then develops
brown or black scabbing starting in the area of the neck and shoulders and then
spreading to other areas, though in some cases the lesions may start at the feet
and spread up the legs. Piglets may become lethargic and depressed with a
decreased appetite. Mature pigs can develop a chronic form of the condition,
with lesions typically occurring on their back. Greasy Pig lesions start off oozy
and then become crusty but are not itchy. Affected pigs will have skin that is
discolored and greasy, hence the name. The condition is often diagnosed based
on the appearance of the lesions, but a culture can confirm the diagnosis and
identify the best antibiotics to use. Treatment consists of systemic antibiotics
and sometimes topical antibiotic treatments as well. Cleaning the skin with a pig-
safe disinfectant can also be helpful. In young piglets with Greasy Pig, it is
important to ensure they stay properly hydrated, and they may need an
electrolyte supplement as well. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you
suspect one of your residents has Greasy Pig, especially if you suspect the
disease in a piglet. The younger the piglet, the higher the risk of death, so consult
with your veterinarian immediately. Proper sanitation and ventilation, as well as
protecting pigs from injury can help prevent this disease.
Sources:
o Exudative Epidermitis – Greasy Pig | Iowa State University (Non-

o Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative Epidermitis) | The Pig Site (Non-
o Greasy Pig Disease | National Animal Disease Information Service (Non-
Heat Stress And Heat Related Illness
Pigs do not sweat, and that, combined with their large body size and relatively
small lung capacity, makes them more vulnerable to heat stress, which can then
lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke. High temperatures, as well as high
humidity levels, contribute to heat related illness in pigs- as the humidity rises,
the temperature at which a pig may be vulnerable to heat stress lowers. Signs of
heat stress and other heat related illness includes panting, skin that feels very
warm to the touch, an elevated rectal temperature (though after an initial fever,
their temperature may actually decrease), lethargy, decreased appetite, an
increase in water consumption and urination, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and
weakness. They may show signs of dehydration such as pale, dry gums and may
begin vomiting. Without proper intervention they may collapse and have seizures.
It’s important to be constantly on the lookout for signs of overheating and take
steps to help cool them down. If you suspect one of your pig residents is
experiencing heat stress or other heat related illness, contact your veterinarian
immediately and take immediate steps to start gradually cooling them off. If you
can, move them out of the sun, or if this is not possible, find a way to protect
them from the sun where they are (perhaps by hanging sheets or tarps to keep
their surrounding area shaded). Aiming a fan at them and hosing them off with
cool (but not overly cold) water will help bring their body temperature down.
Using very cold water carries the risk of shocking their system. In arid climates,
some recommend applying rubbing alcohol along their spine and legs. It will
evaporate quickly, which will help lower their body temperature. Be sure to avoid
their face, as well as any wounds, and only use rubbing alcohol in a well
ventilated space. You can also apply ice packs to their neck, armpits, and groin
area. Heat related illness can be fatal, and even once you’ve brought their body
temperature down they may require further intervention to combat dehydration,
electrolyte imbalance, and other complications, so be sure to consult with your
veterinarian for guidance. Prevention is key- make sure your pig residents’ indoor
living space has an appropriate cooling system for your climate and that there is
ample ventilation. In some areas, industrial fans with simple mister attachments
may be enough. In hotter climates, you may need a more expensive system.
While your residents will enjoy having access to straw, it can be helpful to go
lighter on the bedding, or keep certain areas clear of bedding, as pigs may prefer
to lay on a bare dirt floor when temperatures are hot. Outdoors, make sure your
residents have access to plenty of shade as well as mud wallows, ponds, or
shallow tubs of cool water that they can easily get in and out of.
Sources:

o How To Recognize Your Pig May Be In Distress From Being
Overheated/Heat Stroke | Mini Pig Info
o Heat Stroke | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Heat Stress In Pigs | Government Of Western Australia Department Of
Primary Industries And Regional Development (Non-Compassionate
Source)
Hernias
Hernias are quite common in pigs. Most information available regarding hernias
in pigs pertains to umbilical and inguinal hernias, though they can develop
hernias in other areas of their body as well. It is not uncommon for sanctuaries to
be contacted about piglets with hernias, especially if the piglet’s guardian cannot
afford to get them veterinary attention but wants the best outcome for the
individual. Scrotal hernias may be discovered when male residents are neutered.
Be sure to consult with your veterinarian regarding proper treatment for hernias.
In some cases, surgical repair will be recommended, but the risk of reherniation
can be high. Depending on the size of the hernia, strangulation of the intestines
can be a risk.
Female pigs are very prone to herniation following a full spay surgery, which is
why we recommend a laparoscopic ovariectomy whenever possible. If a full spay
is your only option, be sure to talk with your veterinarian about the risk of
herniation and how to best prevent this issue.
Sources:

o Hernias, Inguinal And Umbilical | Iowa State University (Non-
o Hernias | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Hoof Cracks
Hoof cracks can be a common issue in sanctuary pig residents. Hoof cracks can
be caused by trauma, improper hoof care (such as letting hooves become
overgrown), environmental conditions (such as those that are overly dry or overly
wet), and can also be the result of a nutritional issue, such as biotin deficiency.
Cracks can range in length and depth and may run horizontally or vertically.
Individuals with hoof cracks may become lame due to pain associated with
putting weight on the affected claw. Depending on the location and depth of the
crack, putting full weight on their foot may result in further cracking of the hoof.
Not only can these cracks be painful, they also create a point of entry for bacteria
to enter the hoof. Foot infections are a very serious issue in pigs, and prevention
is key- hoof health should be a priority. If hoof cracks are a common issue with
your residents, you should look into the possible cause and work to address it.
This may include evaluating their living space for substrates or objects in the
space that result in trauma to the hoof, evaluating their diet for possible
deficiencies, and reassessing your hoof care practices. Residents should be
monitored regularly for hoof cracks. A dremel tool with a sanding attachment can
be used to smooth out the crack, but you must take care not to sand too deeply
or you will hit sensitive tissue. Regular sanding of the crack can help prevent
rough edges from being caught on something and torn. Cracks should be kept
clean and the use of a topical treatment to help protect the crack from bacteria
can be beneficial. Be sure to keep a close eye out for signs of infection,
especially heat or swelling at the coronary band. Work closely with your
veterinarian and/ or a farrier who is willing to see pigs (this might be more likely
at a veterinary university hospital rather than a mobile service that usually
sees cows or horses, though there are some farrier services who focus on
potbellied pigs). They will be able to advise you about the best course of action
including treatments to prevent (or treat) hoof cracks and infections.
Sources:
o Hoof Cracks & Dry Skin | California Potbellied Pig Association, Inc.
o Hoof Moisture For Pigs | The Mini Pig Farrier
Influenza (Swine Flu)
This highly contagious respiratory disease is caused by type A Influenza virus.

Influenza is common in the midwestern U.S., as well as in Mexico, Canada,
Kenya, South America, Europe, and East Asia. Though humans have been
affected by Swine Flu, spread to humans is rare. Swine flu spreads rapidly
through affected herds and is spread primarily by aerosolized virus and pig-to-pig
contact. The severity of the disease can range from subclinical to acute. An
acute outbreak typically involves sudden onset and rapid spread. Symptoms
include fever, depression, inappetence, coughing, nasal and ocular discharge,
labored breathing, weakness, and prostration. Though morbidity is high, mortality
is usually low, unless there are concurrent infections. Uncomplicated infections
typically resolve within 3-7 days and recovery from obvious illness is just as
sudden as the onset. However, pigs who are no longer showing signs of illness
may continue to be carriers for up to 3 months and some pigs may be chronically
affected. While there is no specific treatment for swine flu, antimicrobials may be
used to prevent or treat secondary infections, and expectorants and anti-
inflammatory drugs can help provide relief to sick individuals. It’s important to
create a comfortable environment and make sure food and water are readily
accessible while individuals are suffering from swine flu. Be sure to consult with
your veterinarian if your residents are showing signs of swine flu, as they can
recommend diagnostic testing as well as specific treatment plans. There are
vaccines available, but you should work with your veterinarian to determine
whether or not vaccination is warranted, and if so, which vaccine will be best for
your residents.
Sources:
o Swine Influenza | Merck Manual

o Key Facts About Swine Influenza (Swine Flu) In Pigs | Centers For Disease
Control And Prevention
o Influenza | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a contagious bacterial disease that can affect pigs as well as

most mammals. This zoonotic disease can also affect humans. There are many
different serovars that can affect pigs, though not all cause clinical disease.
Chronic leptospirosis can cause serious reproductive issues, making it a major
concern in industrial settings but less of a concern at a sanctuary. In fact,
diagnosis can be difficult, and often it is the occurance of abortions, still births,
and premature piglets that trigger concerns of leptospirosis- at sanctuaries,
clinical signs may be less apparent since residents do not breed. Acute infection
can cause a mild fever and inappetance. Very young piglets may become
jaundiced, struggle to gain weight, develop hemolytic anemia and
hemoglobinuria, and some may even have convulsions. Many pathogenic
serovars of Leptospira localize in the kidneys which can cause damage and
result in kidney failure. Affected pigs can spread the disease in their urine which
can contaminate water sources and mud wallows. Other animals can also be a
source of exposure, including rats and mice, which is yet another reason why it is
important to take steps to prevent infestations and to keep living spaces
clean. For more information on compassionate strategies to prevent issues with
rat and mouse populations, check out our resource here. Leptospirosis can be
treated with antibiotic therapy- consult your veterinarian regarding the best
treatment plan. There are also vaccines that your veterinarian may recommend.
Sources:
o Leptospirosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Leptospirosis | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Leptospirosis | Pig Progress (Non-Compassionate Source)
Lice
There is only one species of lice that affects pigs- Haematopinus suis, also called
the pig louse. Pig lice are blood sucking parasites that only affect pigs. Though
humans working closely with an infected pig may find pig lice on them
afterwards, they can not survive more than a few days without a pig host. Pig lice
are large- up to 6mm long. This plus the fact the pigs have much less hair than
other mammals makes detection easier than in other species. Pigs with lice
infestations may have lice all over their body, but the most common areas to find
lice are the ears (where they often live), neck, and insides of their legs. Pigs with
lice infestations may appear restless, itchy, and agitated. They may lose their hair
and develop dermatitis from constant scratching and rubbing. Young piglets
could become dangerously anemic, but this is not usually an issue for mature
pigs. Lice are vectors for various diseases, so isolation procedures are important
when a new resident arrives with lice, as their health history is still unknown, and
they could have another disease that could be spread to other residents via the
lice. Ivermectin is often effective at eliminating pig lice, but your veterinarian will
be able to provide a specific treatment plan.
Sources:
o Lice In Pigs | Merck Manual

o Louse Infestation (Pediculosis) | Iowa State University (Non-
o Ectoparasites | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Mange
Pigs can be affected by two types of mange mites- Sarcoptic mange, caused
by Sarcoptes scabiei var suis, and Demodectic mange, caused by Demodex
phylloides. Sarcoptic mange is the more common type of pig mange, and though
it is sometimes called “scabies” it is not the same as the mite that causes
scabies in humans. People coming into direct contact with pigs with severe
mange could get mites on them, and these mites can cause skin irritation, but
they cannot reproduce on a human and will die within a few days. S. scabiei var
suis mites are spread from pig to pig via direct contact or through fomites. They
start out in the ear and then spread to the rest of the body. These mites burrow
into the skin to lay their eggs, causing irritation to the skin resulting in frequent
rubbing, scratching, and head shaking of affected pigs. In many pigs, an allergic
hypersensitivity develops 2-3 weeks later resulting in even more rubbing and
scratching, which causes further damage to the skin. Affected pigs will develop
thickened, wrinkled skin that may have white or gray patches. Mites can be
confirmed via skin scrapings, with the inside of the ear being the best location to
sample. Even if only a few pigs are showing signs of mange, all members of the
herd (and neighboring herds who may have been exposed) should be treated.
Your veterinarian will be able to recommend an appropriate treatment. Because
treatment options do not kill mite eggs, treatments should be repeated 10-14
days after the initial treatment.
Demodectic mange is fairly rare in domestic pigs. D. phylloides typically affects

the area around the eyes, mouth, nose, neck, and inner thighs. This type of
mange can cause the skin to turn red and can also result in the development of
pustules and alopecia. These pustules may be confused with swine pox.
Treatment of demodectic mange can be difficult- consult with your veterinarian
about the best course of action.
Sources:
o Mange in Pigs | Merck Manual

o Scabies Frequently Asked Questions | Centers For Disease Control
o Pig Mites: Biology, Prevention And Control. Pig Mange. Sarcoptes,
Demodex | Parasitipedia
o Mange (Sarcoptic Mange) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate
Source)
o Ectoparasites | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can cause various health issues, and like

humans, pigs can get Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, referred to as MRSA (or LA-
MRSA, Livestock Associated MRSA). MRSA can be present in a healthy pig’s
nasal passages and on their skin. Colonisation of MRSA does not necessarily
result in disease, but MRSA can be the cause of various issues
including abscesses, skin conditions, septic arthritis, and bone infections. The
only way to determine that MRSA is the cause, rather than a more sensitive S.
aureus, is through antibiotic sensitivity testing. In general, it’s always a good idea
to wear gloves when working with pig residents who have skin issues, open
wounds, discharge, or other signs of infection, but given the fact that humans
can be infected with LA-MRSA, proper safety protocols are imperative. Pigs with
MRSA can still be treated- antibiotic sensitivity testing will indicate which
antibiotics will be effective. Be sure to work closely with your veterinarian to
ensure you have appropriate safety measures in place and also to ensure you are
utilizing antibiotic therapy appropriately. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics
contributes to resistance issues.
Sources:
o Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) And Pets | Virginia

Department Of Health
o Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | Pig Progress (Non-
o MRSA and Livestock Production | Purdue University (Non-Compassionate
Source)
o Increased Antimicrobial Resistance of MRSA Strains Isolated from Pigs in
Spain between 2009 and 2018 (Non-Compassionate Source)
Obesity
Many pigs, including large breed pigs and potbellied pigs are prone to obesity.
Because of this, it is imperative that they be fed managed portions to help them
maintain a healthy weight. Obesity can cause a host of health challenges and can
exacerbate others. While mobility issues are a common issue in sanctuary pigs,
these issues will often develop at an earlier age in residents who are overweight.
In some instances, pigs can develop mechanical blindness, often called “fat
blindness” due to excessive fat around their eyes. This issue is especially
common in potbellied pigs, but can affect other breeds as well.
Source:
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis, is an inflammatory process that affects the tissues of the bone

and is typically the result of infection. Pigs of all ages can be affected by this
disease. While there are a variety of causes, one common cause is damage to
the hoof wall resulting in osteomyelitis of a phalangeal bone. Individuals showing
signs of lameness, even if slight, should be evaluated by a veterinarian. In some
cases, even when there are no outward signs of infection, radiographs will reveal
bony involvement. While claw amputation used to be the primary surgical option,
this procedure often results in the remaining claw breaking down due to the
excess weight it must now carry. Depending on which foot/ claw is affected, this
procedure may not have a good long term prognosis. Instead, surgical
debridement, removing the infected bone, and creating drainage tracts,
sometimes in conjunction with antibiotic-impregnated beads, may allow for the
infection to be addressed while preserving the claw. Be sure to talk about all
options with your veterinarian. Osteomyelitis can be difficult to treat, and foot
infections are unfortunately quite common in large breed pigs, but the foot is not
the only area that can be affected. Another area commonly affected is the spine.
Tail infections (typically the result of tail biting) can result in the formation of
spinal abscesses which can lead to osteomyelitis of the vertebrae. This can
result in ataxia and even hind end paralysis. Wherever possible, antibiotic therapy
should be informed by culture results to ensure the right drug is used. Clavamox
is a commonly used antibiotic in pigs who have infections in or near the bone.
While expensive, the fact that it is an oral medication, versus an injectable
medication, can make administration easier on both the human and resident.
Always consult with your veterinarian regarding the best treatment options given
the specifics of each individual case.
Sources:

o Lameness in Pigs in Grower/Finisher Areas | Merck Manual (Non-
Pneumonia
Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, can have bacterial, viral, parasitic, or

environmental causes (or a combination). The underlying causes and associated
complications will dictate the severity of the illness. Symptoms of pneumonia
include coughing and rapid, shallow breathing (referred to as “thumping”), and in
some cases pigs may be seen open mouth breathing. Pigs may be lethargic,
uninterested in eating, and may have a fever. Pathogens that can cause
pneumonia in pigs include Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae (APP), Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, PRRS
virus, Swine Influenza virus, Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
(PRCV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and sometimes a combination of
these. Roundworm and lungworm infestations can also cause pneumonia and
the development of secondary bacterial infections of P. multocida or other
bacteria. Environmental factors such as extreme temperature changes and high
humidity levels can also cause pneumonia, and this may be a more common
cause of pneumonia in established sanctuary pig residents. Heated barns and
poor ventilation can cause a pneumonia outbreak in a herd. Pneumonia can also
be caused by poor sanitation resulting in high ammonia levels. Be sure to work
with your veterinarian if your residents develop signs of pneumonia, as it will be
important to determine the cause and best treatment. Regardless of the
underlying cause, because secondary bacterial infections are common,
antibiotics are typically recommended as part of the treatment plan.
Sources:

o Swine Pneumonia | AgriLife Extension (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Pneumonia | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Porcine Respiratory And Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)

PRRS is a viral disease that can affect pigs of all ages. This disease was formerly
referred to as “swine mystery disease” (SMD) and “swine infertility and
respiratory syndrome” (SIRS). The PRRS virus is highly infectious but not highly
contagious. As implied by the name, PRRS causes reproductive issues as well as
respiratory issues. While the respiratory syndrome can affect pigs of all ages, it is
most common in younger pigs. PRRS can be spread through direct contact with
nasal secretions, urine, feces, semen, or mammary secretions of infected pigs.
Aerosol transmission is possible but is more likely with highly virulent strains
than with less virulent ones. Infected pigs can remain long term carriers, but
there is evidence to suggest that most pigs who are infected develop immunity
and will cease to shed the virus around 60 days after becoming infected. The
virus can also be spread through contaminated needles, shoes, equipment, and
other fomites, as well as by insects such as mosquitos and house flies.
Symptoms are dependent on the virulence of the strain, the age of the pig,
whether they have an initial or ongoing infection, and whether or not the
individual has any other health challenges. Not all infected pigs will show signs
of illness. Other viruses, bacteria, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae can interact
with the PRRS virus and amplify the severity of the illness. PRRS can also make
an infected pig’s lungs more susceptible to other pathogens. Signs of PRRS
infection in mature pigs include anorexia, fever, lethargy, depression, and in some
cases, vomiting. Infected pigs may show signs of respiratory distress and may
develop mild cyanosis of the ears, abdomen, and vulva. Reproductive issues,
though not seen in a sanctuary setting unless a female arrives pregnant, include
late term abortions, mummified piglets, and piglets who are stillborn, premature,
or weak. Mortality rates are high in piglets who are born alive, and they often
show signs of respiratory illness including open-mouth breathing and abdominal
breathing. Signs of PRRS in younger pigs include fever, depression, lethargy,
stunted growth, sneezing, open-mouth breathing, and pneumonia. Anytime a
resident is showing any of the signs above, it is important to get your veterinarian
involved. If PRRS is suspected, they can determine the best diagnostics to
perform. While there is no treatment, NSAIDs can be used to reduce fever and
broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used to treat secondary bacterial infections.
You can also talk to your veterinarian about the various PRRS vaccines that are
available, which vary in efficacy but may be able to reduce shedding.
Sources:
o Overview of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome | Merck
Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) (Non-
Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia, Transport

Myopathy)
Certain breeds of pigs are more susceptible to Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)
than others. In PSS-positive individuals, an episode can be triggered by various
stressors as well as inhalational anesthesia (such as halothane, isoflurane,
sevoflurane, and desflurane), and episodes can be fatal. For more information
regarding PSS, check out our resource here.
Source:
o Overview of Malignant Hyperthermia | Merck Manual
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky Disease)
This viral disease, which is reportable in the U.S. and not related to rabies, has
been eradicated from commercial settings in the U.S., but is still present in some
feral pig populations. Pigs are the only domestic animal that is a natural host, but
cows, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats can be affected if housed in close quarters
with acutely infected pigs. This virus can be spread via nose-to-nose contact,
fecal-oral route, or through inhalation of aerosolized virus (which can spread
several miles in certain weather conditions). This disease could spread to a
previously non-infected herd via infected feral pigs or other animals who are
considered “dead-end” hosts, such as rats, mice, dogs, cats, raccoons,
opossums, and skunks, who, if infected, will shed the virus for only a short time
before dying from the disease. It is unclear if insects play a role in the spread of
this disease. The virus can also remain latent (not producing symptoms) in pigs
who recover from the disease, with stress triggering recrudescence and shedding
of the virus. Clinical signs vary based on the age and immune status of the pig,
with younger pigs typically being more severely affected than older pigs, who are
more resistant to the disease. Very young piglets may die suddenly without
showing signs of illness. Symptoms of pseudorabies in piglets under 3 weeks of
age include high fever, depression, inappetence, tremors, incoordination, dog-
sitting, vomiting, foaming at the mouth, blindness, paddling, coma, and
convulsions. Morbidity and mortality can be close to 100%, with piglets dying
within 1-3 days of becoming ill. Piglets 3-9 weeks of age have similar signs but
with a lower mortality rate. Piglets closer to 9 weeks old may also show signs of
respiratory illness such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and possibly coughing and
labored breathing. Though most piglets in this age range survive, they are
vulnerable to bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections, which could
worsen their prognosis. Older piglets typically develop respiratory symptoms,
though some may show neurological symptoms. While morbidity in this age
group is high, affected individuals typically recover within 7-10 days. Mature pigs
may not show any clinical signs of illness, though some may exhibit signs of
respiratory illness. There is no treatment for this disease, but there are vaccines
available that may be recommended in areas where pseudorabies is a concern.
Vaccination can help protect individuals from infection, and in those who have
already been infected, vaccination can significantly reduce clinical signs of
disease and reduce shedding of the virus. Vaccination also reduces the
likelihood of latency and frequency of recrudescence. There are tests that can
differentiate between antibodies produced by vaccination and those produced by
natural infection, so vaccination of previously uninfected individuals will not
complicate accurate diagnosis later on.
Sources:
o Overview of Pseudorabies | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Pseudorabies – PRV | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
Reproductive Tract Cancers
Female pigs who are not spayed are at risk of developing reproductive tract
cancers, which is why we recommend all females who are healthy enough for
surgery are spayed or, ideally, undergo a laparoscopic ovariectomy (we’ll use the
term “spay” to refer to both of theses procedures in this section). It’s worth
pointing out that neutering male pigs also prevents reproductive cancers, but
since neutering male mammalian residents is a common practice at sanctuaries,
male reproductive cancers are seen less often in this setting. Females who are
not spayed are more prone to various reproductive diseases including mammary
and uterine tumors. Much of the available information available pertains to
potbellied pigs rather than large breed pigs, mostly because breeds typically
raised in agricultural settings rarely live long enough to develop these cancers,
whereas potbellied pigs are often companion animals who live into old age.
However, anecdotal information from sanctuaries indicates that reproductive
cancer in large breed pigs is very common in unaltered females. There have been
reports of mammary tumors the size of a football and uterine tumors that weigh
100 pounds! While any surgery caries risk, and you may have certain residents for
whom that risk is too great, for the majority of female sanctuary pigs, spaying
them as part of your incoming procedures (as soon as they are deemed healthy
and mature enough for the procedure) will carry less risk than surgical removal of
a tumor later on, and depending on the specifics of the case, removal may not
even be possible.
Sources:
o Uterine Lesions in 32 Female Miniature Pet Pigs

o Spay And Neuter For Potbellied Pigs | Best Friends
o Cancer And Pigs | Mini Pig Info
o Why Spay Or Neuter Your Pig? | Mini Pig Info
o Uterine Infections, And Tumors: Another Reason To Spay Your Pig | Pigs 4
Ever
Ringworm
This contagious fungal infection causes skin lesions that may be confused with
other, often more serious diseases. Pigs can be affected by various species of
ringworm, which may be spread to pigs by other animals such as cows, dogs,
cats, or rats. Humans can become infected by all species of ringworm that affect
pigs. Some species of ringworm produce circular lesions, while others produce
patchy lesions. Ringworm can be confirmed by a skin scraping. The condition is
typically self-limiting, but it may take months for lesions to disappear. If you
suspect ringworm in your pig residents, work with your veterinarian to confirm
the diagnosis. They may recommend certain treatment options, depending on the
severity of the issue, though in some cases, they may just recommend letting it
run its course. Be sure any humans coming into contact with an affected group
of pigs wears gloves and other protective gear to protect them from becoming
infected themselves.
Sources:
o Ringworm | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Porcine Ringworm | National Animal Disease Information Service (Non-
Salt Poisoning
Salt poisoning is the most common form of poisoning in pigs, with water
deprivation being the most common cause, but it can also be caused by
ingesting too much salt (or a combination of both). While pigs may be deprived
of water due to human error (forgetting to check or refill water) or due to
malfunction of equipment (an auto waterer failing to refill) which will result in an
entire group being affected, individuals within a group may also go without water
due to mobility issues, illness, or injury that prevent them from regularly getting
to their water source. When fed diets with appropriate salt ranges (0.4-0.6%), pigs
can develop salt poisoning after 48 hours of water deprivation, but if their diet is
higher in salt, pigs will develop salt poisoning sooner during periods of water
deprivation. In the very early stages of salt poisoning, pigs will show signs of
dehydration and inappetance and may be constipated or itchy. If an entire group
of pigs suddenly become less interested in food, their water sources should be
checked immediately to determine if water deprivation is the cause. Later signs
of salt poisoning include incoordination, wandering aimlessly, head pressing, and
loss of vision and hearing. Pigs with salt poisoning may be seen “dog-sitting” and
may fall and have convulsions. Symptoms may be confused with an ear infection
or the various infectious diseases that cause neurological symptoms. If a pig
resident’s nose is twitching just before they have a convulsion, this is a strong
indicator of salt poisoning. Salt poisoning can be fatal, so catching signs early is
imperative. Be sure to consult with your veterinarian if you suspect salt
poisoning- affected individuals must be rehydrated slowly. They absolutely must
not have access to unrestricted water or the situation will become much worse.
Instead, they should receive small amounts of water frequently, slowly returning
to their normal water and electrolyte balance over the course of 2-3 days. Your
veterinarian will be able to best guide their rehydration and may suggest other
rehydration techniques besides oral consumption. Prevention is key, so make
sure residents always have a reliable source of water and have systems in place
for water sources to be checked frequently throughout the day. If an individual is
getting up less often or drinking less due to another health challenge, be sure to
offer them water regularly. In some cases, salt licks or mineral supplements left
out in the rain have caused pools of briny water that, when consumed by pigs,
can result in salt poisoning, so be sure to take steps to prevent this if there are
salt licks or mineral supplements in their living space.
Sources:

o Overview of Salt Toxicity | Merck Manual
o Salt Poisoning (Water Deprivation; Sodium Ion Toxicosis) | Iowa State
o Salt Poisoning (Water Deprivation) | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate
Source)
o Salt Poisoning | Pig Progress (Non-Compassionate Source)
Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancer is seen quite a bit in sanctuary pig residents,

especially light-skinned breeds, such breeds as Yorkshires and Landrace. This
type of cancer results from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, which is
why proper sun protection is so important. Lesions are commonly seen behind
the ears, but can also develop on other areas of the body such as the shoulder,
back, abdomen, and rear end and may look like bloody, scabby areas or
discolored nodules. Though darker skinned pigs are less commonly affected by
skin cancer, there is evidence that suggests that Durocs and potbellied pigs are
more prone to melanoma than other breeds, though how common this is remains
unclear. If you suspect skin cancer, work with your veterinarian to determine if
diagnostic testing is recommended. In some cases the cancer can be removed. If
this is not possible, be aware that these areas will need protection from the sun
and may be prone to secondary infections and flystrike, depending on the nature
of the lesion.
Sources:

o Cancer And Pigs | Mini Pig Info
o Pot Bellied Pig Medicine And Nursing | Illinois State Veterinary Medical
Association
o Swine Melanoma | Canadian Centre For Swine Improvement Inc. (Non-
Sunburn
Lighter skinned pigs are very prone to sunburn. The back of the ears are most
commonly affected, but pigs can develop sunburn on any area of their body.
Sunburns are painful and also increase the risk of a pig developing non-
melanoma skin cancer, so be sure to offer your residents proper sun protection.
Sunburns can be treated with a pig-safe soothing ointment, but be sure to avoid
anything that contains alcohol, as this will sting.
Source:
Swine Pox
Caused by the swine pox virus, this disease only affects pigs and is distinct from
other pox viruses. Pigs of all ages can be affected. Swine pox rarely causes
serious systemic illness, though in the initial stage of the disease some pigs may
develop a mild fever, have a reduced appetite, and appear dull. Affected pigs will
develop skin lesions that can occur anywhere on the body but typically start out
on the abdomen, inner legs, and groin. These lesions are circular or oval in shape
and do not appear itchy. As lesions mature, they develop a brown/ black crust
and usually heal uneventfully. In severe cases, pigs may develop lesions in their
upper respiratory and digestive tracts, especially in instances where piglets are
born with lesions or develop them shortly after birth. Pigs with swine pox may
develop greasy pig or secondary bacterial dermatitis. Swine pox can be spread
from pig to pig through pieces of scabs from pox lesions, and the swine pox virus
can persist in scabs for up to a year. It can also be spread through nasal and oral
secretions of infected individuals and by mosquitoes, biting flies, and pig lice if
they feed in pox lesions. While there is no treatment, controlling vectors,
especially lice, will help prevent this disease. Individuals who recover will be
immune to the disease going forward. Swine pox is usually diagnosed based on
the appearance of the lesions, but diagnostic testing of lesions can confirm the
disease.
Sources:
o Swinepox | Merck Manual

o Pox (Swine Pox) | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)
o Swine Pox | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)
Urinary Tract Issues (Urinary Calculi, Cystitis, and UTIs)
Pigs can develop various urinary tract issues such as urinary stones, cystitis
(inflammation of the bladder), and urinary tract infections (UTIs). While all breeds
can be affected by urinary tract issues, potbellied pigs are especially susceptible.
Frequent urination can be a sign of a urinary tract issue. Though urinary
blockages may not be as common in pigs as they are in goats, pigs can develop
urinary calculi (stones) and can become obstructed as a result (especially
males). If a pig is straining to urinate or appears unable to urinate, this could be a
sign of a urinary obstruction and is an emergency. If left untreated, the
individual’s bladder can rupture. Regular veterinary examinations and routine
urinalysis can help diagnose urinary tract issues before they become more
severe.
Sources:

Vitamin E/ Selenium Deficiency (Mulberry Heart Disease, Hepatosis

Dietetica, White Muscle Disease)
There are three syndromes associated with vitamin E and/ or selenium deficiency
in pigs- Mulberry Heart Disease (MDH), Hepatosis Dietetica (HD), and White
Muscle Disease (WMD). Mulberry Heart Disease is the most common of these
syndromes and causes sudden death in seemingly healthy individuals, typically in
piglets who are between a few weeks old and four months old. On post-mortem
examination, the heart has a mottled appearance with areas of necrosis and
areas of hemorrhage throughout the myocardium. Vitamin E supplementation is
thought to prevent deaths from this disease. Hepatosis dietetica also causes
sudden death in seemingly healthy pigs, but affects the liver rather than the heart
and is associated with selenium levels- the occurrence of this syndrome is rare
since commercial pig foods increased their selenium levels. Supplementing with
selenium can help reduce the severity of HD. White Muscle Disease is more
common in other species, but can also occur in pigs, and will cause muscle
weakness or stiffness. Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies can make pigs more
susceptible to other diseases, and piglets who are deficient will be more
susceptible to iron toxicity- administration of iron dextran to prevent anemia can
result in death in vitamin E and/ or selenium deficient piglets. If you suspect a
vitamin E or selenium deficiency, be sure to talk to your veterinarian about testing
your residents’ levels and ways to safely supplement.
Sources:
o Nutritional Myopathies in Ruminants and Pigs | Merck Manual
o Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency | Iowa State University (Non-
o Mulberry Heart Disease (Vitamin E Deficiency) (Non-Compassionate
Source)
Worms
There are many different types of worms that can affect pigs, but the most
common include roundworms, whipworms, and nodular worms. Be sure to talk to
your veterinarian about the common parasites in your area, best preventative
strategies, and regular fecal testing and deworming protocols for your sanctuary.
Worms that can affect pigs include:
Kidney Worms (Stephanurus dentatus)
This parasite can affect pigs of all ages, including fetuses if the mother is
infected. Kidney worms are most common in tropical and subtropical climates
where pigs have access to pastures that are shady and damp. These worms have
a long lifecycle- it typically takes 9-12 months before mature kidney worms
produce eggs after the pig is infected. Eggs are passed in the urine rather than
the feces because infection occurs in and around the kidneys. Affected pigs
typically have slow weight gain or show difficulty maintaining their weight. In
some cases, pigs can die as a result of kidney worm infections. Kidney worm
larvae cause significant damage during migration, with the liver being frequently
affected, but other areas of the body, such as the lungs and kidneys, can be
damaged as well. Diagnosis can be difficult, but urine samples can be examined
for the presence of eggs.
Sources:
o Swine Kidney Worm Infection | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate

Source)
o Kidney Worm Infection | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate
Source)
o Common Internal Parasites of Swine | University Of Missouri
Extension (Non-Compassionate Source)
Large Roundworm (Ascaris suum)
This is the most common type of internal parasite that affects pigs, and while it
is more severe in younger pigs, individuals of all ages can be affected. There has
been some debate as to whether or not this parasite is the same as A.
lumbricoides, the human large roundworm, but A. suum is now recognized as its
own species. There is evidence that this parasite is zoonotic. Mature male
ascarids can reach 25cm long and females can reach 40cm and lay large
numbers of eggs, typically between 200,000 and 1 million eggs per day. Adult
ascarids typically live in the pig for approximately 6 months before being
expelled, though they may survive for over a year. An individual with a heavy
infection can have hundreds of ascarids in their intestine. A. suum can be very
hard to eradicate; eggs can survive in the environment for many years under
optimal conditions, but prolonged exposure to full sunlight can destroy them.
Though eggs can be resistant to disinfectants, they can be destroyed though
intensive steam cleaning. Eggs hatch in the intestine after being ingested by a
pig. Larvae then penetrate the wall and can spread to the liver, lungs, and other
areas. Once in the lungs, eggs are coughed up, swallowed, and return to the
intestines where they mature. Eggs will begin to pass in the feces 6-8 weeks after
infection. Before this time, a fecal float will not be reliable. In young pigs, A.
suum infections result in inflammation in the intestines and ascarids will
compete with the host pig for nutrients, resulting in slowed growth or weight
loss. Infections can also result in interstitial pneumonia, scarring of the liver,
secondary bacterial infections, and in young pigs, infections can also result in
mechanical obstruction of the intestines. Symptoms of A. suum infections in
young pigs include slowed growth, rough coat, abdominal breathing (often called
“thumping”), chronic coughing fits, and a pendulous abdomen. Mature pigs may
lose weight and show similar respiratory signs as younger pigs. In some cases,
mature worms may be found in feces making diagnosis easy. If you suspect
an A. suum infection in your pig residents, be sure to discuss treatment options
with your veterinarian and be sure to address eggs in the environment as well.
Sources:
o Ascaris Suum In Pigs | Merck Manual
o Roundworm Infection (Ascariasis) | Iowa State University (Non-
Lungworms (Metastrongylus spp)
This infection can affect pigs of all ages, but younger pigs over 6 weeks old are
most likely to develop heavy infections. The earthworm is the intermediate host,
so this infection is most common when pigs are out on pasture and able to root
up earthworms (typically when soil is soft and damp). Larvae can remain
dormant in the earthworm for up to 18 months. Signs of a lungworm infection
include chronic coughing, a rough coat, and failure to gain weight or weight loss.
In cases where pigs develop a secondary pneumonia, they may show more
severe respiratory issues including open mouth breathing and abdominal
breathing (“thumping”). Fecal testing can reveal eggs, though counts are often
low.
Sources:
o Metastrongylus spp In Swine | Parasitipedia

o Lungworm Infection (Metastrongylosis) | Iowa State University (Non-
Nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp)
This parasite can affect pigs of all ages, but seems to be more common in pigs
over 3 months old. While many infected pigs will remain asymptomatic, heavy
infections can cause diarrhea and slowed growth. Nodular worms cause damage
to the intestines and, in extreme cases, infections can result in thickening and
necrosis of the intestinal wall. Fecal testing can identify eggs, but a larval culture
may be required to differentiate between Oesphagostomum and Hyostrongylus.
Talk to your veterinarian about the best treatment options, as there has been
evidence of drug resistance in these parasites. Larvae can survive on pastures
for up to a year, depending on the overall conditions, so be sure to talk to your
veterinarian about how to prevent further infections.
Sources:
o Oesophagostomum spp In Pigs | Merck Manual

o Nodular Worm Infection (Oesophagostomiasis) | Iowa State
Thorny-Headed Worm (Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus)
This parasitic infection is more common in the southern U.S. than in the northern
part of the country. Various species of beetle grubs serve as the intermediate
host. Mild infections may not cause any obvious signs of illness, but pigs with
heavy infections may develop a rough coat and have trouble putting on/
maintaining their weight. This parasite can perforate the intestines, and while the
inflammatory response typically seals the perforation, in some instances the
individual may develop peritonitis and die as a result. Diagnosis of M.
hirudinaceus through fecal testing is possible but more difficult than when
checking for many other types of parasites.
Sources:
o Macracanthorhynchus sp In Pigs | Merck Manual

o Thorny-Headed Worm Infection | Iowa State University (Non-
Threadworm (Strongyloides ransomi)
This parasite is of most concern in warmer climates and can affect pigs of all
ages, including fetuses, but typically only causes illness in young piglets. Pigs
can become infected via colostrum containing infective larvae, other infected
food, or through skin penetration. Individuals with mild infections may have no
symptoms but in young piglets with severe infections, symptoms include
diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, emaciation, and, in some cases, can result in
death, especially in piglets younger than 2 weeks old. Threadworms differ from
other parasitic worms in that there are both parasitic generations, which are only
female, and also free-living generations of males and females that live in the
environment. Fecal testing can be used to diagnose this parasite, but you should
talk to your veterinarian about the proper way to collect and store fecal samples
to ensure accurate testing.
Sources:
o Strongyloides sp in Pigs | Merck Manual

o Threadworm Infection (Strongyloidosis) | Iowa State University (Non-
Whipworm (Trichuris suis)
This parasite can affect pigs of all ages but is most common in pigs younger
than 6 months old. Mature pigs rarely show signs of infection unless under
extreme stress. In general, many whipworm infections will not cause symptoms,
but in severe cases may cause anorexia, dehydration, and diarrhea that contains
blood and/ or mucus. In some cases, infections can result in death. Though fecal
testing can be used to diagnose a whipworm infection, eggs are not present in
feces until 7 weeks after infection, whereas symptoms are typically present 2-4
weeks after infection. The number of eggs present in a fecal sample also may
not be reflective of the severity of the infection. If you suspect a whipworm
infection, be sure to talk to your veterinarian about the best treatment options.
They may recommend deworming without fecal testing due to the delay between
symptoms and eggs being present. Be aware that eggs can remain infective in
the soil for years.
Sources:
o Trichuris sp In Pigs | Merck Manual

o Whipworm Infection | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)

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Issues By Body System

Neurological: Actinobacillus suis, Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Classical Swine

Reproductive: Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis), Leptospirosis, Porcine Respiratory

Skin And Hair: Actinobacillus suis, Aflatoxicosis, Classical Swine Fever (Hog

Urinary: Chronic Kidney Failure, Kidney worms (Stephanurus

Ears, Nose, And/Or Eyes: Atrophic Rhinitis, Classical Swine Fever (Hog

Weight and Diet: Aflatoxicosis, Anthrax, Coccidiosis, Obesity, Salt

This bacterium causes pleuropneumonia, a severe respiratory disease that is

o Pleuropneumonia in Pigs | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)

This bacterium is normally found in a pig’s oral cavity. However,

o Overview of Actinobacillosis | Merck Manual

o Aflatoxicosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Anthrax Facts | American Veterinary Medical Association

Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Septic Arthritis)

Osteoarthritis- Due to their large size, osteoarthritis tends to be a common issue

Pigs with mobility issues should be evaluated by a veterinarian to determine the

o Diseases of Potbellied Pigs | Merck Manual

This complex infectious disease causes sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge,

o Atrophic Rhinitis in Pigs | Merck Manual

Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis)

o Brucellosis (Swine Brucellosis) | Iowa State University (Non-

o Diseases of Potbellied Pigs | Merck Manual

Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)

o Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) | Iowa State University (Non-

Coccidiosis is a parasitic infection. There are multiple strains of Eimeria that can

o Coccidiosis of Pigs | Merck Manual

o Management of Potbellied Pigs | Merck Manual

Dippity Pig Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme)

This disease, which is sometimes called Bleeding Back Syndrome, affects

o Common Diseases Of Pet Pigs | Matthew Edson, DVM, MICP

o Aural (Ear) Hematoma | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate

Typically the result of a Haemophilus parasuis, streptococci or staphylococci

o Middle Ear Infections | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)

Erysipelas is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a bacteria that is carried by

o Swine Erysipelas | Merck Manual (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Abscesses | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)

Foot Infections (Bush Foot)

o Pig Care | Farm Sanctuary

o Frostbite | The Pig Site (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Ulceration of the Pars Oesophagea (Gastric Ulcers; Ulcers) | Iowa State

Greasy Pig Disease is a bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus hyicus.

o Exudative Epidermitis – Greasy Pig | Iowa State University (Non-

o Diseases of Potbellied Pigs | Merck Manual

o Pig Care | Farm Sanctuary

Influenza (Swine Flu)

This highly contagious respiratory disease is caused by type A Influenza virus.

o Swine Influenza | Merck Manual

Leptospirosis is a contagious bacterial disease that can affect pigs as well as

o Leptospirosis | Iowa State University (Non-Compassionate Source)

o Lice In Pigs | Merck Manual

Demodectic mange is fairly rare in domestic pigs. D. phylloides typically affects

o Mange in Pigs | Merck Manual

MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can cause various health issues, and like

o Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) And Pets | Virginia

Osteomyelitis, is an inflammatory process that affects the tissues of the bone

o Pig Care | Farm Sanctuary